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Bril V, Howard JF, Karam C, De Bleecker JL, Murai H, Utsugisawa K, Ulrichts P, Brauer E, Zhao S, Mantegazza R, Vu T. Effect of efgartigimod on muscle group subdomains in participants with generalized myasthenia gravis: post hoc analyses of the phase 3 pivotal ADAPT study. Eur J Neurol 2024; 31:e16098. [PMID: 37843174 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) is a rare, chronic, neuromuscular autoimmune disease mediated by pathogenic immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies. Patients with gMG experience debilitating muscle weakness, resulting in impaired mobility, speech, swallowing, vision and respiratory function. Efgartigimod is a human IgG1 antibody Fc fragment engineered for increased binding affinity to neonatal Fc receptor. The neonatal Fc receptor blockade by efgartigimod competitively inhibits endogenous IgG binding, leading to decreased IgG recycling and increased degradation resulting in lower IgG concentration. METHODS The safety and efficacy of efgartigimod were evaluated in the ADAPT study. Key efficacy outcome measures included Myasthenia Gravis Activities of Daily Living (MG-ADL) and Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis (QMG) scores. Efgartigimod demonstrated significant improvement in both the MG-ADL and QMG scores. This post hoc analysis aimed to determine whether all subdomains of MG-ADL and QMG improved with efgartigimod treatment. Individual items of MG-ADL and QMG were grouped into four subdomains: bulbar, ocular, limb/gross motor and respiratory. Change from baseline over 10 weeks in each subdomain was calculated for each group. RESULTS Greater improvements from baseline were seen across MG-ADL subdomains in participants treated with efgartigimod compared with placebo. These improvements were typically observed 1 to 2 weeks after the first infusion and correlated with reductions in IgG. Similar results were observed across most QMG subdomains. CONCLUSIONS These post hoc analyses of MG-ADL and QMG subdomain data from ADAPT suggest that efgartigimod is beneficial in improving muscle function and strength across all muscle groups, leading to the observed efficacy in participants with gMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Bril
- Ellen and Martin Prosserman Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James F Howard
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chafic Karam
- Penn Neuroscience Center-Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Hiroyuki Murai
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Renato Mantegazza
- Department of Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Tuan Vu
- Department of Neurology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
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2
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Song DH, Yang J, Kim CH, Kim MH, Jo JY, Baek JC. FcRn Expression in Endometrial Cancer and Its Association with Clinicopathologic Features. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3660. [PMID: 38132243 PMCID: PMC10742809 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13243660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial cancer (EC) has robust molecular diagnostic evidence that correlates well with prognosis. In various types of cancers, FcRn has been identified as an early marker for prognosis. This study aims to assess FcRn expression and its association with clinicopathological features in endometrial cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS We employed a tissue microarray (TMA) from a retrospective cohort of 41 patients diagnosed with endometrioid endometrial cancer post hysterectomy between January 2002 and December 2009 at Gyeongsang National University Hospital. Relevant clinical data collection for the cohort involved reviewing patients' electronic medical charts. FcRn expression in microarrays of patient EC tissue was examined in conjunction with clinicopathologic data. Experiments, including siRNA knock-down, PCR mRNA semiquantification, Western blot, and confluence change tests, were conducted on the Ishikawa cell line. RESULTS The overall FcRn expression rate in EC patients was 41.8%. FIGO stage showed a statistically significant relationship with FcRn expression, while age, lymphovascular invasion, myometrial invasion, and tumor size had no effect. In endometrioid cancer cells of FIGO stage IA, FcRn was less frequently expressed than in other high-staged EC patients (p = 0.021). In experiments on the Ishikawa cell line, the siRNA knock-down group exhibited quantitatively lower FCGRT mRNA expression and lower FcRn protein signal compared to the scrambled RNA control group. The change in confluence over time measured at three hotspots did not show a significant difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the initial assessment of FcRn expression in endometrioid EC samples. FcRn expression was significantly associated with the FIGO stage. Ishikawa cell line proliferation did not significantly change in response to decreased FcRn expression. Further studies are needed to elucidate FcRn expression in EC as a potential molecular parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hyun Song
- Department of Pathology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, 11, Samjeongja-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si 51472, Republic of Korea; (D.H.S.); (M.H.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.); (C.H.K.); (J.Y.J.)
| | - Juseok Yang
- Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.); (C.H.K.); (J.Y.J.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, 11, Samjeongja-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si 51472, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho Hee Kim
- Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.); (C.H.K.); (J.Y.J.)
| | - Min Hye Kim
- Department of Pathology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, 11, Samjeongja-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si 51472, Republic of Korea; (D.H.S.); (M.H.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.); (C.H.K.); (J.Y.J.)
| | - Jae Yoon Jo
- Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.); (C.H.K.); (J.Y.J.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Chul Baek
- Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.); (C.H.K.); (J.Y.J.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, 11, Samjeongja-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si 51472, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
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3
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Pannek A, Becker-Gotot J, Dower SK, Verhagen AM, Gleeson PA. The endosomal system of primary human vascular endothelial cells and albumin-FcRn trafficking. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260912. [PMID: 37565427 PMCID: PMC10445748 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) has a long circulatory half-life owing, in part, to interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn or FCGRT) in acidic endosomes and recycling of internalised albumin. Vascular endothelial and innate immune cells are considered the most relevant cells for FcRn-mediated albumin homeostasis in vivo. However, little is known about endocytic trafficking of FcRn-albumin complexes in primary human endothelial cells. To investigate FcRn-albumin trafficking in physiologically relevant endothelial cells, we generated primary human vascular endothelial cell lines from blood endothelial precursors, known as blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs). We mapped the endosomal system in BOECs and showed that BOECs efficiently internalise fluorescently labelled HSA predominantly by fluid-phase macropinocytosis. Pulse-chase studies revealed that intracellular HSA molecules co-localised with FcRn in acidic endosomal structures and that the wildtype HSA, but not the non-FcRn-binding HSAH464Q mutant, was excluded from late endosomes and/or lysosomes. Live imaging revealed that HSA is partitioned into FcRn-positive tubules derived from maturing macropinosomes, which are then transported towards the plasma membrane. These findings identify the FcRn-albumin trafficking pathway in primary vascular endothelial cells, relevant to albumin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pannek
- The Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology (IMMEI), University Clinic Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Janine Becker-Gotot
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology (IMMEI), University Clinic Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Steven K. Dower
- CSL Limited, Research, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anne M. Verhagen
- CSL Limited, Research, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A. Gleeson
- The Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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4
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Pyzik M, Kozicky LK, Gandhi AK, Blumberg RS. The therapeutic age of the neonatal Fc receptor. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:415-432. [PMID: 36726033 PMCID: PMC9891766 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00821-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
IgGs are essential soluble components of the adaptive immune response that evolved to protect the body from infection. Compared with other immunoglobulins, the role of IgGs is distinguished and enhanced by their high circulating levels, long half-life and ability to transfer from mother to offspring, properties that are conferred by interactions with neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). FcRn binds to the Fc portion of IgGs in a pH-dependent manner and protects them from intracellular degradation. It also allows their transport across polarized cells that separate tissue compartments, such as the endothelium and epithelium. Further, it is becoming apparent that FcRn functions to potentiate cellular immune responses when IgGs, bound to their antigens, form IgG immune complexes. Besides the protective role of IgG, IgG autoantibodies are associated with numerous pathological conditions. As such, FcRn blockade is a novel and effective strategy to reduce circulating levels of pathogenic IgG autoantibodies and curtail IgG-mediated diseases, with several FcRn-blocking strategies on the path to therapeutic use. Here, we describe the current state of knowledge of FcRn-IgG immunobiology, with an emphasis on the functional and pathological aspects, and an overview of FcRn-targeted therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pyzik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lisa K Kozicky
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amit K Gandhi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Esawi E, Mahmoud IS, Abdullah MS, Abuarqoub DA, Ahram MA, Alshaer WM. 1,4-Naphthoquinone Induces FcRn Protein Expression and Albumin Recycling in Human THP-1 Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:16491-16499. [PMID: 37179634 PMCID: PMC10173444 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) has been established as a major factor in regulating the metabolism of albumin and IgG in humans by protecting them from intracellular degradation after they are endocytosed into cells. We assume that increasing the levels of endogenous FcRn proteins in cells would be beneficial to enhance the recycling of these molecules. In this study, we identify the compound 1,4-naphthoquinone as an efficient stimulator of FcRn protein expression in human THP-1 monocytic cells with potency at the submicromolar range. Also, the compound increased the subcellular localization of FcRn to the endocytic recycling compartment and enhanced human serum albumin recycling in the PMA-induced THP-1 cells. These results suggest that 1,4-naphthoquinone stimulates FcRn expression and activity in human monocytic cells in vitro and it could open a new avenue for designing cotreatment agents to enhance the efficacy of biological treatments such as albumin-conjugated drugs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezaldeen
Ismael Esawi
- Department
of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King
Hussein Cancer Centre, Amman 11941, Jordan
| | - Ismail Sami Mahmoud
- Department
of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
- . Tel: 00962797545880
| | | | - Duaa Azmi Abuarqoub
- Cell
Therapy Centre, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Department
of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical
Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11180, Jordan
| | - Mamoun Ahmad Ahram
- Department
of Physiology and Biochemistry, The University
of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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6
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Salloum G, Bresnick AR, Backer JM. Macropinocytosis: mechanisms and regulation. Biochem J 2023; 480:335-362. [PMID: 36920093 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is defined as an actin-dependent but coat- and dynamin-independent endocytic uptake process, which generates large intracellular vesicles (macropinosomes) containing a non-selective sampling of extracellular fluid. Macropinocytosis provides an important mechanism of immune surveillance by dendritic cells and macrophages, but also serves as an essential nutrient uptake pathway for unicellular organisms and tumor cells. This review examines the cell biological mechanisms that drive macropinocytosis, as well as the complex signaling pathways - GTPases, lipid and protein kinases and phosphatases, and actin regulatory proteins - that regulate macropinosome formation, internalization, and disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Salloum
- Department of Molecular Pharamacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
| | - Anne R Bresnick
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan M Backer
- Department of Molecular Pharamacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
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7
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Kryvenko V, Alberro-Brage A, Fysikopoulos A, Wessendorf M, Tello K, Morty RE, Herold S, Seeger W, Samakovlis C, Vadász I. Clathrin-Mediated Albumin Clearance in Alveolar Epithelial Cells of Murine Precision-Cut Lung Slices. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032644. [PMID: 36768968 PMCID: PMC9916738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an accumulation of protein-rich alveolar edema that impairs gas exchange and leads to worse outcomes. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of alveolar albumin clearance is of high clinical relevance. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of the cellular albumin uptake in a three-dimensional culture of precision-cut lung slices (PCLS). We found that up to 60% of PCLS cells incorporated labeled albumin in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, whereas virtually no uptake of labeled dextran was observed. Of note, at a low temperature (4 °C), saturating albumin receptors with unlabeled albumin and an inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis markedly decreased the endocytic uptake of the labeled protein, implicating a receptor-driven internalization process. Importantly, uptake rates of albumin were comparable in alveolar epithelial type I (ATI) and type II (ATII) cells, as assessed in PCLS from a SftpcCreERT2/+: tdTomatoflox/flox mouse strain (defined as EpCAM+CD31-CD45-tdTomatoSPC-T1α+ for ATI and EpCAM+CD31-CD45-tdTomatoSPC+T1α- for ATII cells). Once internalized, albumin was found in the early and recycling endosomes of the alveolar epithelium as well as in endothelial, mesenchymal, and hematopoietic cell populations, which might indicate transcytosis of the protein. In summary, we characterize albumin uptake in alveolar epithelial cells in the complex setting of PCLS. These findings may open new possibilities for pulmonary drug delivery that may improve the outcomes for patients with respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalii Kryvenko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andrés Alberro-Brage
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Athanasios Fysikopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Miriam Wessendorf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Khodr Tello
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E. Morty
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, and Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Christos Samakovlis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - István Vadász
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-641-985-42354; Fax: +49-641-985-42359
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8
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Maekawa M, Natsume R, Arita M. Functional significance of ion channels during macropinosome resolution in immune cells. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1037758. [DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1037758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is a unique type of endocytosis accompanied by membrane ruffle formation. Closure of membrane ruffles leads to the uptake of large volumes of fluid phase and, subsequently, the formation of large vacuoles termed macropinosomes. Immune cells, such as dendritic cells, T cells, and macrophages, endocytose the surrounding amino acids and pathogens via macropinocytosis either constitutively or in a stimulus-dependent fashion. This process is critical for cell migration, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation, and antigen presentation. Large vacuoles are fragmented into tubules and smaller vesicles during the progression and maturation of macropinosomes in immune cells. This process is called “macropinosome resolution” and requires osmotically driven shrinkage of macropinosomes, which is controlled by ion channels present in them. The crenation of membranes on shrunken macropinosomes is recognized by curvature-sensing proteins and results in intracellular membrane trafficking. In this mini review, we highlight the recent progress in research on macropinosome resolution in macrophages, with a focus on ion channels (TPC1/2 for Na+ and TMEM206 for Cl−) that is required for macropinosome resolution. We also discuss the potential contribution of membrane lipids to this process.
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9
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Qiu Z, Liu W, Zhu Q, Ke K, Zhu Q, Jin W, Yu S, Yang Z, Li L, Sun X, Ren S, Liu Y, Zhu Z, Zeng J, Huang X, Huang Y, Wei L, Ma M, Lu J, Chen X, Mou Y, Xie T, Sui X. The Role and Therapeutic Potential of Macropinocytosis in Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:919819. [PMID: 36046825 PMCID: PMC9421435 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.919819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis, a unique endocytosis pathway characterized by nonspecific internalization, has a vital role in the uptake of extracellular substances and antigen presentation. It is known to have dual effects on cancer cells, depending on cancer type and certain microenvironmental conditions. It helps cancer cells survive in nutrient-deficient environments, enhances resistance to anticancer drugs, and promotes invasion and metastasis. Conversely, overexpression of the RAS gene alongside drug treatment can lead to methuosis, a novel mode of cell death. The survival and proliferation of cancer cells is closely related to macropinocytosis in the tumor microenvironment (TME), but identifying how these cells interface with the TME is crucial for creating drugs that can limit cancer progression and metastasis. Substantial progress has been made in recent years on designing anticancer therapies that utilize the effects of macropinocytosis. Both the induction and inhibition of macropinocytosis are useful strategies for combating cancer cells. This article systematically reviews the general mechanisms of macropinocytosis, its specific functions in tumor cells, its occurrence in nontumor cells in the TME, and its application in tumor therapies. The aim is to elucidate the role and therapeutic potential of macropinocytosis in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejing Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology and School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wencheng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology and School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianru Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology and School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Ke
- Department of Gastrointestinal-Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qicong Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal-Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal-Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuxian Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology and School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zuyi Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology and School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Medical Oncology and School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochen Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology and School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuyi Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology and School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanfen Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology and School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology and School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangping Zeng
- Department of Medical Oncology and School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology and School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology and School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology and School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology and School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology and School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology and School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiping Mou
- Department of Gastrointestinal-Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yiping Mou, ; Tian Xie, ; Xinbing Sui,
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology and School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yiping Mou, ; Tian Xie, ; Xinbing Sui,
| | - Xinbing Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology and School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yiping Mou, ; Tian Xie, ; Xinbing Sui,
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10
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Laube M, Thome UH. Albumin Stimulates Epithelial Na + Transport and Barrier Integrity by Activating the PI3K/AKT/SGK1 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158823. [PMID: 35955955 PMCID: PMC9368928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Albumin is a major serum protein and is frequently used as a cell culture supplement. It is crucially involved in the regulation of osmotic pressure and distribution of fluid between different compartments. Alveolar epithelial Na+ transport drives alveolar fluid clearance (AFC), enabling air breathing. Whether or not albumin affects AFC and Na+ transport is yet unknown. We therefore determined the acute and chronic effects of albumin on Na+ transport in fetal distal lung epithelial (FDLE) cells and the involved kinase pathways. Chronic BSA treatment strongly increased epithelial Na+ transport and barrier integrity in Ussing chambers. BSA did not elevate mRNA expression of Na+ transporters in FDLE cells after 24 h. Moreover, acute BSA treatment for 45 min mimicked the chronic effects. The elevated Na+ transport was caused by an increased maximal ENaC activity, while Na,K-ATPase activity remained unchanged. Acute and chronic BSA treatment lowered membrane permeability, confirming the increased barrier integrity observed in Ussing chambers. Western blots demonstrated an increased phosphorylation of AKT and SGK1, and PI3K inhibition abolished the stimulating effect of BSA. BSA therefore enhanced epithelial Na+ transport and barrier integrity by activating the PI3K/AKT/SGK1 pathway.
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11
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Liu Y, Zhang L, Ju X, Wang S, Qie J. Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Macrophage–Tumor Crosstalk in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:955390. [PMID: 35958556 PMCID: PMC9359093 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.955390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most malignant cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a complex ecosystem featured by high heterogeneity. Cell crosstalk is demonstrated to be critical for HCC development. However, the cell communication orchestration in HCC remains largely unknown. Here, by analyzing the single-cell transcriptomes of the primary tumor tissues (n = 10) and tumor-adjacent tissues (n = 8) derived from 10 patients with HCC, we found that the proportions of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and natural killer (NK) cells were reduced and that the proportion of macrophages was increased in the immune component of the primary tumor, compared with those in the tumor-adjacent tissue. Furthermore, we found widespread communication between macrophage populations and other cell types, and this communication was remarkably strengthened in the primary tumor, especially with HCC malignant cells. In addition, the SPP1–CD44 axis was identified as a unique interaction between macrophages and HCC malignant cells. Our comprehensive portrait of cell communication patterns over the HCC ecosystem reveals further insights into immune infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Center of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Ju
- STEM Club, Pinetree Secondary School, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingbo Qie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jingbo Qie,
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12
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Exploration of Deformation of F-Actin during Macropinocytosis by Confocal Microscopy and 3D-Structured Illumination Microscopy. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9070461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Since their invention, confocal microscopy and super-resolution microscopy have become important choices in cell biology research. Macropinocytosis is a critical form of endocytosis. Deformation of the cell membrane is thought to be closely related to the movement of F-actin during macropinocytosis. However, it is still unclear how the morphology of F-actin and the membrane change during this process. In this study, confocal microscopy was utilized for macroscopic time-series imaging of the cell membranes and F-actin in cells induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM), which can overcome the diffraction limit, was used to demonstrate the morphological characteristics of F-actin filaments. Benefiting from the advantages of SIM in terms of resolution and 3D imaging, we speculated on the regular pattern of the deformation of F-actin during macropinocytosis. The detailed visualization of structures also helped to validate the speculation regarding the role of F-actin filaments in macropinocytosis in previous studies. The results obtained in this study will provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying macropinocytosis and endocytosis.
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13
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Hu H, Quintana J, Weissleder R, Parangi S, Miller M. Deciphering albumin-directed drug delivery by imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 185:114237. [PMID: 35364124 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein, exhibits extended circulating half-life, and its properties have long been exploited for diagnostics and therapies. Many drugs intrinsically bind albumin or have been designed to do so, yet questions remain about true rate limiting factors that govern albumin-based transport and their pharmacological impacts, particularly in advanced solid cancers. Imaging techniques have been central to quantifying - at a molecular and single-cell level - the impact of mechanisms such as phagocytic immune cell signaling, FcRn-mediated recycling, oncogene-driven macropinocytosis, and albumin-drug interactions on spatial albumin deposition and related pharmacology. Macroscopic imaging of albumin-binding probes quantifies vessel structure, permeability, and supports efficiently targeted molecular imaging. Albumin-based imaging in patients and animal disease models thus offers a strategy to understand mechanisms, guide drug development and personalize treatments.
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14
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Model-Based Assessment of the Contribution of Monocytes and Macrophages to the Pharmacokinetics of Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharm Res 2022; 39:239-250. [PMID: 35118567 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have hypothesized that a high concentration of circulating monocytes and macrophages may contribute to the fast weight-based clearance of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in young children. Exploring this hypothesis, this work uses modeling to clarify the role of monocytes and macrophages in the elimination of mAbs. METHODS Leveraging pre-clinical data from mice, a minimal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model was developed to characterize mAb uptake and FcRn-mediated recycling in circulating monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. The model characterized IgG disposition in complex scenarios of site-specific FcRn deletion and variable endogenous IgG levels. Evaluation was performed for predicting IgG disposition with co-administration of high dose IVIG. A one-at-a-time sensitivity analysis quantified the role of relevant cellular parameters on IgG elimination in various scenarios. RESULTS The plasma AUC of mAbs was highly sensitive to endothelial cell parameters, but had near-nil sensitivity to monocyte and macrophage parameters, even in scenarios with 90% loss of FcRn expression/activity. In mice with normal FcRn expression, simulations suggest that less than 2% of an IV dose is eliminated in macrophages, while endothelial cells are predicted to dominate mAb elimination. CONCLUSIONS The model suggests that the role of monocytes and macrophages in IgG homeostasis includes extensive uptake and highly efficient FcRn-mediated protection, but not appreciable degradation when FcRn is present. Therefore, it is very unlikely that a high concentration of circulating monocytes can contribute to explaining the fast weight-based clearance of mAbs in very young children, even if FcRn expression/activity was 90% lower in children than in adults.
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15
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Advancedoral vaccine delivery strategies for improving the immunity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113928. [PMID: 34411689 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases continue to inflict a high global disease burden. The consensus is that vaccination is the most effective option against infectious diseases. Oral vaccines have unique advantages in the prevention of global pandemics due to their ease of use, high compliance, low cost, and the ability to induce both systemic and mucosal immune responses. However, challenges of adapting vaccines for oral administration remain significant. Foremost among these are enzymatic and pH-dependent degradation of antigens in the stomach and intestines, the low permeability of mucus barrier, the nonspecific uptake of antigens at the intestinal mucosal site, and the immune suppression result from the elusive immune tolerance mechanisms. Innovative delivery techniques promise great potential for improving the flexibility and efficiency of oral vaccines. A better understanding of the delivery approaches and the immunological mechanisms of oral vaccine delivery systems may provide new scientific insight and tools for developing the next-generation oral vaccine. Here, an overview of the advanced technologies in the field of oral vaccination is proposed, including mucus-penetrating nanoparticle (NP), mucoadhesive delivery vehicles, targeting antigen-presenting cell (APC) nanocarriers and enhanced paracellular delivery strategies and so on. Meanwhile, the mechanisms of delivery vectors interact with mucosal barriers are discussed.
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16
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King JS. Dynamic Rac1 inhibition by CYRI helps cells drink, but stops them from driving. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212561. [PMID: 34402856 PMCID: PMC8374876 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202108041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue, Le et al. (2021. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202012114) describe a new role for the recently discovered protein CYRI in controlling the protrusions that allow cells to engulf extracellular fluid by macropinocytosis. This study helps explain how these structures are disassembled, but also uncovers a new mechanism linking the ability of cells to drink and their capacity for invasive migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S King
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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17
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Guan X, Wu Y, Zhang S, Liu Z, Fan Q, Fang S, Qiao S, Sun F, Liang C. Activation of FcRn Mediates a Primary Resistance Response to Sorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:709343. [PMID: 34421602 PMCID: PMC8379008 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.709343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib is the first-line therapeutic option for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Many patients exhibit a primary resistance (PR) response after initial treatment. In previous studies, compared to acquired resistance, the mechanism of PR is unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the response of patient samples to sorafenib by patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, and the differences at the transcriptome level between the sorafenib PR group and the sorafenib sensitive group were analyzed by single-cell sequencing technology. A specific cell cluster may be differentiated by the liver bud hepatic cells, and the JUN transcription factors in this cell cluster were highly activated. The albumin is secreted by other cell clusters, and the cluster stimulates the FcRn complex receptor to activate the HIF pathway and cell proliferation, resulting in a poor response to sorafenib. These findings are validated by both cell communication analysis and experiments. Thus, the current studies provided a novel approach for the treatment of sorafenib-resistant HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chongyang Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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18
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Qi T, Cao Y. In Translation: FcRn across the Therapeutic Spectrum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3048. [PMID: 33802650 PMCID: PMC8002405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As an essential modulator of IgG disposition, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) governs the pharmacokinetics and functions many therapeutic modalities. In this review, we thoroughly reexamine the hitherto elucidated biological and thermodynamic properties of FcRn to provide context for our assessment of more recent advances, which covers antigen-binding fragment (Fab) determinants of FcRn affinity, transgenic preclinical models, and FcRn targeting as an immune-complex (IC)-clearing strategy. We further comment on therapeutic antibodies authorized for treating SARS-CoV-2 (bamlanivimab, casirivimab, and imdevimab) and evaluate their potential to saturate FcRn-mediated recycling. Finally, we discuss modeling and simulation studies that probe the quantitative relationship between in vivo IgG persistence and in vitro FcRn binding, emphasizing the importance of endosomal transit parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanguang Cao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
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19
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Song S, Zhang Y, Ding T, Ji N, Zhao H. The Dual Role of Macropinocytosis in Cancers: Promoting Growth and Inducing Methuosis to Participate in Anticancer Therapies as Targets. Front Oncol 2021; 10:570108. [PMID: 33542897 PMCID: PMC7851083 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.570108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is an important mechanism of internalizing extracellular materials and dissolved molecules in eukaryotic cells. Macropinocytosis has a dual effect on cancer cells. On the one hand, cells expressing RAS genes (such as K-RAS, H-RAS) under the stress of nutrient deficiency can spontaneously produce constitutive macropinocytosis to promote the growth of cancer cells by internalization of extracellular nutrients (like proteins), receptors, and extracellular vesicles(EVs). On the other hand, abnormal expression of RAS genes and drug treatment (such as MOMIPP) can induce a novel cell death associated with hyperactivated macropinocytosis: methuosis. Based on the dual effect, there is immense potential for designing anticancer therapies that target macropinocytosis in cancer cells. In view of the fact that there has been little review of the dual effect of macropinocytosis in cancer cells, herein, we systematically review the general process of macropinocytosis, its specific manifestation in cancer cells, and its application in cancer treatment, including anticancer drug delivery and destruction of macropinocytosis. This review aims to serve as a reference for studying macropinocytosis in cancers and designing macropinocytosis-targeting anticancer drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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20
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Liu Z, Xu E, Zhao HT, Cole T, West AB. LRRK2 and Rab10 coordinate macropinocytosis to mediate immunological responses in phagocytes. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104862. [PMID: 32853409 PMCID: PMC7560233 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in LRRK2 associates with the susceptibility to Parkinson's disease, Crohn's disease, and mycobacteria infection. High expression of LRRK2 and its substrate Rab10 occurs in phagocytic cells in the immune system. In mouse and human primary macrophages, dendritic cells, and microglia-like cells, we find that Rab10 specifically regulates a specialized form of endocytosis known as macropinocytosis, without affecting phagocytosis or clathrin-mediated endocytosis. LRRK2 phosphorylates cytoplasmic PI(3,4,5)P3-positive GTP-Rab10, before EEA1 and Rab5 recruitment to early macropinosomes occurs. Macropinosome cargo in macrophages includes CCR5, CD11b, and MHCII, and LRRK2-phosphorylation of Rab10 potently blocks EHBP1L1-mediated recycling tubules and cargo turnover. EHBP1L1 overexpression competitively inhibits LRRK2-phosphorylation of Rab10, mimicking the effects of LRRK2 kinase inhibition in promoting cargo recycling. Both Rab10 knockdown and LRRK2 kinase inhibition potently suppress the maturation of macropinosome-derived CCR5-loaded signaling endosomes that are critical for CCL5-induced immunological responses that include Akt activation and chemotaxis. These data support a novel signaling axis in the endolysosomal system whereby LRRK2-mediated Rab10 phosphorylation stalls vesicle fast recycling to promote PI3K-Akt immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liu
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration ResearchDepartment of Pharmacology and Cancer BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | - Enquan Xu
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration ResearchDepartment of Pharmacology and Cancer BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | | | | | - Andrew B West
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration ResearchDepartment of Pharmacology and Cancer BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
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21
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Lin XP, Mintern JD, Gleeson PA. Macropinocytosis in Different Cell Types: Similarities and Differences. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10080177. [PMID: 32756454 PMCID: PMC7463864 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10080177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is a unique pathway of endocytosis characterised by the nonspecific internalisation of large amounts of extracellular fluid, solutes and membrane in large endocytic vesicles known as macropinosomes. Macropinocytosis is important in a range of physiological processes, including antigen presentation, nutrient sensing, recycling of plasma proteins, migration and signalling. It has become apparent in recent years from the study of specialised cells that there are multiple pathways of macropinocytosis utilised by different cell types, and some of these pathways are triggered by different stimuli. Understanding the physiological function of macropinocytosis requires knowledge of the regulation and fate of the macropinocytosis pathways in a range of cell types. Here, we compare the mechanisms of macropinocytosis in different primary and immortalised cells, identify the gaps in knowledge in the field and discuss the potential approaches to analyse the function of macropinocytosis in vivo.
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22
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Stow JL, Hung Y, Wall AA. Macropinocytosis: Insights from immunology and cancer. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 65:131-140. [PMID: 32745890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is increasingly recognized for its versatile adaptations and functions as a highly conserved, ubiquitous pathway for the bulk uptake of fluid, particulate cargo, and membranes. Innate immune cells and transformed cancer cells share the capacity for both constitutive and induced macropinocytosis, which is used for immune surveillance, ingestion of pathogens, immune response shaping, and enhancement of scavenging for nutrients as fuel for cell survival and proliferation. Immunology and cancer biology are leading a resurgence of interest in defining the molecular and physiological regulation of macropinocytosis, partly in pursuit of ways to control macropinocytic uptake in disease settings. New approaches, including high-resolution live imaging, screening of cell surface molecular inventories, biophysics, and exploration of cell microenvironments, have converged to provide new insights into macropinosome induction, formation, and maturation. Recent studies reveal mechanisms for fluid control in and by macrophage macropinosomes that impinge on membrane trafficking and cell migration. EGFR, PTEN, V-ATPase, syndecan 1, and galectin-3 have roles variably in the metabolic regulation of Ras or PI3K signaling for Rac1-mediated macropinocytosis in cancer. These molecular pathways and mechanisms contribute to the impressive adaptability of macropinocytosis in many cells and tissues and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Yu Hung
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Adam A Wall
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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