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Siveter DJ, Briggs DEG, Siveter DJ, Sutton MD. A well-preserved respiratory system in a Silurian ostracod. Biol Lett 2018; 14:rsbl.2018.0464. [PMID: 30404865 PMCID: PMC6283931 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostracod crustaceans are diverse and ubiquitous in aqueous environments today but relatively few known species have gills. Ostracods are the most abundant fossil arthropods but examples of soft-part preservation, especially of gills, are exceptionally rare. A new ostracod, Spiricopia aurita (Myodocopa), from the marine Silurian Herefordshire Lagerstätte (430 Mya), UK, preserves appendages, lateral eyes and gills. The respiratory system includes five pairs of gill lamellae with hypobranchial and epibranchial canals that conveyed haemolymph. A heart and associated vessels had likely evolved in ostracods by the Mid-Silurian.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Siveter
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Derek E G Briggs
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, and Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, PO Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA
| | - Derek J Siveter
- Earth Collections, University Museum of Natural History, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Mark D Sutton
- Department of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, UK
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Harrison JF. Handling and Use of Oxygen by Pancrustaceans: Conserved Patterns and the Evolution of Respiratory Structures. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:802-15. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Marxen JC, Pick C, Oakley TH, Burmester T. Occurrence of Hemocyanin in Ostracod Crustaceans. J Mol Evol 2014; 79:3-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-014-9636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Rivera-Ingraham GA, Bickmeyer U, Abele D. The physiological response of the marine platyhelminth Macrostomum lignano to different environmental oxygen concentrations. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:2741-51. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.081984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Summary
Respiration rate of meiofauna is difficult to measure, and the response to variations in the environmental oxygen concentrations has so far been mainly addressed through behavioral investigation. We investigated the effect of different oxygen concentrations on the physiology of the marine platyhelminth Macrostomum lignano. Respiration was measured using batches of 20 animals in a glass microtiter plate equipped with optical oxygen sensor spots. At higher oxygen saturations (>12kPa), animals showed a clear oxyconforming behavior. However, below this values, the flatworms kept respiration rates constant at 0.064±0.001 nmol O2 l-1 h-1 ind-1 down to 3 kPa PO2, and this rate was increased in 30% in animals that were reoxygenated after enduring a period of 1.5h in anoxia. Physiological changes related to tissue oxygenation were assessed using live imaging techniques with different fluorophores in animals maintained in normoxic (21 kPa), hyperoxic (40 kPa), near anoxic (≈0 kPa) conditions and subjected to anoxia-reoxygenation. Ageladine-A and BCECF both indicated that pHi under near anoxia increases by about 0.07 to 0.10 units. Mitochondrial membrane potential, Δψm, was higher in anoxic and hyperoxic compared to normoxic conditions (JC1). Staining with ROS sensitive dyes, DHE for detection of superoxide anion (O2•-) formation and C-H2DFFDA for other ROS species aside from O2•- (H2O2, HOO• and ONOO-), both showed increased ROS formation following anoxia reoxygenation treatment. Animals exposed to hyperoxic, normoxic and anoxic treatments displayed no significant differences in O2•- formation, whereas mitochondrial ROS formation as detected by C-H2DFFDA was higher after hyperoxic exposure and lowest under near anoxia compared to the normoxic control group. M. lignano seems to be a species tolerant to a wide range of oxygen concentrations (being able to maintain aerobic metabolism from extremely low PO2 and up to hyperoxic conditions) which is an essential prerequisite for successfully dealing with the drastic environmental oxygen variations that occur within intertidal sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulf Bickmeyer
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany
| | - Doris Abele
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany
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Abele D, Philipp E. Environmental control and control of the environment: the basis of longevity in bivalves. Gerontology 2012; 59:261-6. [PMID: 23257622 DOI: 10.1159/000345331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Longevity and ageing are two sides of a coin, leaving the question open as to which one is the cause and which one the effect. At the individual level, the physiological rate of ageing determines the length of life (= individual longevity, as long as death results from old age and not from disease or other impacts). Individual longevity depends on the direct influence of environmental conditions with respect to nutrition, and the possibility for and timing of reproduction, as well as on the energetic costs animals invest in behavioural and physiological stress defence. All these environmental effectors influence hormonal and cellular signalling pathways that modify the individual physiological condition, the reproductive strategy, and the rate of ageing. At the species level, longevity (= maximum lifespan) is the result of an evolutionary process and, thus, largely determined by the species' behavioural and physiological adaptations to its ecological niche. Specifically, reproductive and breeding strategies have to be optimized in relation to local environmental conditions in different habitats. As a result of adaptive and evolutionary processes, species longevity is genetically underpinned, not necessarily by a few ageing genes, but by an evolutionary process that has hierarchically shaped and optimized species genomes to function in a specific niche or environmental system. Importantly, investigations and reviews attempting to unravel the mechanistic basis of the ageing process need to differentiate clearly between the evolutionary process shaping longevity at the species level and the regulatory mechanisms that alter the individual rate of ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Abele
- Department of Functional Ecology, Alfred Wegner Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.
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Mesquita-Joanes F, Smith AJ, Viehberg FA. The Ecology of Ostracoda Across Levels of Biological Organisation from Individual to Ecosystem. OSTRACODA AS PROXIES FOR QUATERNARY CLIMATE CHANGE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53636-5.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Sutherland KR, Dabiri JO, Koehl MAR. Simultaneous field measurements of ostracod swimming behavior and background flow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1215/21573698-1472410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Williams M, Vannier J, Corbari L, Massabuau JC. Oxygen as a driver of early arthropod micro-benthos evolution. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28183. [PMID: 22164241 PMCID: PMC3229522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examine the physiological and lifestyle adaptations which facilitated the emergence of ostracods as the numerically dominant Phanerozoic bivalve arthropod micro-benthos. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The PO(2) of modern normoxic seawater is 21 kPa (air-equilibrated water), a level that would cause cellular damage if found in the tissues of ostracods and much other marine fauna. The PO(2) of most aquatic breathers at the cellular level is much lower, between 1 and 3 kPa. Ostracods avoid oxygen toxicity by migrating to waters which are hypoxic, or by developing metabolisms which generate high consumption of O(2). Interrogation of the Cambrian record of bivalve arthropod micro-benthos suggests a strong control on ecosystem evolution exerted by changing seawater O(2) levels. The PO(2) of air-equilibrated Cambrian-seawater is predicted to have varied between 10 and 30 kPa. Three groups of marine shelf-dwelling bivalve arthropods adopted different responses to Cambrian seawater O(2). Bradoriida evolved cardiovascular systems that favoured colonization of oxygenated marine waters. Their biodiversity declined during intervals associated with black shale deposition and marine shelf anoxia and their diversity may also have been curtailed by elevated late Cambrian (Furongian) oxygen-levels that increased the PO(2) gradient between seawater and bradoriid tissues. Phosphatocopida responded to Cambrian anoxia differently, reaching their peak during widespread seabed dysoxia of the SPICE event. They lacked a cardiovascular system and appear to have been adapted to seawater hypoxia. As latest Cambrian marine shelf waters became well oxygenated, phosphatocopids went extinct. Changing seawater oxygen-levels and the demise of much of the seabed bradoriid micro-benthos favoured a third group of arthropod micro-benthos, the ostracods. These animals adopted lifestyles that made them tolerant of changes in seawater O(2). Ostracods became the numerically dominant arthropod micro-benthos of the Phanerozoic. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our work has implications from an evolutionary context for understanding how oxygen-level in marine ecosystems drives behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Williams
- Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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Syme AE, Poore GCB. A supplementary description of Cypridina mariae and rediagnosis of the genus Cylindroleberis (Ostracoda: Myodocopa: Cylindroleberididae). PLoS One 2008; 3:e1960. [PMID: 18414661 PMCID: PMC2293337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ostracod family Cylindroleberididae is based on the genus Cylindroleberis Brady, 1868, and has a complicated nomenclatural history. The type species of Cylindroleberis is Cypridina mariae Baird, 1850. Baird described only the carapace, which had been considered lost. Thus, there was no reference point for the concept C. mariae or the genus Cylindroleberis. Baird's material has now been found in the Natural History Museum, London, U.K., and is illustrated here. To clarify the taxonomic status of C. mariae and Cylindroleberis, specimens were obtained from near the type locality, and a supplementary description is presented. This includes description of appendages, particularly the first antenna and mandible, which contain important diagnostic characters. This supplementary description provides important information about C. mariae, allowing a revision of the genus Cylindroleberis, and establishing a framework for future biological research on this ostracod group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Syme
- Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Pirow R, Hellmann N, Weber RE. Oxygen binding and its allosteric control in hemoglobin of the primitive branchiopod crustacean Triops cancriformis. FEBS J 2007; 274:3374-91. [PMID: 17550418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Branchiopod crustaceans are endowed with extracellular, high-molecular-mass hemoglobins (Hbs), the functional and allosteric properties of which have largely remained obscure. The Hb of the phylogenetically ancient Triops cancriformis (Notostraca) revealed moderate oxygen affinity, cooperativity and pH dependence (Bohr effect) coefficients: P(50) = 13.3 mmHg, n(50) = 2.3, and Phi = -0.18, at 20 degrees C and pH 7.44 in Tris buffer. The in vivo hemolymph pH was 7.52. Bivalent cations increased oxygen affinity, Mg(2+) exerting a greater effect than Ca(2+). Analysis of cooperative oxygen binding in terms of the nested Monod-Wyman-Changeux (MWC) model revealed an allosteric unit of four oxygen-binding sites and functional coupling of two to three allosteric units. The predicted 2 x 4 and 3 x 4 nested structures are in accord with stoichiometric models of the quarternary structure. The allosteric control mechanism of protons comprises a left shift of the upper asymptote of extended Hill plots which is ascribable to the displacement of the equilibrium between (at least) two high-affinity (relaxed) states, similar to that found in extracellular annelid and pulmonate molluscan Hbs. Remarkably, Mg(2+) ions increased oxygen affinity solely by displacing the equilibrium between the tense and relaxed conformations towards the relaxed states, which accords with the original MWC concept, but appears to be unique among Hbs. This effect is distinctly different from those of ionic effectors (bivalent cations, protons and organic phosphates) on annelid, pulmonate and vertebrate Hbs, which involve changes in the oxygen affinity of the tense and/or relaxed conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Pirow
- Institute of Zoophysiology, University of Münster, Germany.
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Pierron F, Baudrimont M, Gonzalez P, Bourdineaud JP, Elie P, Massabuau JC. Common pattern of gene expression in response to hypoxia or cadmium in the gills of the European glass eel (Anguilla anguilla). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:3005-11. [PMID: 17533871 DOI: 10.1021/es062415b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
European eel (Anguilla anguilla) populations are in decline. Glass eel recruitment has fallen 10-fold since the early 1980s. Estuaries play a fundamental role in the life history of eels because glass eels must pass through them to reach freshwater ecosystems. Unfortunately, because of their geographical position at the upstream basin slopes, estuaries accumulate metals like cadmium and are important sites of hypoxia events. In this context, we studied the effect of the oxygen level on the ventilation of the glass eel. In parallel, glass eels were submitted to different dissolved cadmium concentrations (0, 2, and 10 microg L(-1)) under two oxygen levels (normoxia PO2 = 21 kPa and Hypoxia PO2 = 6 kPa). The expression level of various genes involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, in the cellular response to metal and oxidative stresses, was investigated. Our results showed that hypoxia enhances (1) ventilation of the postlarval stage and (2) Cd accumulation in gills only at the lowest metal water concentration tested (2 microg Cd L(-1)). At the gene level, Cd exposure mimics the effect of hypoxia since we observed a decrease in expression of genes involved in the respiratory chain and in the defense against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Pierron
- UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC, team GEMA, Université Bordeaux 1 and CNRS, Place du Dr Peyneau, 33120, Arcachon, France
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Bradley TJ. Discontinuous ventilation in insects: Protecting tissues from O2. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2006; 154:30-6. [PMID: 16581315 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2006.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The "oxidative damage model" of proposes that the respiratory system of insects operates in manner that reduces and then regulates the partial pressure of oxygen around the tissues at a very low level. This is achieved through the actions of the discontinuous gas exchange cycle. Resting insects often exhibit a ventilatory cycle in which the spiracular valves severely limit gas exchange. The "oxidative damage model" argues that this pattern serves to minimize oxidative damage to the tissues. This interpretation is discussed in the context of a large literature describing oxidative damage in insects and other animals as normal a feature of organismal aging. Evidence is presented from a number of animal phyla demonstrating respiratory strategies designed to maintain similarly low partial pressures of oxygen at the tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Bradley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA.
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