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Li W, Yang Y, Huang L, Yu X, Wang T, Zhang N, Yang M. The TDP-43/TP63 Positive Feedback Circuit Promotes Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2402913. [PMID: 39023169 PMCID: PMC11425248 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies with a 5-year survival rate of only 15% in patients with advanced diseases. Tumor protein 63 (TP63), a master transcription factor (TF) in ESCC, cooperates with other TFs to regulate enhancers and/or promoters of target oncogenes, which in turn promotes tumorigenesis. TAR-DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) is an RNA/DNA binding protein with elevated expression in several neoplasms. However, it remains unclear how TDP-43 contributes to ESCC progression. In this study, TDP-43 is identified as a novel oncogene with markedly upregulated expression in ESCC tissues through profiling expression levels of one hundred and fifty canonical RNA binding protein (RBP) genes in multiple ESCC patient cohorts. Importantly, TDP-43 boosted TP63 expression via post-transcriptionally stabilizing TP63 mRNAs as a RBP and promoting TP63 transcription as a TF binding to the TP63 promoter in ESCC cells. In contrast, the master TF TP63 also bound to the TDP-43 promoter, accelerated TDP-43 transcription, and caused a noticeable increase in TDP-43 expression in ESCC cells. The findings highlight TDP-43 as a viable therapeutic target for ESCC and uncover a hitherto unrecognized TDP-43/TP63 circuit in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, 271021, China
| | - Yanting Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, China
| | - Linying Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, China
| | - Xinyuan Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Shandong University Cancer Center, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, China
| | - Nasha Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, 271021, China
- Shandong University Cancer Center, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
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La Banca V, De Domenico S, Nicolai S, Gatti V, Scalera S, Maugeri M, Mauriello A, Montanaro M, Pahnke J, Candi E, D’Amico S, Peschiaroli A. ABCC1 Is a ΔNp63 Target Gene Overexpressed in Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8741. [PMID: 39201428 PMCID: PMC11354449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor ΔNp63 plays a pivotal role in maintaining the integrity of stratified epithelial tissues by regulating the expression of distinct target genes involved in lineage specification, cell stemness, cell proliferation and differentiation. Here, we identified the ABC transporter subfamily member ABCC1 as a novel ΔNp63 target gene. We found that in immortalized human keratinocytes and in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells, ∆Np63 induces the expression of ABCC1 by physically occupying a p63-binding site (p63 BS) located in the first intron of the ABCC1 gene locus. In cutaneous SCC and during the activation of the keratinocyte differentiation program, ∆Np63 and ABCC1 levels are positively correlated raising the possibility that ABCC1 might be involved in the regulation of the proliferative/differentiative capabilities of squamous tissue. However, we did not find any gross alteration in the structure and morphology of the epidermis in humanized hABCC1 knock-out mice. Conversely, we found that the genetic ablation of ABCC1 led to a marked reduction in inflammation-mediated proliferation of keratinocytes, suggesting that ABCC1 might be involved in the regulation of keratinocyte proliferation upon inflammatory/proliferative signals. In line with these observations, we found a significant increase in ABCC1 expression in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), a tumor type characterized by keratinocyte hyper-proliferation and a pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment. Collectively, these data uncover ABCC1 as an additional ∆Np63 target gene potentially involved in those skin diseases characterized by dysregulation of proliferation/differentiation balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica La Banca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (V.L.B.); (S.D.D.); (A.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Sara De Domenico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (V.L.B.); (S.D.D.); (A.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Sara Nicolai
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.N.); (V.G.)
| | - Veronica Gatti
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.N.); (V.G.)
| | - Stefano Scalera
- UOSD Clinical Trial Center, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Division, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Marcello Maugeri
- UOSD Clinical Trial Center, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Division, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Alessandro Mauriello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (V.L.B.); (S.D.D.); (A.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Manuela Montanaro
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab/Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology (PAT), Medical Faculty/Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine (INUM)/Lübeck Institute of Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck (UzL) and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, The Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Latvia (LU), Jelgavas iela 3, LV-1004 Rīga, Latvia
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Georg S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University (TAU), Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (V.L.B.); (S.D.D.); (A.M.); (E.C.)
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS), 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia D’Amico
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.N.); (V.G.)
| | - Angelo Peschiaroli
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.N.); (V.G.)
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Wei X, Liu N, Feng Y, Wang H, Han W, Zhuang M, Zhang H, Gao W, Lin Y, Tang X, Zheng Y. Competitive-like binding between carbon black and CTNNB1 to ΔNp63 interpreting the abnormal respiratory epithelial repair after injury. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172652. [PMID: 38653146 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Airway epithelium is extraordinary vulnerable to damage owning to continuous environment exposure. Subsequent repair is therefore essential to restore the homeostasis of respiratory system. Disruptions in respiratory epithelial repair caused by nanoparticles exposure have been linked to various human diseases, yet implications in repair process remain incompletely elucidated. This study aims to elucidate the key stage in epithelial repair disturbed by carbon black (CB) nanoparticles, highlighting the pivotal role of ΔNp63 in mediating the epithelium repair. A competitive-like binding between CB and beta-catenin 1 (CTNNB1) to ΔNp63 is proposed to elaborate the underlying toxicity mechanism. Specifically, CB exhibits a remarkable inhibitory effect on cell proliferation, leading to aberrant airway epithelial repair, as validated in air-liquid culture. ΔNp63 drives efficient epithelial proliferation during CB exposure, and CTNNB1 was identified as a target of ΔNp63 by bioinformatics analysis. Further molecular dynamics simulation reveals that oxygen-containing functional groups on CB disrupt the native interaction of CTNNB1 with ΔNp63 through competitive-like binding pattern. This process modulates CTNNB1 expression, ultimately restraining proliferation during respiratory epithelial repair. Overall, the current study elucidates that the diminished interaction between CTNNB1 and ΔNp63 impedes respiratory epithelial repair in response to CB exposure, thereby enriching the public health risk assessment on CB-related respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yawen Feng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Weizhong Han
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Min Zhuang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hongna Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yongfeng Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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McCann AA, Baniulyte G, Woodstock DL, Sammons MA. Context dependent activity of p63-bound gene regulatory elements. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.09.593326. [PMID: 38766006 PMCID: PMC11100809 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.09.593326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The p53 family of transcription factors regulate numerous organismal processes including the development of skin and limbs, ciliogenesis, and preservation of genetic integrity and tumor suppression. p53 family members control these processes and gene expression networks through engagement with DNA sequences within gene regulatory elements. Whereas p53 binding to its cognate recognition sequence is strongly associated with transcriptional activation, p63 can mediate both activation and repression. How the DNA sequence of p63-bound gene regulatory elements is linked to these varied activities is not yet understood. Here, we use massively parallel reporter assays (MPRA) in a range of cellular and genetic contexts to investigate the influence of DNA sequence on p63-mediated transcription. Most regulatory elements with a p63 response element motif (p63RE) activate transcription, with those sites bound by p63 more frequently or adhering closer to canonical p53 family response element sequences driving higher transcriptional output. The most active regulatory elements are those also capable of binding p53. Elements uniquely bound by p63 have varied activity, with p63RE-mediated repression associated with lower overall GC content in flanking sequences. Comparison of activity across cell lines suggests differential activity of elements may be regulated by a combination of p63 abundance or context-specific cofactors. Finally, changes in p63 isoform expression dramatically alters regulatory element activity, primarily shifting inactive elements towards a strong p63-dependent activity. Our analysis of p63-bound gene regulatory elements provides new insight into how sequence, cellular context, and other transcription factors influence p63-dependent transcription. These studies provide a framework for understanding how p63 genomic binding locally regulates transcription. Additionally, these results can be extended to investigate the influence of sequence content, genomic context, chromatin structure on the interplay between p63 isoforms and p53 family paralogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby A. McCann
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York. 1400 washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222
| | - Gabriele Baniulyte
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York. 1400 washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222
| | - Dana L. Woodstock
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York. 1400 washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222
| | - Morgan A. Sammons
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York. 1400 washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222
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Wu G, Dong Z, Dong Y, Chen Y, Zhu H, Ding D, Cui Y, Wang Y, Xu Y, Chen H. LncRNA CTBP1-AS inhibits TP63-mediated activation of S100A14 during prostate cancer progression. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:1492-1504. [PMID: 38476086 PMCID: PMC11093200 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important molecules and potential new targets for human cancers. This study investigates the function of lncRNA CTBP1 antisense RNA (CTBP1-AS) in prostate cancer (PCa) and explores the entailed molecular mechanism. Aberrantly expressed genes potentially correlated with PCa progression were probed using integrated bioinformatics analyses. A cohort of 68 patients with PCa was included, and their tumor and para-cancerous tissues were collected. CTBP1-AS was highly expressed in PCa tissues and cells and associated with poor patient prognosis. By contrast, tumor protein p63 (TP63) and S100 calcium binding protein A14 (S100A14) were poorly expressed in the PCa tissues and cells. CTBP1-AS did not affect TP63 expression; however it blocked the TP63-mediated transcriptional activation of S100A14, thereby reducing its expression. CTBP1-AS silencing suppressed proliferation, apoptosis resistance, migration, invasion, and tumorigenicity of PCa cell lines, while its overexpression led to inverse results. The malignant phenotype of cells was further weakened by TP63 overexpression but restored following artificial S100A14 silencing. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that CTBP1-AS plays an oncogenic role in PCa by blocking TP63-mediated transcriptional activation of S100A14. This may provide insight into the management of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzheng Wu
- Department of UrologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Zhenkun Dong
- Department of UrologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Yuhang Dong
- Department of UrologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Yinmei Chen
- Department of UrologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Huan Zhu
- Department of UrologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Dexin Ding
- Department of UrologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of UrologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Department of UrologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Yangyang Xu
- Department of UrologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of UrologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
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Chen Z, Wang X, Teng Z, Liu M, Liu F, Huang J, Liu Z. Modifiable lifestyle factors influencing psychiatric disorders mediated by plasma proteins: A systemic Mendelian randomization study. J Affect Disord 2024; 350:582-589. [PMID: 38246286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatric disorders are emerging as a serious public health hazard, influencing an increasing number of individuals worldwide. However, the effect of modifiable lifestyle factors on psychiatric disorders remains unclear. METHODS Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary statistics were obtained mainly from Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and UK Biobank, with sample sizes varying between 10,000 and 1,200,000. The two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method was applied to investigate the causal associations between 45 lifestyle factors and 13 psychiatric disorders, and screen potential mediator proteins from 2992 candidate plasma proteins. We implemented a four-step framework with step-by-step screening incorporating two-step, univariable, and multivariable MR. RESULTS We found causal effects of strenuous sports or other exercise on Tourette's syndrome (OR [95%CI]: 0.0047 [5.24E-04-0.042]); lifelong smoking index on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (10.53 [6.96-15.93]), anxiety disorders (3.44 [1.95-6.05]), bipolar disorder (BD) (2.25 [1.64-3.09]), BD II (2.89 [1.81-4.62]), and major depressive disorder (MDD) (2.47 [1.90-3.20]); and educational years on anorexia nervosa (AN) (1.47 [1.22-1.76]), and MDD (0.74 [0.66-0.83]). Five proteins were found to have causal associations with psychiatric disorders, namely ADH1B, GHDC, STOM, CD226, and TP63. STOM, a membrane protein deficient in the erythrocytes of hereditary stomatocytosis patients, may mediate the effect of educational attainment on AN. LIMITATIONS The mechanisms underlying the effects of lifestyle factors on psychiatric disorders require further investigation. CONCLUSIONS These findings could help assess the risk of psychiatric disorders based on lifestyle factors and also support lifestyle interventions as a prevention strategy for mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hypothalamic Pituitary Research Centre, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hypothalamic Pituitary Research Centre, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziwei Teng
- National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Disorders, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mengdong Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Fangkun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hypothalamic Pituitary Research Centre, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Huang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Disorders, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hypothalamic Pituitary Research Centre, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Alkhayyat R, Abbas A, Quinn CM, Rakha EA. Tumour 63 protein (p63) in breast pathology: biology, immunohistochemistry, diagnostic applications, and pitfalls. Histopathology 2024; 84:723-741. [PMID: 38012539 DOI: 10.1111/his.15101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Tumour protein 63 (p63) is a transcription factor of the p53 gene family, encoded by the TP63 gene located at chromosome 3q28, which regulates the activity of genes involved in growth and development of the ectoderm and derived tissues. p63 protein is normally expressed in the nuclei of the basal cell layer of glandular organs, including breast, in squamous epithelium and in urothelium. p63 immunohistochemical (IHC) staining has several applications in diagnostic breast pathology. It is commonly used to demonstrate myoepithelial cells at the epithelial stromal interface to differentiate benign and in situ lesions from invasive carcinoma and to characterize and classify papillary lesions including the distinction of breast intraduct papilloma from skin hidradenoma. p63 IHC is also used to identify and profile lesions showing myoepithelial cell and/or squamous differentiation, e.g. adenomyoepithelioma, salivary gland-like tumours including adenoid cystic carcinoma, and metaplastic breast carcinoma including low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma. This article reviews the applications of p63 IHC in diagnostic breast pathology and outlines a practical approach to the diagnosis and characterization of breast lesions through the identification of normal and abnormal p63 protein expression. The biology of p63, the range of available antibodies with emphasis on staining specificity and sensitivity, and pitfalls in interpretation are also discussed. The TP63 gene in humans, which shows a specific genomic structure, resulting in either TAp63 (p63) isoform or ΔNp63 (p40) isoform. As illustrated in the figure, both isoforms contain a DNA-binding domain (Orange box) and an oligomerization domain (Grey box). TAp63 contains an N-terminal transactivation (TA) domain (Green box), while ΔNp63 has an alternative terminus (Yellow box). Antibodies against conventional pan-p63 (TP63) bind to the DNA binding domain common to both isoforms (TAp63 and p40) and does not distinguish between them. Antibodies against TAp63 bind to the N-terminal TA domain, while antibodies specific to ΔNp63 (p40) bind to the alternative terminus. Each isoform has variant isotypes (α, β, γ, δ, and ε).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Alkhayyat
- Department of Histopathology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Pathology, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Government Hospitals, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Areeg Abbas
- Department of Histopathology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Cecily M Quinn
- Irish National Breast Screening Program, Department of Histopathology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Department of Histopathology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
- Academic Unit for Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Pathology, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Chen H, Yu S, Ma R, Deng L, Yi Y, Niu M, Xu C, Xiao ZXJ. Hypoxia-activated XBP1s recruits HDAC2-EZH2 to engage epigenetic suppression of ΔNp63α expression and promote breast cancer metastasis independent of HIF1α. Cell Death Differ 2024; 31:447-459. [PMID: 38413797 PMCID: PMC11043437 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a hallmark of cancer development. However, the molecular mechanisms by which hypoxia promotes tumor metastasis are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that hypoxia promotes breast cancer metastasis through suppression of ΔNp63α in a HIF1α-independent manner. We show that hypoxia-activated XBP1s forms a stable repressor protein complex with HDAC2 and EZH2 to suppress ΔNp63α transcription. Notably, H3K27ac is predominantly occupied on the ΔNp63 promoter under normoxia, while H3K27me3 on the promoter under hypoxia. We show that XBP1s binds to the ΔNp63 promoter to recruit HDAC2 and EZH2 in facilitating the switch of H3K27ac to H3K27me3. Pharmacological inhibition or the knockdown of either HDAC2 or EZH2 leads to increased H3K27ac, accompanied by the reduced H3K27me3 and restoration of ΔNp63α expression suppressed by hypoxia, resulting in inhibition of cell migration. Furthermore, the pharmacological inhibition of IRE1α, but not HIF1α, upregulates ΔNp63α expression in vitro and inhibits tumor metastasis in vivo. Clinical analyses reveal that reduced p63 expression is correlated with the elevated expression of XBP1, HDAC2, or EZH2, and is associated with poor overall survival in human breast cancer patients. Together, these results indicate that hypoxia-activated XBP1s modulates the epigenetic program in suppression of ΔNp63α to promote breast cancer metastasis independent of HIF1α and provides a molecular basis for targeting the XBP1s/HDAC2/EZH2-ΔNp63α axis as a putative strategy in the treatment of breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Chen
- School of Clinical Medicine and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
| | - Shuhan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruidong Ma
- School of Clinical Medicine and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Liyuan Deng
- School of Clinical Medicine and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Yi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengmeng Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Department of Oncology & Cancer Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhi-Xiong Jim Xiao
- Department of Oncology & Cancer Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Luo Y, Zhang J, Jiao Y, Huang H, Ming L, Song Y, Niu Y, Tang X, Liu L, Li Y, Jiang Y. Dihydroartemisinin abolishes cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in vivo. J Nat Med 2024; 78:439-454. [PMID: 38351420 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-024-01783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a derivative of artemisinin which is primarily used to treat malaria in clinic, also confers protective effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced nephrotoxicity. While, the activities of DHA in cisplatin (CDDP)-caused nephrotoxicity are elusive. To investigate the role and underlying mechanism of DHA in CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity. Mice were randomly separated into four groups: normal, CDDP, and DHA (25 and 50 mg/kg were orally injected 1 h before CDDP for consecutive 10 days). All mice except the normal were single injected intraperitoneally with CDDP (22 mg/kg) for once on the 7th day. Combined with quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics analysis, the impact of DHA on renal cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, biochemical indexes, and inflammation in mice were investigated. Moreover, a human hepatocellular carcinoma cells xenograft model was established to elucidate the impact of DHA on tumor-related effects of CDDP. DHA reduced the levels of creatinine (CREA) (p < 0.01) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (p < 0.01), reversed CDDP-induced oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptosis indexes (p < 0.01). Mechanistically, DHA attenuated CDDP-induced inflammation by inhibiting nuclear factor κB p65 (NFκB p65) expression, and suppressed CDDP-induced renal cell apoptosis by inhibiting p63-mediated endogenous and exogenous apoptosis pathways. Additionally, DHA alone significantly decreased the tumor weight and did not destroy the antitumor effect of CDDP, and did not impact AST and ALT. In conclusion, DHA prevents CDDP-triggered nephrotoxicity via reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The mechanisms refer to inhibiting NFκB p65-regulated inflammation and alleviating p63-mediated mitochondrial endogenous and Fas death receptor exogenous apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering of Jiangxi Province, School of Pharmacy, Scientific Research Center, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Jiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research On Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Hakka Medical Resources Branch, Gannan Medical University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liangshan Ming
- Institute for Advanced Study, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yunlei Song
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering of Jiangxi Province, School of Pharmacy, Scientific Research Center, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yanlong Niu
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Hakka Medical Resources Branch, Gannan Medical University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaolu Tang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Gannan Medical University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liwei Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Yumao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering of Jiangxi Province, School of Pharmacy, Scientific Research Center, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medical, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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10
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Low-Calle AM, Ghoneima H, Ortega N, Cuibus AM, Katz C, Prives C, Prywes R. A Non-Canonical Hippo Pathway Represses the Expression of ΔNp63. Mol Cell Biol 2024; 44:27-42. [PMID: 38270135 PMCID: PMC10829837 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2023.2292037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The p63 transcription factor, a member of the p53 family, plays an oncogenic role in squamous cell carcinomas, while in breast cancers its expression is often repressed. In the canonical conserved Hippo pathway, known to play a complex role in regulating growth of cancer cells, protein kinases MST1/2 and LATS1/2 act sequentially to phosphorylate and inhibit the YAP/TAZ transcription factors. We found that in MCF10A mammary epithelial cells as well as in squamous and breast cancer cell lines, expression of ΔNp63 RNA and protein is strongly repressed by inhibition of the Hippo pathway protein kinases. While MST1/2 and LATS1 are required for p63 expression, the next step of the pathway, namely phosphorylation and degradation of the YAP/TAZ transcriptional activators is not required for p63 repression. This suggests that regulation of p63 expression occurs by a noncanonical version of the Hippo pathway. We identified similarly regulated genes, suggesting the broader importance of this pathway. Interestingly, lowering p63 expression lead to increased YAP protein levels, indicating crosstalk of the YAP/TAZ-independent and -dependent branches of the Hippo pathway. These results, which reveal the intersection of the Hippo and p63 pathways, may prove useful for the control of their activities in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Low-Calle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hana Ghoneima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas Ortega
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adriana M. Cuibus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chen Katz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ron Prywes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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11
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Xu C, Ma H, Chen J, Li X, Wang Z, Hu B, Zhang N, Meng F. Prognostic, immunity, stemness, and anticancer drug sensitivity characterization of pyroptosis related genes in non-small cell lung cancer. Thorac Cancer 2024; 15:215-226. [PMID: 38115677 PMCID: PMC10803221 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.15180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyroptosis plays a pivotal role in the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) dynamics, particularly in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of our study was to explore its effects on tumor progression, TME patterns, and the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in NSCLC. METHODS Our investigation encompassed a thorough analysis of pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs), integrating immunohistochemistry (IHC) data, TME characteristics, stemness indices, and anticancer drug sensitivities. We aimed to analyze mRNA expression profiles across various cancers, constructing benchmark datasets to assess the clinical significance of PRGs in NSCLC. This included evaluating their association with clinical responses and efficacy. Notably, both our and HPA IHC data demonstrated significantly elevated GSDMD-N protein levels in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) tissues. RESULTS The expression of PRGs differed significantly between tumor and normal tissues across various cancers, as validated by IHC data, and was correlated with prognosis (p < 0.05). Moreover, our investigation revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the expression of the PRGs among distinct TME subtypes categorized as C1 (wound healing), C3 (inflammatory), C2 (IFN-gamma dominant), C5 (immunological quiet), C4 (lymphocyte deficient), and C6 (TGF-beta dominant). Additionally, our research on anticancer drug sensitivity uncovered compelling connections between specific anticancer medications and the expression of PRGs, including GSDMD, ELANE, IL18, and CHMP4A (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our study provided valuable insights into the critical role of PRGs in TME modulation, tumor stemness, and anticancer drug sensitivity across diverse cancers. Our findings illuminate the intricate relationship between pyroptosis and the TME, offering new perspectives for enhancing NSCLC treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryPeking University Shougang HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Hongming Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical CareEmergency General HospitalBeijingChina
| | | | - Xincheng Li
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryBeijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao‐Yang Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhina Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical CareEmergency General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryBeijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao‐Yang Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical CareEmergency General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Fanjie Meng
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryBeijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao‐Yang Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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12
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Samanta A, Saha P, Johnson O, Bishayee A, Sinha D. Dysregulation of delta Np63 alpha in squamous cell carcinoma and its therapeutic targeting. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189034. [PMID: 38040268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The gene p63 has two isoforms -a full length transactivated isoform (TA) p63 and an amino-terminally truncated isoform, ∆Np63. DeltaNp63 alpha (∆Np63α) is the predominant splice variant of the isoform, ∆Np63 and is expressed in the basal layer of stratified epithelia. ∆Np63α that is normally essential for the epithelial lineage maintenance may be dysregulated in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). The pro-tumorigenic or antitumorigenic role of ∆Np63 is a highly contentious arena. ∆Np63α may act as a double-edged sword. It may either promote tumor progression, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, chemoresistance, and immune-inflammatory responses, or inhibit the aforementioned phenomena depending upon cell type and tumor microenvironment. Several signaling pathways, transforming growth factor-β, Wnt and Notch, as well as epigenetic alterations involving microRNAs, and long noncoding RNAs are regulated by ∆Np63α. This review has attempted to provide an in-depth insight into the role of ∆Np63α in the development of SCCs during different stages of tumor formation and how it may be targeted for therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurima Samanta
- Department of Receptor Biology and Tumor Metastasis, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700 026, West Bengal, India
| | - Priyanka Saha
- Department of Receptor Biology and Tumor Metastasis, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700 026, West Bengal, India
| | - Olivia Johnson
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA.
| | - Dona Sinha
- Department of Receptor Biology and Tumor Metastasis, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700 026, West Bengal, India.
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13
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Wang Y, Zou Y, Chen X, Wang X, Zheng H, Ye Q. Relevance of pyroptosis-associated genes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma diagnosis and subtype classification. J Gene Med 2024; 26:e3653. [PMID: 38282154 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a highly aggressive and metastatic malignancy originating in the nasopharyngeal tissue. Pyroptosis is a relatively newly discovered, regulated form of necrotic cell death induced by inflammatory caspases that is associated with a variety of diseases. However, the role and mechanism of pyroptosis in NPC are not fully understood. METHODS We analyzed the differential expression of pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs) between patients with and without NPC from the GSE53819 and GSE64634 datasets of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We mapped receptor operating characteristic profiles for these key PRGs to assess the accuracy of the genes for disease diagnosis and prediction of patient prognosis. In addition, we constructed a nomogram based on these key PRGs and carried out a decision curve analysis. The NPC patients were classified into different pyroptosis gene clusters by the consensus clustering method based on key PRGs, whereas the expression profiles of the key PRGs were analyzed by applying principal component analysis. We also analyzed the differences in key PRGs, immune cell infiltration and NPC-related genes between the clusters. Finally, we performed differential expression analysis for pyroptosis clusters and obtained differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and performed Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses. RESULTS We obtained 14 differentially expressed PRGs from GEO database. Based on these 14 differentially expressed PRGs, we applied least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analysis and the random forest algorithm to obtain four key PRGs (CHMP7, IL1A, TP63 and GSDMB). We completely distinguished the NPC patients into two pyroptosis gene clusters (pyroptosis clusters A and B) based on four key PRGs. Furthermore, we determined the immune cell abundance of each NPC sample, estimated the association between the four PRGs and immune cells, and determined the difference in immune cell infiltration between the two pyroptosis gene clusters. Finally, we obtained and functional enrichment analyses 259 DEGs by differential expression analysis for both pyroptosis clusters. CONCLUSIONS PRGs are critical in the development of NPC, and our research on the pyroptosis gene cluster may help direct future NPC therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuxia Zou
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianghui Chen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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14
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Ma N, Zhang M, Xu G, Zhang L, Luo M, Luo M, Wang X, Tang H, Wang X, Liu L, Zhong X, Feng J, Li Y. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Type II Alveolar Epithelial Progenitor Cells Attenuate LPS-induced Acute Lung Injury and Reduce P63 Expression. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:245-256. [PMID: 37138488 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230501234836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)/acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe clinical respiratory-failure disease mainly characterized by acute damage to the alveolar epithelium and pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a potential regenerative strategy for ARDS/ALI, however, the outcome is limited, and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. INTRODUCTION We established a differentiation system for bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cellderived (BM-MSC) type II alveolar epithelial progenitor cells (AECIIs) and assessed their regulatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. METHODS We induced BM-MSC differentiation into AECIIs using a specific conditioned medium. After 26 days of differentiation, 3×105 BM-MSC-AECIIs were used to treat mice with LPS-induced ALI through tracheal injection. RESULTS After tracheal injection, BM-MSC-AECIIs migrated to the perialveolar area and reduced LPSinduced lung inflammation and pathological injury. RNA-seq suggested that P63 protein was involved in the effects of BM-MSC-AECIIs on lung inflammation. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that BM-MSC-AECIIs may reduce LPS-induced acute lung injury by decreasing P63 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Guofeng Xu
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Luo
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Meihua Luo
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongmei Tang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Liu
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
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15
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Guo L, Yuan M, Jiang S, Jin G, Li P. Expression of pyroptosis-associated genes and construction of prognostic model for thyroid cancer. Transl Cancer Res 2023; 12:3360-3383. [PMID: 38193001 PMCID: PMC10774054 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-23-810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Background Thyroid cancer (THCA) is a common endocrine malignancy. This study aimed to explore the expression of pyroptosis-related genes in THCA and establish a prognosis prediction model. Methods Differentially expressed pyroptosis-related genes (DEPRGs) were identified in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB). Subsequently, these genes were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. A least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model was employed to establish a DEPRG signature, and its reliability was validated through survival analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Patients in TCGA-THCA cohort were stratified into two risk groups. The biological functions of the genes between the two risk groups were assessed through gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and gene set variation analysis (GSVA). Finally, expression of DEPRGs was validated using datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases. Results Six DEPRGs were identified in TCGA dataset. Through LASSO Cox regression analysis, we determined IL6, TP63, NOD1, and BAX to be significant. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that patients with THCA expressing high levels of NOD1 and classified as low-risk individuals exhibited prolonged survival. The multifactorial ROC curves yielded area under the curve (AUC) scores exceeding 0.7 for risk score, age, and T-stage, affirming their significance as independent prognostic factors as determined by multivariate analysis. Additionally, we observed elevated expression levels of BAX and NOD1 in THCA using data derived from the HPA database and the GEO dataset. Conclusions We established a novel DEPRG signature for predicting the prognosis of THCA, potentially offering a promising therapeutic marker for THCA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Guo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Min Yuan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Senhe Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Gang Jin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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16
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Sterling NA, Terry BK, McDonnell JM, Kim S. P53 independent pathogenic mechanisms contribute to BubR1 microcephaly. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1282182. [PMID: 37900274 PMCID: PMC10602889 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1282182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The mosaic variegated aneuploidy (MVA)-associated gene Budding Uninhibited by Benzimidazole 1B (BUB1B) encodes BUBR1, a core member of the spindle assembly checkpoint complex that ensures kinetochore-spindle attachment for faithful chromosome segregation. BUB1B mutation in humans and its deletion in mice cause microcephaly. In the absence of BubR1 in mice, massive cell death reduces cortical cells during neurogenesis. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms triggering cell death are unknown. In this study, we performed three-dimensional imaging analysis of mitotic BubR1-deficient neural progenitors in a murine model to show profound chromosomal segregation defects and structural abnormalities. Chromosomal defects and accompanying DNA damage result in P53 activation and apoptotic cell death in BubR1 mutants. To test whether the P53 cell death pathway is responsible for cortical cell loss, we co-deleted Trp53 in BubR1-deficient cortices. Remarkably, we discovered that residual apoptotic cell death remains in double mutants lacking P53, suggesting P53-independent apoptosis. Furthermore, the minimal rescue of cortical size and cortical neuron numbers in double mutant mice suggests the compelling extent of alternative death mechanisms in the absence of P53. This study demonstrates a potential pathogenic mechanism for microcephaly in MVA patients and uncovers the existence of powerful means of eliminating unfit cells even when the P53 death pathway is disabled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle A. Sterling
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bethany K. Terry
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Julia M. McDonnell
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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17
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Al-Rawi NH, Kawas SA, Ani MA, Alnuaimi AS, EL-Sayed W, Alrashdan MS. Prediction of Lymphovascular and Perineural Invasion of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Combined Expression of p63 and Cyclin D1. Eur J Dent 2023; 17:1170-1178. [PMID: 36716784 PMCID: PMC10795001 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1760301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the value of immune expression of p63 and cyclin D1 in the prediction of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and perineural invasion (PNI) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical and histopathologic features of 65 subjects with histologically confirmed OSCC were collected. Tissue microarray blocks representing all subjects were prepared for the immunohistochemical quantification of the nuclear expression of p63 and cyclin D1 using immune ratio plugin of image J software. Image analysis was performed by two independent pathologists. Independent samples t-test, analysis of variance, and receiver operating characteristic curve tests were used for statistical analysis. The level of significance was set at p≤ 0.05. RESULTS The optimum cutoff value for the prediction of LVI for p63 and cyclin D1 was found to be 100 and 93.2, respectively, while the optimum cutoff value for the prediction of PNI for p63 and cyclin D1 was found to be 95.9 and 94, respectively. p63 and cyclin D1 expression correlated with several clinicopathologic features of the studied population. p63 expression was a significant predictor of moderate/poorly differentiated OSCC compared with well-differentiated OSCC. A parallel combination of positive p63 and cyclin D1 increased the specificity of predicting LVI from 89.1% and 67.4% for either p63 or cyclin D1, respectively, to 93.5% with a positive predictive value of 92.5%. Similarly, the parallel combination of the two markers raised the specificity of predicting PNI from 70% and 77.5% for either p63 or cyclin D1, respectively, to 90% with a positive predictive value of 86.3%. CONCLUSION Combined overexpression of nuclear markers p63 and cyclin D1 can be considered as a valuable independent predictor of LVI and PNI, and hence tumor progression, in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natheer H Al-Rawi
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental
Medicine, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sausan Al Kawas
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental
Medicine, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muwaffaq Al Ani
- Department of ENT, Tawam Hospital, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Walid EL-Sayed
- Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gulf
Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Suez Canal University,
Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mohammad S. Alrashdan
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental
Medicine, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan
University of Science and Technology, Jordan
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18
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Joon HK, Thalor A, Gupta D. Machine learning analysis of lung squamous cell carcinoma gene expression datasets reveals novel prognostic signatures. Comput Biol Med 2023; 165:107430. [PMID: 37703712 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) patients are often diagnosed at an advanced stage and have poor prognoses. Thus, identifying novel biomarkers for the LUSC is of utmost importance. METHODS Multiple datasets from the NCBI-GEO repository were obtained and merged to construct the complete dataset. We also constructed a subset from this complete dataset with only known cancer driver genes. Further, machine learning classifiers were employed to obtain the best features from both datasets. Simultaneously, we perform differential gene expression analysis. Furthermore, survival and enrichment analyses were performed. RESULTS The kNN classifier performed comparatively better on the complete and driver datasets' top 40 and 50 gene features, respectively. Out of these 90 gene features, 35 were found to be differentially regulated. Lasso-penalized Cox regression further reduced the number of genes to eight. The median risk score of these eight genes significantly stratified the patients, and low-risk patients have significantly better overall survival. We validated the robust performance of these eight genes on the TCGA dataset. Pathway enrichment analysis identified that these genes are associated with cell cycle, cell proliferation, and migration. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that an integrated approach involving machine learning and system biology may effectively identify novel biomarkers for LUSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Kumar Joon
- Translational Bioinformatics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India; Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Anamika Thalor
- Translational Bioinformatics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Dinesh Gupta
- Translational Bioinformatics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Oda Y, Wong CT, Oh DH, Meyer MB, Pike JW, Bikle DD. Vitamin D receptor cross-talk with p63 signaling promotes epidermal cell fate. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 232:106352. [PMID: 37330071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor with its ligand 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25D3) regulates epidermal stem cell fate, such that VDR removal from Krt14 expressing keratinocytes delays re-epithelialization of epidermis after wound injury in mice. In this study we deleted Vdr from Lrig1 expressing stem cells in the isthmus of the hair follicle then used lineage tracing to evaluate the impact on re-epithelialization following injury. We showed that Vdr deletion from these cells prevents their migration to and regeneration of the interfollicular epidermis without impairing their ability to repopulate the sebaceous gland. To pursue the molecular basis for these effects of VDR, we performed genome wide transcriptional analysis of keratinocytes from Vdr cKO and control littermate mice. Ingenuity Pathway analysis (IPA) pointed us to the TP53 family including p63 as a partner with VDR, a transcriptional factor that is essential for proliferation and differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes. Epigenetic studies on epidermal keratinocytes derived from interfollicular epidermis showed that VDR is colocalized with p63 within the specific regulatory region of MED1 containing super-enhancers of epidermal fate driven transcription factor genes such as Fos and Jun. Gene ontology analysis further implicated that Vdr and p63 associated genomic regions regulate genes involving stem cell fate and epidermal differentiation. To demonstrate the functional interaction between VDR and p63, we evaluated the response to 1,25(OH)2D3 of keratinocytes lacking p63 and noted a reduction in epidermal cell fate determining transcription factors such as Fos, Jun. We conclude that VDR is required for the epidermal stem cell fate orientation towards interfollicular epidermis. We propose that this role of VDR involves cross-talk with the epidermal master regulator p63 through super-enhancer mediated epigenetic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Oda
- Departments of Medicine and Endocrinology, United States
| | - Christian T Wong
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, United States; San Francisco VA Health Care system, United States
| | - Dennis H Oh
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, United States; San Francisco VA Health Care system, United States
| | - Mark B Meyer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - J Wesley Pike
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Endocrinology, United States.
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20
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Alsaegh MA, Mahmoud O, Varma SR, Mathew A, Altaie AM, Zhu S. P63 and Ki-67 expression in radicular cyst. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2023; 13:575-580. [PMID: 37545663 PMCID: PMC10403738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the current study was to identify the expression of P63 and its relation to odontogenic epithelial cell proliferation, severity of the inflammatory infiltrate and size of radicular cysts (RCs). Methods In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 30 cases of paraffin-embedded RCs were randomly selected from the archive. P63 and Ki-67 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results Epithelial P63 expression was absent in four (13.3%), weak in 10 (33.3%), and moderate in 16 (53.3%) cases. In the connective tissue wall of RC, P63 expression was absent in two (6.7%) cases, weak in 24 (80.0%) cases, and moderate in four (13.3%) cases. Ki-67 was found to be weakly expressed in 12 (40.0%) cases, moderately expressed in 13 (43.3%), and strongly expressed in five (16.7%) cases. No correlation was found between Ki-67 expression in odontogenic epithelium and P63 expression in the odontogenic epithelium (rho = 0.110, p = .563) or fibrous capsule (rho = 0.160, p = .399). Nevertheless, we found a positive correlation between Ki-67 expression in the odontogenic epithelium and the size of the RC (rho = 0.450, p = .013). The inflammatory infiltrate was negatively correlated with P63 expression in the odontogenic epithelium (rho = -0.428, p = .018), and with the size of cysts (rho = -0.728, p < .001). Conclusions There is a high expression of P63 throughout the odontogenic epithelium and connective tissue capsule of the RC. P63 expression in the odontogenic epithelium is negatively correlated with the degree of the inflammatory infiltrate but not with epithelial cell proliferation or the size of the cyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Amjed Alsaegh
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Okba Mahmoud
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sudhir Rama Varma
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asok Mathew
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alaa Muayad Altaie
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shengrong Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
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21
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Fisher ML, Balinth S, Hwangbo Y, Wu C, Ballon C, Goldberg GL, Mills AA. Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote cancer stemness by inducing expression of the chromatin-modifying protein CBX4 in squamous cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2023; 44:485-496. [PMID: 37463322 PMCID: PMC10436759 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The chromobox-containing protein CBX4 is an important regulator of epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation, and has been implicated in several cancer types. The cancer stem cell (CSC) population is a key driver of metastasis and recurrence. The undifferentiated, plastic state characteristic of CSCs relies on cues from the microenvironment. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major component of the microenvironment that can influence the CSC population through the secretion of extracellular matrix and a variety of growth factors. Here we show CBX4 is a critical regulator of the CSC phenotype in squamous cell carcinomas of the skin and hypopharynx. Moreover, CAFs can promote the expression of CBX4 in the CSC population through the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-6 activates JAK/STAT3 signaling to increase ∆Np63α-a key transcription factor that is essential for epithelial stem cell function and the maintenance of proliferative potential that is capable of regulating CBX4. Targeting the JAK/STAT3 axis or CBX4 directly suppresses the aggressive phenotype of CSCs and represents a novel opportunity for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Fisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Seamus Balinth
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Yon Hwangbo
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Caizhi Wu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Carlos Ballon
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Gary L Goldberg
- Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra University/Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Alea A Mills
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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22
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Sato K, Yoshino H, Sato Y, Nakano M, Tsuruga E. ΔNp63 Regulates Radioresistance in Human Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:6262-6271. [PMID: 37623213 PMCID: PMC10453785 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45080394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is commonly used to treat head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); however, recurrence results from the development of radioresistant cancer cells. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the underlying mechanisms of radioresistance in HNSCC. Previously, we showed that the inhibition of karyopherin-β1 (KPNB1), a factor in the nuclear transport system, enhances radiation-induced cytotoxicity, specifically in HNSCC cells, and decreases the localization of SCC-specific transcription factor ΔNp63. This suggests that ΔNp63 may be a KPNB1-carrying nucleoprotein that regulates radioresistance in HNSCC. Here, we determined whether ΔNp63 is involved in the radioresistance of HNSCC cells. Cell survival was measured by a colony formation assay. Apoptosis was assessed by annexin V staining and cleaved caspase-3 expression. The results indicate that ΔNp63 knockdown decreased the survival of irradiated HNSCC cells, increased radiation-induced annexin V+ cells, and cleaved caspase-3 expression. These results show that ΔNp63 is involved in the radioresistance of HNSCC cells. We further investigated which specific karyopherin-α (KPNA) molecules, partners of KPNB1 for nuclear transport, are involved in nuclear ΔNp63 expression. The analysis of nuclear ΔNp63 protein expression suggests that KPNA1 is involved in nuclear ΔNp63 expression. Taken together, our results suggest that ΔNp63 is a KPNB1-carrying nucleoprotein that regulates radioresistance in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Sato
- Department of Radiation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8564, Aomori, Japan (Y.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Hironori Yoshino
- Department of Radiation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8564, Aomori, Japan (Y.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Yoshiaki Sato
- Department of Radiation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8564, Aomori, Japan (Y.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Manabu Nakano
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki 036-8564, Aomori, Japan;
| | - Eichi Tsuruga
- Department of Radiation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8564, Aomori, Japan (Y.S.); (E.T.)
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23
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Suga K, Suto A, Tanaka S, Sugawara Y, Kageyama T, Ishikawa J, Sanayama Y, Ikeda K, Furuta S, Kagami SI, Iwata A, Hirose K, Suzuki K, Ohara O, Nakajima H. TAp63, a methotrexate target in CD4+ T cells, suppresses Foxp3 expression and exacerbates autoimmune arthritis. JCI Insight 2023; 8:164778. [PMID: 37212280 PMCID: PMC10322677 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.164778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is a standard, first-line therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, its precise mechanisms of action other than antifolate activity are largely unknown. We performed DNA microarray analyses of CD4+ T cells in patients with RA before and after MTX treatment and found that TP63 was the most significantly downregulated gene after MTX treatment. TAp63, an isoform of TP63, was highly expressed in human IL-17-producing Th (Th17) cells and was suppressed by MTX in vitro. Murine TAp63 was expressed at high levels in Th cells and at lower levels in thymus-derived Treg cells. Importantly, TAp63 knockdown in murine Th17 cells ameliorated the adoptive transfer arthritis model. RNA-Seq analyses of human Th17 cells overexpressing TAp63 and those with TAp63 knockdown identified FOXP3 as a possible TAp63 target gene. TAp63 knockdown in CD4+ T cells cultured under Th17 conditions with low-dose IL-6 increased Foxp3 expression, suggesting that TAp63 balances Th17 cells and Treg cells. Mechanistically, TAp63 knockdown in murine induced Treg (iTreg) cells promoted hypomethylation of conserved noncoding sequence 2 (CNS2) of the Foxp3 gene and enhanced the suppressive function of iTreg cells. Reporter analyses revealed that TAp63 suppressed the activation of the Foxp3 CNS2 enhancer. Collectively, TAp63 suppresses Foxp3 expression and exacerbates autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Suga
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Akira Suto
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tanaka
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Yutaka Sugawara
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Takahiro Kageyama
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Junichi Ishikawa
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Yoshie Sanayama
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Kei Ikeda
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Shunsuke Furuta
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kagami
- Research Center for Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asahi General Hospital, Asahi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Arifumi Iwata
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Koichi Hirose
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Kotaro Suzuki
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakajima
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
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24
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Ning B, Tilston-Lunel AM, Simonetti J, Hicks-Berthet J, Matschulat A, Pfefferkorn R, Spira A, Edwards M, Mazzilli S, Lenburg ME, Beane JE, Varelas X. Convergence of YAP/TAZ, TEAD and TP63 activity is associated with bronchial premalignant severity and progression. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:116. [PMID: 37150829 PMCID: PMC10165825 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02674-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchial premalignant lesions (PMLs) are composed primarily of cells resembling basal epithelial cells of the airways, which through poorly understood mechanisms have the potential to progress to lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). Despite ongoing efforts that have mapped gene expression and cell diversity across bronchial PML pathologies, signaling and transcriptional events driving malignancy are poorly understood. Evidence has suggested key roles for the Hippo pathway effectors YAP and TAZ and associated TEAD and TP63 transcription factor families in bronchial basal cell biology and LUSC. In this study we examine the functional association of YAP/TAZ, TEADs and TP63 in bronchial epithelial cells and PMLs. METHODS We performed RNA-seq in primary human bronchial epithelial cells following small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated depletion of YAP/TAZ, TEADs or TP63, and combined these data with ChIP-seq analysis of these factors. Directly activated or repressed genes were identified and overlapping genes were profiled across gene expression data obtained from progressive or regressive human PMLs and across lung single cell RNA-seq data sets. RESULTS Analysis of genes regulated by YAP/TAZ, TEADs, and TP63 in human bronchial epithelial cells revealed a converged transcriptional network that is strongly associated with the pathological progression of bronchial PMLs. Our observations suggest that YAP/TAZ-TEAD-TP63 associate to cooperatively promote basal epithelial cell proliferation and repress signals associated with interferon responses and immune cell communication. Directly repressed targets we identified include the MHC Class II transactivator CIITA, which is repressed in progressive PMLs and associates with adaptive immune responses in the lung. Our findings provide molecular insight into the control of gene expression events driving PML progression, including those contributing to immune evasion, offering potential new avenues for lung cancer interception. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies important gene regulatory functions for YAP/TAZ-TEAD-TP63 in the early stages of lung cancer development, which notably includes immune-suppressive roles, and suggest that an assessment of the activity of this transcriptional complex may offer a means to identify immune evasive bronchial PMLs and serve as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boting Ning
- Department of Medicine, Computational Biomedicine Section, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Andrew M Tilston-Lunel
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Room K620, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Justice Simonetti
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Room K620, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Julia Hicks-Berthet
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Room K620, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Adeline Matschulat
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Room K620, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Roxana Pfefferkorn
- Department of Medicine, Computational Biomedicine Section, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Avrum Spira
- Department of Medicine, Computational Biomedicine Section, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Johnson and Johnson Innovation, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Sarah Mazzilli
- Department of Medicine, Computational Biomedicine Section, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Marc E Lenburg
- Department of Medicine, Computational Biomedicine Section, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Jennifer E Beane
- Department of Medicine, Computational Biomedicine Section, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Xaralabos Varelas
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Room K620, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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25
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Fisher ML, Balinth S, Mills AA. ΔNp63α in cancer: importance and therapeutic opportunities. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:280-292. [PMID: 36115734 PMCID: PMC10011024 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of cancer and the key pathways that drive cancer survival has expanded rapidly over the past several decades. However, there are still important challenges that continue to impair patient survival, including our inability to target cancer stem cells (CSCs), metastasis, and drug resistance. The transcription factor p63 is a p53 family member with multiple isoforms that carry out a wide array of functions. Here, we discuss the critical importance of the ΔNp63α isoform in cancer and potential therapeutic strategies to target ΔNp63α expression to impair the CSC population, as well as to prevent metastasis and drug resistance to improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Fisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Seamus Balinth
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Alea A Mills
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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26
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Low-Calle AM, Ghoneima H, Ortega N, Cuibus AM, Katz C, Tong D, Prives C, Prywes R. A non-canonical Hippo pathway represses the expression of ΔNp63. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.13.528336. [PMID: 36824867 PMCID: PMC9949004 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.13.528336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The p63 transcription factor, a member of the p53 family, plays an oncogenic role in squamous cancers, while in breast cancers its expression is often repressed. In the canonical conserved Hippo pathway, known to play a complex role in regulating growth of cancer cells, the protein kinases MST1/2 and LATS1/2 act sequentially to phosphorylate and inhibit the YAP/TAZ transcription factors. We found that in the MCF10A mammary epithelial cell line as well as in squamous and breast cancer cell lines, expression of ΔNp63 RNA and protein is strongly repressed by inhibition of the Hippo pathway protein kinases in a manner that is independent of p53. While MST1/2 and LATS1 are required for p63 expression, the next step of the pathway, namely phosphorylation and degradation of the YAP/TAZ transcriptional activators is not required for repression of p63. This suggests that regulation of p63 expression occurs by a non-canonical version of the Hippo pathway. We additionally identified additional genes that were similarly regulated suggesting the broader importance of this pathway. Interestingly, we observed that experimentally lowering p63 expression leads to increased YAP protein levels, thereby constituting a feedback loop. These results, which reveal the intersection of the Hippo and p63 pathways, may prove useful for the control of their activities in cancer cells. One Sentence Summary Regulation of p63 expression occurs by a non-canonical version of the Hippo pathway in mammary epithelial, breast carcinoma and head and neck squamous carcinoma cells.
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27
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Song EAC, Che M, Osinski J, Smalley K, Horeth E, Sinha S, Romano RA. ΔNp63 maintains the fidelity of the myoepithelial cell lineage and directs cell differentiation programs in the murine salivary gland. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:515-526. [PMID: 36526896 PMCID: PMC9950458 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands consist of several epithelial cell types of distinct lineages and functional characteristics that are established by directed differentiation programs of resident stem and progenitor cells. We have shown that ΔNp63, a crucial transcriptional regulator of stem/progenitor cells, is enriched in both the basal and myoepithelial cell (MEC) populations and that ΔNp63 positive cells maintain all the descendent epithelial cell lineages of the adult mouse salivary glands (mSGs). Although this pivotal role of ΔNp63 in driving the broader epithelial cell fate and identity in the mSG has been demonstrated, how ΔNp63 functions specifically in the commitment and differentiation of the MEC population is less understood. Using multiple genetic mouse models that allow for cell tracing, we show that ΔNp63 is critical in maintaining and renewing MECs, in part through the transcriptional regulation of Acta2 gene expression, a defining marker of this cell population. We demonstrate that during adult mSG homeostasis, ΔNp63 enriched MECs function as bipotent progenitor cells that maintain not only the MEC population, but also the distinctly different ductal cell lineages. The fidelity of this process is dependent on ΔNp63 expression, since MEC-specific ablation of ΔNp63 results in altered MEC differentiation and affects cellular plasticity resulting in aberrant differentiation of the intercalated ducts and acinar cells. In contrast, we find that the contribution of MECs to ductal and acinar cell regeneration following severe injury is independent of ΔNp63. Our observations offer new insights into cellular mechanisms driving MEC fate choices and differentiation programs in the context of salivary gland homeostasis and in response to injury and regeneration. Long term, these findings have implications for better treatment of salivary gland dysfunction through stem cell-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ah Christine Song
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Monika Che
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jason Osinski
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kirsten Smalley
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Erich Horeth
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Satrajit Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rose-Anne Romano
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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28
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Bikle DD. Role of vitamin D and calcium signaling in epidermal wound healing. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:205-212. [PMID: 35963983 PMCID: PMC9859773 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01893-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review will discuss the role of vitamin D and calcium signaling in the epidermal wound response with particular focus on the stem cells of the epidermis and hair follicle that contribute to the wounding response. METHODS Selected publications relevant to the mechanisms of wound healing in general and the roles of calcium and vitamin D in wound healing in particular were reviewed. RESULTS Following wounding the stem cells of the hair follicle and interfollicular epidermis are activated to proliferate and migrate to the wound where they take on an epidermal fate to re-epithelialize the wound and regenerate the epidermis. The vitamin D and calcium sensing receptors (VDR and CaSR, respectively) are expressed in the stem cells of the hair follicle and epidermis where they play a critical role in enabling the stem cells to respond to wounding. Deletion of Vdr and/or Casr from these cells delays wound healing. The VDR is regulated by co-regulators such as the Med 1 complex and other transcription factors such as Ctnnb (beta-catenin) and p63. The formation of the Cdh1/Ctnn (E-cadherin/catenin) complex jointly stimulated by vitamin D and calcium plays a critical role in the activation, migration, and re-epithelialization processes. CONCLUSION Vitamin D and calcium signaling are critical for the ability of epidermal and hair follicle stem cells to respond to wounding. Vitamin D deficiency with the accompanying decrease in calcium signaling can result in delayed and/or chronic wounds, a major cause of morbidity, loss of productivity, and medical expense.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Bikle
- Department of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, USA.
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Brennan J, Lu ML, Kang Y. A New Model of Esophageal Cancers by Using a Detergent-Free Decellularized Matrix in a Perfusion Bioreactor. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:96. [PMID: 36671668 PMCID: PMC9854977 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of physiologically relevant human esophageal cancer models has as a result that many esophageal cancer studies are encountering major bottleneck challenges in achieving breakthrough progress. To address the issue, here we engineered a 3D esophageal tumor tissue model using a biomimetic decellularized esophageal matrix in a customized bioreactor. To obtain a biomimetic esophageal matrix, we developed a detergent-free, rapid decellularization method to decellularize porcine esophagus. We characterized the decellularized esophageal matrix (DEM) and utilized the DEM for the growth of esophageal cancer cell KYSE30 in well plates and the bioreactor. We then analyzed the expression of cancer-related markers of KYSE30 cells and compared them with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissue biospecimens. Our results show that the detergent-free decellularization method preserved the esophageal matrix components and effectively removed cell nucleus. KYSE30 cancer cells proliferated well on and inside the DEM. KYSE30 cells cultured on the DEM in the dynamic bioreactor show different cancer marker expressions than those in the static well plate, and also share some similarities to the FFPE-ESCC biospecimens. These findings built a foundation with potential for further study of esophageal cancer behavior in a biomimetic microenvironment using this new esophageal cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Brennan
- Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Michael L. Lu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Faculty of Integrative Biology PhD Program, Department of Biological Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Yunqing Kang
- Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Faculty of Integrative Biology PhD Program, Department of Biological Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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Xu Y, Yang X, Xiong Q, Han J, Zhu Q. The dual role of p63 in cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1116061. [PMID: 37182132 PMCID: PMC10174455 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1116061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 family is made up of three transcription factors: p53, p63, and p73. These proteins are well-known regulators of cell function and play a crucial role in controlling various processes related to cancer progression, including cell division, proliferation, genomic stability, cell cycle arrest, senescence, and apoptosis. In response to extra- or intracellular stress or oncogenic stimulation, all members of the p53 family are mutated in structure or altered in expression levels to affect the signaling network, coordinating many other pivotal cellular processes. P63 exists as two main isoforms (TAp63 and ΔNp63) that have been contrastingly discovered; the TA and ΔN isoforms exhibit distinguished properties by promoting or inhibiting cancer progression. As such, p63 isoforms comprise a fully mysterious and challenging regulatory pathway. Recent studies have revealed the intricate role of p63 in regulating the DNA damage response (DDR) and its impact on diverse cellular processes. In this review, we will highlight the significance of how p63 isoforms respond to DNA damage and cancer stem cells, as well as the dual role of TAp63 and ΔNp63 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Xu
- Abdominal Oncology Ward, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- Abdominal Oncology Ward, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qunli Xiong
- Abdominal Oncology Ward, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junhong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Zhu, ; Junhong Han,
| | - Qing Zhu
- Abdominal Oncology Ward, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Zhu, ; Junhong Han,
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Vlašić I, Horvat A, Tadijan A, Slade N. p53 Family in Resistance to Targeted Therapy of Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010065. [PMID: 36613518 PMCID: PMC9820688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is one of the most aggressive tumors, with frequent mutations affecting components of the MAPK pathway, mainly protein kinase BRAF. Despite promising initial response to BRAF inhibitors, melanoma progresses due to development of resistance. In addition to frequent reactivation of MAPK or activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, recently, the p53 pathway has been shown to contribute to acquired resistance to targeted MAPK inhibitor therapy. Canonical tumor suppressor p53 is inactivated in melanoma by diverse mechanisms. The TP53 gene and two other family members, TP63 and TP73, encode numerous protein isoforms that exhibit diverse functions during tumorigenesis. The p53 family isoforms can be produced by usage of alternative promoters and/or splicing on the C- and N-terminus. Various p53 family isoforms are expressed in melanoma cell lines and tumor samples, and several of them have already shown to have specific functions in melanoma, affecting proliferation, survival, metastatic potential, invasion, migration, and response to therapy. Of special interest are p53 family isoforms with increased expression and direct involvement in acquired resistance to MAPK inhibitors in melanoma cells, implying that modulating their expression or targeting their functional pathways could be a potential therapeutic strategy to overcome resistance to MAPK inhibitors in melanoma.
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Primary squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid gland: 11 case reports and a population-based study. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:352. [PMID: 36329478 PMCID: PMC9632099 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02814-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid gland (PSCCT) is a highly aggressive malignant tumor associated with a poor prognosis. Due to the rare case, there is a knowledge gap on the features of PSCCT. There is limited understanding of the treatment and molecular biology of this tumor. More genomic work and relevant perspective work need to be done. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical information of patients with PSCCT diagnosed from December 2009 to December 2020 at The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University. In addition, we conducted an electronic search of the paper in CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases by recently updated articles. Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results There were only 11 patients met the study’s inclusion criteria in our institution. The patients ranged in age from 25 to 68 years old and female preponderance (M:F = 1:1.7). The median survival time was 6 months, and 1-year survival rate was 33.3%. Fifty-three patients’ individual data from 45 articles were selected for analysis. The median age at diagnosis was 63 years and female preponderance (M:F = 1:2.5). The commonest complaint was the anterior neck mass (77.3%), followed by hoarseness (32.1%). The median survival time was 9 months, and the overall 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival rate was 39.8%, 33.7%, and 26.9%, respectively. The log-rank method shows that age, tumor size, lymph node status, M stage, surgical range, and tracheal status were the relevant factors affecting the prognosis. In contrast, gender, treatment modality, and resection margin were not prognostic factors. On multivariable analysis, age and M stage were associated with overall survival. Conclusion The median overall survival was 6–9 months of PSCCT. Age and M stage are predictors of PSSCT. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12957-022-02814-9.
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Knani I, Yanku Y, Gross-Cohen M, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase 2 (Hpa2) attenuates the growth of human sarcoma. Matrix Biol 2022; 113:22-38. [PMID: 36122821 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The pro-tumorigenic properties of heparanase are well documented and established. In contrast, the role of heparanase 2 (Hpa2), a close homolog of heparanase, in cancer is not entirely clear. In carcinomas, Hpa2 is thought to attenuate tumor growth, possibly by inhibiting heparanase enzymatic activity. Here, we examine the role of Hpa2 in sarcoma, a group of rare tumors of mesenchymal origin, accounting for approximately 1% of all malignant tumors. Consistently, we found that overexpression of Hpa2 attenuates tumor growth while Hpa2 gene silencing results in bigger tumors. Mechanistically, attenuation of tumor growth by Hpa2 was associated with increased tumor stress conditions, involving ER stress, hypoxia, and JNK phosphorylation, leading to increased apoptotic cell death. In addition, overexpression of Hpa2 induces the expression of the p53 family member, p63 which, in sarcoma, functions to attenuate tumor growth. Moreover, we show that Hpa2 profoundly reduces stem cell characteristics of the sarcoma cells (stemness), most evident by failure of Hpa2 cells to grow as spheroids typical of stem cells. Likewise, expression of CD44, a well-established stem cell marker, was prominently decreased in Hpa2 cells. CD44 is also a cell surface receptor for hyaluronic acid (HA), a nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan that is enriched in connective tissues. Reduced expression of CD44 by Hpa2 may thus represent impaired cross-talk between Hpa2 and the extracellular matrix. Clinically, we found that Hpa2 is expressed by leiomyosarcoma tumor biopsies. Interestingly, nuclear localization of Hpa2 was associated with low-stage tumors. This finding opens a new direction in Hpa2 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Knani
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yifat Yanku
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Miriam Gross-Cohen
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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Wei S, Li J, Tang M, Zhang K, Gao X, Fang L, Liu W. STAT3 and p63 in the Regulation of Cancer Stemness. Front Genet 2022; 13:909251. [PMID: 36061200 PMCID: PMC9428145 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.909251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor with many important functions in normal and transformed cells. STAT3 regulatory activities are highly complex as they are involved in various signaling pathways in different cell types under different conditions. Biologically, STAT3 is a regulative factor for normal and cancer stem cells (CSCs). Tumor protein p63 (p63), a member of the p53 protein family, is involved in these biological processes and is also physically and functionally associated with STAT3. STAT3 activation occurs during various aspects of carcinogenesis, including regulation of CSCs properties. In combination with p63, STAT3 is a possible biological marker of CSCs and a major regulator of maintenance of stemness in CSCs. We summarized the STAT3 functions and regulation and its role in CSC properties and highlight how these are affected by its associations with p63.
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Stenckova M, Nenutil R, Vojtesek B, Coates PJ. Stat3 Tyrosine 705 and Serine 727 Phosphorylation Associate With Clinicopathological Characteristics and Distinct Tumor Cell Phenotypes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2022; 28:1610592. [PMID: 36017196 PMCID: PMC9395589 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2022.1610592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is responsible for many aspects of normal development and contributes to the development and progression of cancer through regulating epithelial cell identity and cancer stem cells. In breast cancer, Stat3 is associated with triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) and its function has been related to the activation of p63, itself a marker of basal-like TNBC and a master regulator of stem cell activities. Stat3 activation is controlled by dual phosphorylation at tyrosine 705 (pTyr705) and serine 727 (pSer727), although it is unclear whether these have equivalent effects, and whether they are related or independent events. To address these issues, we investigated Stat3 phosphorylation at the two sites by immunohistochemistry in 173 patients with TNBC. Stat3 phosphorylation was assessed by automated quantitative measurements of digitized scanned images and classified into four categories based on histoscore. The results were analyzed for associations with multiple markers of tumor phenotype, proliferation, BRCA status, and clinicopathological characteristics. We show that the levels of pTyr705- and pSer727-Stat3 were independent in 34% of tumors. High pTyr705-Stat3 levels were associated with the luminal differentiation markers ERβ/AR and MUC1, whereas tumors with high levels of pSer727-Stat3 were more likely to be positive for the basal marker CK5/6, but were independent of p63 and were EGFR negative. Combined high pSer727- and low Tyr705-Stat3 phosphorylation associated with basal-like cancer. Although high Stat3 phosphorylation levels were associated with less aggressive tumor characteristics, they did not associate with improved survival, indicating that Stat3 phosphorylation is an unfavorable indicator for tumors with an otherwise good prognosis according to clinicopathological characteristics. These findings also show that pTyr705-Stat3 and pSer727-Stat3 associate with specific breast tumor phenotypes, implying that they exert distinct functional activities in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Stenckova
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Research Center for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Brno, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Michaela Stenckova, ; Philip J. Coates,
| | - Rudolf Nenutil
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Research Center for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Brno, Czechia
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Research Center for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Brno, Czechia
| | - Philip J. Coates
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Research Center for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Brno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Michaela Stenckova, ; Philip J. Coates,
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36
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Balinth S, Fisher ML, Hwangbo Y, Wu C, Ballon C, Sun X, Mills AA. EZH2 regulates a SETDB1/ΔNp63α axis via RUNX3 to drive a cancer stem cell phenotype in squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2022; 41:4130-4144. [PMID: 35864175 PMCID: PMC10132824 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and SET domain bifurcated 1 (SETDB1, also known as ESET) are oncogenic methyltransferases implicated in a number of human cancers. These enzymes typically function as epigenetic repressors of target genes by methylating histone H3 K27 and H3-K9 residues, respectively. Here, we show that EZH2 and SETDB1 are essential to proliferation in 3 SCC cell lines, HSC-5, FaDu, and Cal33. Additionally, we find both of these proteins highly expressed in an aggressive stem-like SCC sub-population. Depletion of either EZH2 or SETDB1 disrupts these stem-like cells and their associated phenotypes of spheroid formation, invasion, and tumor growth. We show that SETDB1 regulates this SCC stem cell phenotype through cooperation with ΔNp63α, an oncogenic isoform of the p53-related transcription factor p63. Furthermore, EZH2 is upstream of both SETDB1 and ΔNp63α, activating these targets via repression of the tumor suppressor RUNX3. We show that targeting this pathway with inhibitors of EZH2 results in activation of RUNX3 and repression of both SETDB1 and ΔNp63α, antagonizing the SCC cancer stem cell phenotype. This work highlights a novel pathway that drives an aggressive cancer stem cell phenotype and demonstrates a means of pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seamus Balinth
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Yon Hwangbo
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Caizhi Wu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Carlos Ballon
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Xueqin Sun
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Alea A Mills
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
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Pokorna Z, Hrabal V, Tichy V, Vojtesek B, Coates PJ. DNA Demethylation Switches Oncogenic ΔNp63 to Tumor Suppressive TAp63 in Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:924354. [PMID: 35912167 PMCID: PMC9331744 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.924354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The TP63 gene encodes two major protein variants; TAp63 contains a p53-like transcription domain and consequently has tumor suppressor activities whereas ΔNp63 lacks this domain and acts as an oncogene. The two variants show distinct expression patterns in normal tissues and tumors, with lymphocytes and lymphomas/leukemias expressing TAp63, and basal epithelial cells and some carcinomas expressing high levels of ΔNp63, most notably squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Whilst the transcriptional functions of TAp63 and ΔNp63 isoforms are known, the mechanisms involved in their regulation are poorly understood. Using squamous epithelial cells that contain high levels of ΔNp63 and low/undetectable TAp63, the DNA demethylating agent decitabine (5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine, 5-dAza) caused a dose-dependent increase in TAp63, with a simultaneous reduction in ΔNp63, indicating DNA methylation-dependent regulation at the isoform-specific promoters. The basal cytokeratin KRT5, a direct ΔNp63 transcriptional target, was also reduced, confirming functional alteration of p63 activity after DNA demethylation. We also showed high level methylation of three CpG sites in the TAP63 promoter in these cells, which was reduced by decitabine. DNMT1 depletion using inducible shRNAs partially replicated these effects, including an increase in the ratio of TAP63:ΔNP63 mRNAs, a reduction in ΔNp63 protein and reduced KRT5 mRNA levels. Finally, high DNA methylation levels were found at the TAP63 promoter in clinical SCC samples and matched normal tissues. We conclude that DNA methylation at the TAP63 promoter normally silences transcription in squamous epithelial cells, indicating DNA methylation as a therapeutic approach to induce this tumor suppressor in cancer. That decitabine simultaneously reduced the oncogenic activity of ΔNp63 provides a “double whammy” for SCC and other p63-positive carcinomas. Whilst a variety of mechanisms may be involved in producing the opposite effects of DNA demethylation on TAp63 and ΔNp63, we propose an “either or” mechanism in which TAP63 transcription physically interferes with the ability to initiate transcription from the downstream ΔNP63 promoter on the same DNA strand. This mechanism can explain the observed inverse expression of p63 isoforms in normal cells and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Pokorna
- Research Center of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Vaclav Hrabal
- Research Center of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Vlastimil Tichy
- Research Center of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Research Center of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Philip J. Coates
- Research Center of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Philip J. Coates,
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Chen Y, Wang MH, Wu JY, Zhu JY, Xie CF, Li XT, Wu JS, Geng SS, Li YD, Han HY, Zhong CY. ΔNp63α mediates sulforaphane suppressed colorectal cancer stem cell properties through transcriptional regulation of Nanog/Oct4/Sox2. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 107:109067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kadhem Mallakh M, Mohammed Mahmood M, Hasan Mohammed Ali S. Immunomolecular Investigation of Human Papillomavirus Genotypes (16, 18) and P63 Expression in Patients with Malignant and Non-malignant Colorectal Tumors. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2022; 77:383-390. [PMID: 35891769 PMCID: PMC9288622 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.356608.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cancer of the colon (colorectal cancer, or CRC) is the third most frequent malignancy in the world and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death. Recent research has focused on the link between high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and the onset/development of several different types of cancer in humans. As a result, scientists are now paying more attention to HPV and CRC. In a variety of malignant tumors, P63 is overexpressed. This includes non-Hodgkin lymphoma and breast carcinoma, as well as lung, bladder, and prostate cancers. However, in accordance with the existence of many P63 isoforms in malignant tumors, the actions of P63 in these malignancies remain a source of debate. P63 immunohistochemistry expression in CRC tissues is being investigated as a possible etiological link between high-risk HPV types and CRC. This retrospective study intended to investigate if there was an etiological link between high-risk HPV types and CRC. It has utilized 92 chosen formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue block samples. The collected samples were divided into 62 blocks of colorectal adenocarcinoma mass tissues and 30 non-malignant colorectal tissues used as a control group. Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) was employed to discover HPV DNA16/18 in colorectal tissues. The overall proportion of positive HPV16/18 DNA- CISH detection in the mass CRC group was 44.4%, whereas HPV16/18 DNA was obtained at 80.0% in the non-malignant control group. The overall proportion of positive P63-ISH detection in the CRC group was also 70.4%, whereas P63 was 73.3% in the non-malignant control group. The link between HPV infection and P63 expression in CRC might point to the importance of these molecules in the progression of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kadhem Mallakh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Ashur University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - M Mohammed Mahmood
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - S Hasan Mohammed Ali
- Clinical Communicable Diseases Research Unit, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Pokorna Z, Vyslouzil J, Vojtesek B, Coates PJ. Identifying pathways regulating the oncogenic p53 family member ΔNp63 provides therapeutic avenues for squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:18. [PMID: 35196980 PMCID: PMC8903560 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ΔNp63 overexpression is a common event in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that contributes to tumorigenesis, making ΔNp63 a potential target for therapy. Methods We created inducible TP63-shRNA cells to study the effects of p63-depletion in SCC cell lines and non-malignant HaCaT keratinocytes. DNA damaging agents, growth factors, signaling pathway inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and metabolism-modifying drugs were also investigated for their ability to influence ΔNp63 protein and mRNA levels. Results HaCaT keratinocytes, FaDu and SCC-25 cells express high levels of ΔNp63. HaCaT and FaDu inducible TP63-shRNA cells showed reduced proliferation after p63 depletion, with greater effects on FaDu than HaCaT cells, compatible with oncogene addiction in SCC. Genotoxic insults and histone deacetylase inhibitors variably reduced ΔNp63 levels in keratinocytes and SCC cells. Growth factors that regulate proliferation/survival of squamous cells (IGF-1, EGF, amphiregulin, KGF, and HGF) and PI3K, mTOR, MAPK/ERK or EGFR inhibitors showed lesser and inconsistent effects, with dual inhibition of PI3K and mTOR or EGFR inhibition selectively reducing ΔNp63 levels in HaCaT cells. In contrast, the antihyperlipidemic drug lovastatin selectively increased ΔNp63 in HaCaT cells. Conclusions These data confirm that ΔNp63-positive SCC cells require p63 for continued growth and provide proof of concept that p63 reduction is a therapeutic option for these tumors. Investigations of ΔNp63 regulation identified agent-specific and cell-specific pathways. In particular, dual inhibition of the PI3K and mTOR pathways reduced ΔNp63 more effectively than single pathway inhibition, and broad-spectrum histone deacetylase inhibitors showed a time-dependent biphasic response, with high level downregulation at the transcriptional level within 24 h. In addition to furthering our understanding of ΔNp63 regulation in squamous cells, these data identify novel drug combinations that may be useful for p63-based therapy of SCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11658-022-00323-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Pokorna
- Research Center of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vyslouzil
- Research Center of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Research Center of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Philip J Coates
- Research Center of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Abdulhussain M, Shareef K, Zubidi M. Assessment of the Relationship between Expression of p63 with Different Clinical Types of Oral Lichen Planus: A Retrospective Immunohistochemistry Study. DENTAL HYPOTHESES 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/denthyp.denthyp_83_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Martinez-Ruíz GU, Morales-Sánchez A, Bhandoola A. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation in thymic epithelial cells. Immunol Rev 2022; 305:43-58. [PMID: 34750841 PMCID: PMC8766885 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The thymus is required for the development of both adaptive and innate-like T cell subsets. There is keen interest in manipulating thymic function for therapeutic purposes in circumstances of autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, and for purposes of immunotherapy. Within the thymus, thymic epithelial cells play essential roles in directing T cell development. Several transcription factors are known to be essential for thymic epithelial cell development and function, and a few transcription factors have been studied in considerable detail. However, the role of many other transcription factors is less well understood. Further, it is likely that roles exist for other transcription factors not yet known to be important in thymic epithelial cells. Recent progress in understanding of thymic epithelial cell heterogeneity has provided some new insight into transcriptional requirements in subtypes of thymic epithelial cells. However, it is unknown whether progenitors of thymic epithelial cells exist in the adult thymus, and consequently, developmental relationships linking putative precursors with differentiated cell types are poorly understood. While we do not presently possess a clear understanding of stage-specific requirements for transcription factors in thymic epithelial cells, new single-cell transcriptomic and epigenomic technologies should enable rapid progress in this field. Here, we review our current knowledge of transcription factors involved in the development, maintenance, and function of thymic epithelial cells, and the mechanisms by which they act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ulises Martinez-Ruíz
- T Cell Biology and Development Unit, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Research Division, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abigail Morales-Sánchez
- T Cell Biology and Development Unit, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Avinash Bhandoola
- T Cell Biology and Development Unit, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Fisher ML, Balinth S, Hwangbo Y, Wu C, Ballon C, Wilkinson JE, Goldberg GL, Mills AA. BRD4 REGULATES TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ∆Np63αTO DRIVE A CANCER STEM CELL PHENOTYPE IN SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS. Cancer Res 2021; 81:6246-6258. [PMID: 34697072 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bromodomain containing protein 4 (BRD4) plays a critical role in controlling the expression of genes involved in development and cancer. Inactivation of BRD4 inhibits cancer growth, making it a promising anticancer drug target. The cancer stem cell population is a key driver of recurrence and metastasis in cancer patients. Here we show that cancer stem-like cells can be enriched from squamous cell carcinomas, and that these cells display an aggressive phenotype with enhanced stem cell marker expression, migration, invasion, and tumor growth. BRD4 was highly elevated in this aggressive subpopulation of cells, and its function is critical for these cancer stem cell-like properties. Moreover, BRD4 regulated ∆Np63α, a key transcription factor that is essential for epithelial stem cell function that is often overexpressed in cancers. BRD4 regulated an EZH2/STAT3 complex that led to increased ∆Np63α-mediated transcription. Targeting BRD4 in human squamous cell carcinoma reduces ∆Np63α, leading to inhibition of spheroid formation, migration, invasion and tumor growth. These studies identify a novel BRD4-regulated signaling network in a subpopulation of cancer stem-like cells elucidating a possible avenue for effective therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Fisher
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
| | | | - Yon Hwangbo
- Cancer Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
| | - Caizhi Wu
- Cancer Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
| | | | - John E Wilkinson
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan–Ann Arbor
| | - Gary L Goldberg
- Ob/Gyn, Gynecologic Oncology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwel
| | - Alea A Mills
- Div. of Cancer Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
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Schmidt J, Schreiber G, Altmüller J, Thiele H, Nürnberg P, Li Y, Kaulfuß S, Funke R, Wilken B, Yigit G, Wollnik B. Familial cleft tongue caused by a unique translation initiation codon variant in TP63. Eur J Hum Genet 2021; 30:211-218. [PMID: 34629465 PMCID: PMC8821562 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-021-00967-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants in transcription factor p63 have been linked to several autosomal dominantly inherited malformation syndromes. These disorders show overlapping phenotypic characteristics with various combinations of the following features: ectodermal dysplasia, split-hand/foot malformation/syndactyly, lacrimal duct obstruction, hypoplastic breasts and/or nipples, ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum, hypospadias and cleft lip/palate. We describe a family with six individuals presenting with a striking novel phenotype characterized by a furrowed or cleft tongue, a narrow face, reddish hair, freckles and various foot deformities. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) identified a novel heterozygous variant, c.3G>T, in TP63 affecting the translation initiation codon (p.1Met?). Sanger sequencing confirmed dominant inheritance of this unique variant in all six affected family members. In summary, our findings indicate that heterozygous variants in TP63 affecting the first translation initiation codon result in a novel phenotype dominated by a cleft tongue, expanding the complex genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of TP63-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schmidt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Gudrun Schreiber
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Klinikum Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Core Facility Genomics, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silke Kaulfuß
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Funke
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Klinikum Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Bernd Wilken
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Klinikum Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Gökhan Yigit
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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45
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Splice and Dice: Intronic microRNAs, Splicing and Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091268. [PMID: 34572454 PMCID: PMC8465124 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introns span only a quarter of the human genome, yet they host around 60% of all known microRNAs. Emerging evidence indicates the adaptive advantage of microRNAs residing within introns is attributed to their complex co-regulation with transcription and alternative splicing of their host genes. Intronic microRNAs are often co-expressed with their host genes, thereby providing functional synergism or antagonism that is exploited or decoupled in cancer. Additionally, intronic microRNA biogenesis and the alternative splicing of host transcript are co-regulated and intertwined. The importance of intronic microRNAs is under-recognized in relation to the pathogenesis of cancer.
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Zinghirino F, Pappalardo XG, Messina A, Nicosia G, De Pinto V, Guarino F. VDAC Genes Expression and Regulation in Mammals. Front Physiol 2021; 12:708695. [PMID: 34421651 PMCID: PMC8374620 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.708695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
VDACs are pore-forming proteins, coating the mitochondrial outer membrane, and playing the role of main regulators for metabolites exchange between cytosol and mitochondria. In mammals, three isoforms have evolutionary originated, VDAC1, VDAC2, and VDAC3. Despite similarity in sequence and structure, evidence suggests different biological roles in normal and pathological conditions for each isoform. We compared Homo sapiens and Mus musculus VDAC genes and their regulatory elements. RNA-seq transcriptome analysis shows that VDAC isoforms are expressed in human and mouse tissues at different levels with a predominance of VDAC1 and VDAC2 over VDAC3, with the exception of reproductive system. Numerous transcript variants for each isoform suggest specific context-dependent regulatory mechanisms. Analysis of VDAC core promoters has highlighted that, both in a human and a mouse, VDAC genes show features of TATA-less ones. The level of CG methylation of the human VDAC genes revealed that VDAC1 promoter is less methylated than other two isoforms. We found that expression of VDAC genes is mainly regulated by transcription factors involved in controlling cell growth, proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, and bioenergetic metabolism. A non-canonical initiation site termed "the TCT/TOP motif," the target for translation regulation by the mTOR pathway, was identified in human VDAC2 and VDAC3 and in every murine VDACs promoter. In addition, specific TFBSs have been identified in each VDAC promoter, supporting the hypothesis that there is a partial functional divergence. These data corroborate our experimental results and reinforce the idea that gene regulation could be the key to understanding the evolutionary specialization of VDAC isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Zinghirino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Xena Giada Pappalardo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Messina
- Section of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- we.MitoBiotech.srl, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nicosia
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Vito De Pinto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- we.MitoBiotech.srl, Catania, Italy
- Section of Catania, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Guarino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- we.MitoBiotech.srl, Catania, Italy
- Section of Catania, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Catania, Italy
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47
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Zhu Y, Wang Y, He W. Locally aggressive orbital giant cell reparative granuloma in an infant: case report and literature review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2021; 14:776-781. [PMID: 34239680 PMCID: PMC8255204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Giant cell reparative granuloma (GCRG) is a non-neoplastic hyperplasia of bones that mostly happens in the mandible and maxilla in any age group but has a predilection for children and young adults. GCRGs that cause bone destruction are of very low frequency. Orbital-involved cases have been rarely reported since 1981, especially in children. We now report a 1-year-old girl with a rapidly enlarging post-traumatic orbital mass. CT scan and surgical resection showed a well-defined mass occupying the upper right orbit, causing bone destruction. Microscopically there was a proliferation of histocytes and some osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells with hemosiderin, finally confirmed to be GCRG. 22 months' follow up showed no evidence of recurrence. This case suggests infant orbital GCRG can be locally aggressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yujiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Weimin He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
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48
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Pokorná Z, Vysloužil J, Hrabal V, Vojtěšek B, Coates PJ. The foggy world(s) of p63 isoform regulation in normal cells and cancer. J Pathol 2021; 254:454-473. [PMID: 33638205 DOI: 10.1002/path.5656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The p53 family member p63 exists as two major protein variants (TAp63 and ΔNp63) with distinct expression patterns and functional properties. Whilst downstream target genes of p63 have been studied intensively, how p63 variants are themselves controlled has been relatively neglected. Here, we review advances in understanding ΔNp63 and TAp63 regulation, highlighting their distinct pathways. TAp63 has roles in senescence and metabolism, and in germ cell genome maintenance, where it is activated post-transcriptionally by phosphorylation cascades after DNA damage. The function and regulation of TAp63 in mesenchymal and haematopoietic cells is less clear but may involve epigenetic control through DNA methylation. ΔNp63 functions to maintain stem/progenitor cells in various epithelia and is overexpressed in squamous and certain other cancers. ΔNp63 is transcriptionally regulated through multiple enhancers in concert with chromatin modifying proteins. Many signalling pathways including growth factors, morphogens, inflammation, and the extracellular matrix influence ΔNp63 levels, with inconsistent results reported. There is also evidence for reciprocal regulation, including ΔNp63 activating its own transcription. ΔNp63 is downregulated during cell differentiation through transcriptional regulation, while post-transcriptional events cause proteasomal degradation. Throughout the review, we identify knowledge gaps and highlight discordances, providing potential explanations including cell-context and cell-matrix interactions. Identifying individual p63 variants has roles in differential diagnosis and prognosis, and understanding their regulation suggests clinically approved agents for targeting p63 that may be useful combination therapies for selected cancer patients. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Pokorná
- Research Centre of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vysloužil
- Research Centre of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Hrabal
- Research Centre of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borˇivoj Vojtěšek
- Research Centre of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Philip J Coates
- Research Centre of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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p63 expression in human tumors and normal tissues: a tissue microarray study on 10,200 tumors. Biomark Res 2021; 9:7. [PMID: 33494829 PMCID: PMC7830855 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor protein 63 (p63) is a transcription factor of the p53 gene family involved in differentiation of several tissues including squamous epithelium. p63 immunohistochemistry is broadly used for tumor classification but published data on its expression in cancer is conflicting. Methods To comprehensively catalogue p63 expression, tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing 12,620 tissue samples from 115 tumor entities and 76 normal tissue types were analyzed. Results p63 expression was seen in various normal tissues including squamous epithelium and urothelium. At least occasional weak p63 positivity could be detected in 61 (53%) of 115 different tumor types. The frequencies of p63 positivity was highest in squamous cell carcinomas irrespective of their origin (96–100%), thymic tumors (100%), urothelial carcinomas (81–100%), basal type tumors such as basal cell carcinomas (100%), and various salivary gland neoplasias (81–100%). As a rule, p63 was mostly expressed in cancers derived from p63 positive normal tissues and mostly not detectable in tumors derived from p63 negative cancers. However, exceptions from this rule occurred. A positive p63 immunostaining in cancers derived from p63 negative tissues was unrelated to aggressive phenotype in 422 pancreatic cancers, 160 endometrium cancers and 374 ovarian cancers and might be caused by aberrant squamous differentiation or represent stem cell properties. In 355 gastric cancers, aberrant p63 expression occurred in 4% and was linked to lymph node metastasis (p = 0.0208). Loss of p63 in urothelial carcinomas - derived from p63 positive urothelium - was significantly linked to advanced stage, high grade (p < 0.0001 each) and poor survival (p < 0.0001) and might reflect clinically relevant tumor dedifferentiation. Conclusion The high prevalence of p63 expression in specific tumor types makes p63 immunohistochemistry a suitable diagnostic tool. Loss of p63 expression might constitute a feature of aggressive cancers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40364-021-00260-5.
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50
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Gebel J, Tuppi M, Sänger N, Schumacher B, Dötsch V. DNA Damaged Induced Cell Death in Oocytes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235714. [PMID: 33287328 PMCID: PMC7730327 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of haploid gametes through meiosis is central to the principle of sexual reproduction. The genetic diversity is further enhanced by exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes by the crossover mechanism. This mechanism not only requires correct pairing of homologous chromosomes but also efficient repair of the induced DNA double-strand breaks. Oocytes have evolved a unique quality control system that eliminates cells if chromosomes do not correctly align or if DNA repair is not possible. Central to this monitoring system that is conserved from nematodes and fruit fly to humans is the p53 protein family, and in vertebrates in particular p63. In mammals, oocytes are stored for a long time in the prophase of meiosis I which, in humans, can last more than 50 years. During the entire time of this arrest phase, the DNA damage checkpoint remains active. The treatment of female cancer patients with DNA damaging irradiation or chemotherapeutics activates this checkpoint and results in elimination of the oocyte pool causing premature menopause and infertility. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of this quality control system and discuss potential therapeutic intervention for the preservation of the oocyte pool during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Gebel
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Marcel Tuppi
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Nicole Sänger
- Department for Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53217 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) Research Center, and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.G.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-798-29631
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