1
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Kondadi AK, Reichert AS. Mitochondrial Dynamics at Different Levels: From Cristae Dynamics to Interorganellar Cross Talk. Annu Rev Biophys 2024; 53:147-168. [PMID: 38166176 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-030822-020736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles performing important cellular functions ranging from bioenergetics and metabolism to apoptotic signaling and immune responses. They are highly dynamic at different structural and functional levels. Mitochondria have been shown to constantly undergo fusion and fission processes and dynamically interact with other organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, and lipid droplets. The field of mitochondrial dynamics has evolved hand in hand with technological achievements including advanced fluorescence super-resolution nanoscopy. Dynamic remodeling of the cristae membrane within individual mitochondria, discovered very recently, opens up a further exciting layer of mitochondrial dynamics. In this review, we discuss mitochondrial dynamics at the following levels: (a) within an individual mitochondrion, (b) among mitochondria, and (c) between mitochondria and other organelles. Although the three tiers of mitochondrial dynamics have in the past been classified in a hierarchical manner, they are functionally connected and must act in a coordinated manner to maintain cellular functions and thus prevent various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Kondadi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; ,
| | - Andreas S Reichert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; ,
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2
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Kumar R, Islinger M, Worthy H, Carmichael R, Schrader M. The peroxisome: an update on mysteries 3.0. Histochem Cell Biol 2024; 161:99-132. [PMID: 38244103 PMCID: PMC10822820 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are highly dynamic, oxidative organelles with key metabolic functions in cellular lipid metabolism, such as the β-oxidation of fatty acids and the synthesis of myelin sheath lipids, as well as the regulation of cellular redox balance. Loss of peroxisomal functions causes severe metabolic disorders in humans. Furthermore, peroxisomes also fulfil protective roles in pathogen and viral defence and immunity, highlighting their wider significance in human health and disease. This has sparked increasing interest in peroxisome biology and their physiological functions. This review presents an update and a continuation of three previous review articles addressing the unsolved mysteries of this remarkable organelle. We continue to highlight recent discoveries, advancements, and trends in peroxisome research, and address novel findings on the metabolic functions of peroxisomes, their biogenesis, protein import, membrane dynamics and division, as well as on peroxisome-organelle membrane contact sites and organelle cooperation. Furthermore, recent insights into peroxisome organisation through super-resolution microscopy are discussed. Finally, we address new roles for peroxisomes in immune and defence mechanisms and in human disorders, and for peroxisomal functions in different cell/tissue types, in particular their contribution to organ-specific pathologies.
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Grants
- BB/W015420/1, BB/V018167/1, BB/T002255/1, BB/R016844/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- BB/W015420/1, BB/V018167/1, BB/T002255/1, BB/R016844/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- BB/W015420/1, BB/V018167/1, BB/T002255/1, BB/R016844/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung
- German Research Foundation
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg
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Affiliation(s)
- Rechal Kumar
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Markus Islinger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Centre for Translational Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Harley Worthy
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ruth Carmichael
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Michael Schrader
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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3
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Krishna CK, Schmidt N, Tippler BG, Schliebs W, Jung M, Winklhofer KF, Erdmann R, Kalel VC. Molecular basis of the glycosomal targeting of PEX11 and its mislocalization to mitochondrion in trypanosomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1213761. [PMID: 37664461 PMCID: PMC10469627 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1213761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PEX19 binding sites are essential parts of the targeting signals of peroxisomal membrane proteins (mPTS). In this study, we characterized PEX19 binding sites of PEX11, the most abundant peroxisomal and glycosomal membrane protein from Trypanosoma brucei and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. TbPEX11 contains two PEX19 binding sites, one close to the N-terminus (BS1) and a second in proximity to the first transmembrane domain (BS2). The N-terminal BS1 is highly conserved across different organisms and is required for maintenance of the steady-state concentration and efficient targeting to peroxisomes and glycosomes in both baker's yeast and Trypanosoma brucei. The second PEX19 binding site in TbPEX11 is essential for its glycosomal localization. Deletion or mutations of the PEX19 binding sites in TbPEX11 or ScPEX11 results in mislocalization of the proteins to mitochondria. Bioinformatic analysis indicates that the N-terminal region of TbPEX11 contains an amphiphilic helix and several putative TOM20 recognition motifs. We show that the extreme N-terminal region of TbPEX11 contains a cryptic N-terminal signal that directs PEX11 to the mitochondrion if its glycosomal transport is blocked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chethan K. Krishna
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nadine Schmidt
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bettina G. Tippler
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schliebs
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Jung
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Konstanze F. Winklhofer
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Vishal C. Kalel
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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4
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Pedrosa AG, Reglinski K, Lismont C, Kors S, Costello J, Rodrigues TA, Marques M, Linka N, Argyriou C, Weinhofer I, Kocherlakota S, Riccio V, Ferreira V, Di Cara F, Ferreira AR, Francisco T, Azevedo JE, Ribeiro D. Peroxisomes : novel findings and future directions. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 159:379-387. [PMID: 37160800 PMCID: PMC10170047 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana G Pedrosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Katharina Reglinski
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technologies, Albert-Einstein Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Applied Optic and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
- University Hospital Jena, Bachstraße 18, Jena, Germany
| | - Celien Lismont
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Suzan Kors
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Joseph Costello
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tony A Rodrigues
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Marques
- Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED & Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nicole Linka
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Isabelle Weinhofer
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Victoria Riccio
- Cell Biology Department, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vanessa Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED & Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Francesca Di Cara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Nova Scotia Health Authority IWK, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ana Rita Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED & Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Francisco
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge E Azevedo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED & Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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5
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Carmichael RE, Richards DM, Fahimi HD, Schrader M. Organelle Membrane Extensions in Mammalian Cells. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050664. [PMID: 37237478 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organelles within eukaryotic cells are not isolated static compartments, instead being morphologically diverse and highly dynamic in order to respond to cellular needs and carry out their diverse and cooperative functions. One phenomenon exemplifying this plasticity, and increasingly gaining attention, is the extension and retraction of thin tubules from organelle membranes. While these protrusions have been observed in morphological studies for decades, their formation, properties and functions are only beginning to be understood. In this review, we provide an overview of what is known and still to be discovered about organelle membrane protrusions in mammalian cells, focusing on the best-characterised examples of these membrane extensions arising from peroxisomes (ubiquitous organelles involved in lipid metabolism and reactive oxygen species homeostasis) and mitochondria. We summarise the current knowledge on the diversity of peroxisomal/mitochondrial membrane extensions, as well as the molecular mechanisms by which they extend and retract, necessitating dynamic membrane remodelling, pulling forces and lipid flow. We also propose broad cellular functions for these membrane extensions in inter-organelle communication, organelle biogenesis, metabolism and protection, and finally present a mathematical model that suggests that extending protrusions is the most efficient way for an organelle to explore its surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Carmichael
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - David M Richards
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
| | - H Dariush Fahimi
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schrader
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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6
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Schrader TA, Carmichael RE, Schrader M. Immunolabeling for Detection of Endogenous and Overexpressed Peroxisomal Proteins in Mammalian Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2643:47-63. [PMID: 36952177 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3048-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are dynamic subcellular organelles in mammals, playing essential roles in cellular lipid metabolism and redox homeostasis. They perform a wide spectrum of functions in human health and disease, with new roles, mechanisms, and regulatory pathways still being discovered. Recently elucidated biological roles of peroxisomes include as antiviral defense hubs, intracellular signaling platforms, immunomodulators, and protective organelles in sensory cells. Furthermore, peroxisomes are part of a complex inter-organelle interaction network, which involves metabolic cooperation and cross talk via membrane contacts. The detection of endogenous and/or overexpressed proteins within a cell by immunolabelling informs us about the organellar and even sub-organellar localization of both known and putative peroxisomal proteins. In turn, this can be exploited to characterize the effects of experimental manipulations on the morphology, distribution, and/or number of peroxisomes in a cell, which are key properties controlling peroxisome function. Here, we present a protocol used successfully in our laboratory for the immunolabelling of peroxisomal proteins in cultured mammalian cells. We present immunofluorescence and transfection techniques as well as reagents to determine the localization of endogenous and overexpressed peroxisomal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina A Schrader
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Ruth E Carmichael
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Michael Schrader
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK.
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7
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Fujiki Y, Okumoto K, Honsho M, Abe Y. Molecular insights into peroxisome homeostasis and peroxisome biogenesis disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119330. [PMID: 35917894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are single-membrane organelles essential for cell metabolism including the β-oxidation of fatty acids, synthesis of etherlipid plasmalogens, and redox homeostasis. Investigations into peroxisome biogenesis and the human peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) have identified 14 PEX genes encoding peroxins involved in peroxisome biogenesis and the mutation of PEX genes is responsible for the PBDs. Many recent findings have further advanced our understanding of the biology, physiology, and consequences of a functional deficit of peroxisomes. In this Review, we discuss cell defense mechanisms that counteract oxidative stress by 1) a proapoptotic Bcl-2 factor BAK-mediated release to the cytosol of H2O2-degrading catalase from peroxisomes and 2) peroxisomal import suppression of catalase by Ser232-phosphorylation of Pex14, a docking protein for the Pex5-PTS1 complex. With respect to peroxisome division, the important issue of how the energy-rich GTP is produced and supplied for the division process was recently addressed by the discovery of a nucleoside diphosphate kinase-like protein, termed DYNAMO1 in a lower eukaryote, which has a mammalian homologue NME3. In regard to the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PBDs, a new PBD model mouse defective in Pex14 manifests a dysregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB pathway, an important signaling pathway for cerebellar morphogenesis. Communications between peroxisomes and other organelles are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Fujiki
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Collaboration Program, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Kanji Okumoto
- Department of Biology and Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masanori Honsho
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Collaboration Program, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichi Abe
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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8
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Jiang C, Okazaki T. Control of mitochondrial dynamics and apoptotic pathways by peroxisomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:938177. [PMID: 36158224 PMCID: PMC9500405 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.938177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are organelles containing different enzymes that catalyze various metabolic pathways such as β-oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids and synthesis of plasmalogens. Peroxisome biogenesis is controlled by a family of proteins called peroxins, which are required for peroxisomal membrane formation, matrix protein transport, and division. Mutations of peroxins cause metabolic disorders called peroxisomal biogenesis disorders, among which Zellweger syndrome (ZS) is the most severe. Although patients with ZS exhibit severe pathology in multiple organs such as the liver, kidney, brain, muscle, and bone, the pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Recent findings indicate that peroxisomes regulate intrinsic apoptotic pathways and upstream fission-fusion processes, disruption of which causes multiple organ dysfunctions reminiscent of ZS. In this review, we summarize recent findings about peroxisome-mediated regulation of mitochondrial morphology and its possible relationship with the pathogenesis of ZS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxing Jiang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Okazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tomohiko Okazaki,
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First person – Tina Angelika Schrader and Ruth Carmichael. J Cell Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
First Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Journal of Cell Science, helping early-career researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. Tina Angelika Schrader and Ruth Carmichael are co-first authors on ‘ PEX11β and FIS1 cooperate in peroxisome division independently of mitochondrial fission factor’, published in JCS. Tina Angelika is a senior research technician in the lab of Prof. Michael Schrader at the College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, UK, where her area of expertise is culturing and manipulating mammalian cells, as well as implementing new scientific ideas and directions. Ruth is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the same lab, who is interested in the fundamental physiological mechanisms and regulation of organelle dynamics (e.g. their shape/morphology, number and interorganelle interactions) in mammalian cells, and the impact of this on health and disease.
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Fission Impossible (?)-New Insights into Disorders of Peroxisome Dynamics. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121922. [PMID: 35741050 PMCID: PMC9221819 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are highly dynamic and responsive organelles, which can adjust their morphology, number, intracellular position, and metabolic functions according to cellular needs. Peroxisome multiplication in mammalian cells involves the concerted action of the membrane-shaping protein PEX11β and division proteins, such as the membrane adaptors FIS1 and MFF, which recruit the fission GTPase DRP1 to the peroxisomal membrane. The latter proteins are also involved in mitochondrial division. Patients with loss of DRP1, MFF or PEX11β function have been identified, showing abnormalities in peroxisomal (and, for the shared proteins, mitochondrial) dynamics as well as developmental and neurological defects, whereas the metabolic functions of the organelles are often unaffected. Here, we provide a timely update on peroxisomal membrane dynamics with a particular focus on peroxisome formation by membrane growth and division. We address the function of PEX11β in these processes, as well as the role of peroxisome–ER contacts in lipid transfer for peroxisomal membrane expansion. Furthermore, we summarize the clinical phenotypes and pathophysiology of patients with defects in the key division proteins DRP1, MFF, and PEX11β as well as in the peroxisome–ER tether ACBD5. Potential therapeutic strategies for these rare disorders with limited treatment options are discussed.
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