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Kaabeche M, Charreton M, Kadala A, Mutterer J, Charnet P, Collet C. Cardiotoxicity of the diamide insecticide chlorantraniliprole in the intact heart and in isolated cardiomyocytes from the honey bee. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14938. [PMID: 38942905 PMCID: PMC11213956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In honey bees, circulation of blood (hemolymph) is driven by the peristaltic contraction of the heart vessel located in the dorsal part of the abdomen. Chlorantraniliprole (CHL) is an insecticide of the anthranilic diamide class which main mode of action is to alter the function of intracellular Ca2+ release channels (known as RyRs, for ryanodine receptors). In the honey bee, it was recently found to be more toxic when applied on the dorsal part of the abdomen, suggesting a direct cardiotoxicity. In the present study, a short-term exposure of semi-isolated bee hearts to CHL (0.1-10 µM) induces alterations of cardiac contraction. These alterations range from a slow-down of systole and diastole kinetics, to bradycardia and cardiac arrest. The bees heart wall is made of a single layer of semi-circular cardiomyocytes arranged concentrically all along the long axis of tube lumen. Since the heart tube is suspended to the cuticle through long tubular muscles fibers (so-called alary muscle cells), the CHL effects in ex-vivo heart preparations could result from the modulation of RyRs present in these skeletal muscle fibers as well as cardiomyocytes RyRs themselves. In order to specifically assess effects of CHL on cardiomyocytes, for the first time, intact heart cells were enzymatically dissociated from bees. Exposure of cardiomyocytes to CHL induces an increase in cytoplasmic calcium, cell contraction at the highest concentrations and depletion of intracellular stores. Electrophysiological properties of isolated cardiomyocytes were described, with a focus on voltage-gated Ca2+ channels responsible for the cardiac action potentials depolarization phase. Two types of Ca2+ currents were measured under voltage-clamp. Exposure to CHL was accompanied by a decrease in voltage-activated Ca2+ currents densities. Altogether, these results show that chlorantraniliprole can cause cardiac defects in honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahira Kaabeche
- Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, INRAE, UR406 Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
| | - Mercedes Charreton
- Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, INRAE, UR406 Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
| | - Aklesso Kadala
- Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, INRAE, UR406 Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
| | - Jérôme Mutterer
- CNRS, UPR 2357, Institut de biologie moleculaire des plantes, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Charnet
- CNRS, UMR 5247, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Claude Collet
- Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, INRAE, UR406 Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France.
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2
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Knoll S, Cappai MG. Foraging Activity of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L., 1758) and Exposure to Cadmium: a Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04118-3. [PMID: 38443599 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Honey bees are commonly exposed to a broad spectrum of xenobiotics, including heavy metals. Heavy metal toxicity is of concern in the context of global pollinator declines, especially since honey bees seem to be particularly susceptible to xenobiotics in general. Here we summarize current knowledge on the interplay between cadmium, one of the most toxic and mobile elements in the environment, and honey bees, the primary managed pollinator species worldwide. Overall, cadmium pollution has been shown to be ubiquitous, affecting industrial, urban and rural areas alike. Uptake of this heavy metal by plants serves as the primary route of exposure for bees (through pollen and nectar). Reported cadmium toxicity consists of lethal and sublethal effects (reduced development and growth) in both adult and larval stages, as well as various molecular responses related to detoxification and cellular antioxidant defence systems. Other effects of cadmium in honey bees include the disruption of synaptic signalling, calcium metabolism and muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Knoll
- Institute of Animal Productions of the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cappai
- Institute of Animal Productions of the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
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Cens T, Chavanieu A, Bertaud A, Mokrane N, Estaran S, Roussel J, Ménard C, De Jesus Ferreira M, Guiramand J, Thibaud J, Cohen‐Solal C, Rousset M, Rolland V, Vignes M, Charnet P. Molecular Targets of Neurotoxic Insecticides in
Apis mellifera. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Cens
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 1919 Route de Mende 34293 Montpellier France
| | - Alain Chavanieu
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 1919 Route de Mende 34293 Montpellier France
| | - Anaïs Bertaud
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 1919 Route de Mende 34293 Montpellier France
| | - Nawfel Mokrane
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 1919 Route de Mende 34293 Montpellier France
| | - Sébastien Estaran
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 1919 Route de Mende 34293 Montpellier France
| | - Julien Roussel
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 1919 Route de Mende 34293 Montpellier France
| | - Claudine Ménard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 1919 Route de Mende 34293 Montpellier France
| | | | - Janique Guiramand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 1919 Route de Mende 34293 Montpellier France
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Thibaud
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 1919 Route de Mende 34293 Montpellier France
| | - Catherine Cohen‐Solal
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 1919 Route de Mende 34293 Montpellier France
| | - Matthieu Rousset
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 1919 Route de Mende 34293 Montpellier France
| | - Valérie Rolland
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 1919 Route de Mende 34293 Montpellier France
| | - Michel Vignes
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 1919 Route de Mende 34293 Montpellier France
| | - Pierre Charnet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 1919 Route de Mende 34293 Montpellier France
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4
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Piechowicz B, Kobielska M, Koziorowska A, Podbielska M, Szpyrka E, Pieniążek M, Potocki L. Dynamics of λ-cyhalothrin disappearance and expression of selected P450 genes in bees depending on the ambient temperature. OPEN CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2021-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Temperature has a significant influence on the action of pyrethroids, and their effect increases with decreasing ambient temperature. Using gas chromatography, we assessed the degradation rate of λ-cyhalothrin, active ingredients (AI) of Karate Zeon 050 CS from pyrethroid group, in bees incubated for 48 h under different temperature conditions. With RT-qPCR method, we studied expression levels of selected cytochrome P450 genes after exposure to the plant protection product (PPP). The half-life of λ-cyhalothrin decreased from 43.32 to 17.33 h in the temperature range of 21–31°C. In animals incubated at 16°C, the AI half-life was even shorter and amounted to 10.19 h. The increase in temperature increased the expression of Cyp9Q1, Cyp9Q2, and Cyp9Q3 in the group of control bees. We showed a two-fold statistically significant increase in gene expression after treatment with PPP bees. The obtained results indicate that honey bees are characterized by susceptibility to pyrethroids that vary depending on the ambient temperature. This may be due to the different expressions of genes responsible for the detoxification of these PPPs at different temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Piechowicz
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Pigonia 1 , 35-359 , Rzeszów , Poland
- Interdisciplinary Center for Preclinical and Clinical Research, University of Rzeszow , Werynia 2 , 36-100 Kolbuszowa , Poland
| | - Marika Kobielska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Pigonia 1 , 35-359 , Rzeszów , Poland
| | - Anna Koziorowska
- Interdisciplinary Center for Preclinical and Clinical Research, University of Rzeszow , Werynia 2 , 36-100 Kolbuszowa , Poland
- Interdiscyplinary Center for Preclinical and Clinical Research, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 2 , 36-100 Kolbuszowa , Poland
| | - Magdalena Podbielska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Pigonia 1 , 35-359 , Rzeszów , Poland
| | - Ewa Szpyrka
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Pigonia 1 , 35-359 , Rzeszów , Poland
| | - Marcin Pieniążek
- Department of Soil Science, Environmental Chemistry and Hydrology, University of Rzeszów, College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zelwerowicza 8b , 35-601 , Rzeszów , Poland
| | - Leszek Potocki
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Pigonia 1 , 35-359 , Rzeszów , Poland
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Elementary calcium release events in the skeletal muscle cells of the honey bee Apis mellifera. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16731. [PMID: 34408196 PMCID: PMC8373864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96028-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium sparks are involved in major physiological and pathological processes in vertebrate muscles but have never been characterized in invertebrates. Here, dynamic confocal imaging on intact skeletal muscle cells isolated enzymatically from the adult honey bee legs allowed the first spatio-temporal characterization of subcellular calcium release events (CREs) in an insect species. The frequency of CREs, measured in x–y time lapse series, was higher than frequencies usually described in vertebrates. Honey bee CREs had a larger spatial spread at half maximum than their vertebrate counterparts and a slightly ellipsoidal shape, two characteristics that may be related to ultrastructural features specific to invertebrate cells. In line-scan experiments, the histogram of CREs’ duration followed a bimodal distribution, supporting the existence of both sparks and embers. Unlike in vertebrates, embers and sparks had similar amplitudes, a difference that could be related to genomic differences and/or excitation–contraction coupling specificities in honey bee skeletal muscle fibres. The first characterization of CREs from an arthropod which shows strong genomic, ultrastructural and physiological differences with vertebrates may help in improving the research field of sparkology and more generally the knowledge in invertebrates cell Ca2+ homeostasis, eventually leading to a better understanding of their roles and regulations in muscles but also the myotoxicity of new insecticides targeting ryanodine receptors.
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Piechowicz B, Sudoł M, Grodzicki P, Podbielska M, Szpyrka E, Zwolak A, Potocki L. The dynamics of pyrethroid residues and Cyp P450 gene expression in insects depends on the circadian clock. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110701. [PMID: 33417908 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A circadian clock may underlie pesticide resistance mechanisms in organisms that are very important for humans, for example, in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Using the gas chromatography, we evaluated the daily variability in the λ-cyhalothrin degradation rate in bodies of guards and forager bees, Apis mellifera. Additionally, using the RT-qPCR method, we studied expression levels of selected cytochrome P450 genes after exposure to λ-cyhalothrin. During 48-h-tests, we exposed bees to λ-cyhalothrin at four crucial times of the day: at 04:30 a.m., 11:30 a.m., 06:30 p.m., and 11:30 p.m. The results obtained indicate that in bees the intensity of the λ-cyhalothrin degradation is the highest during first 6 h after intoxication, when it disappeared at the rate of 14.29% h-1, 11.43% h-1, 13.15% h-1, and 12.50% h-1 in bees treated at noon, sunset, midnight, and sunrise, respectively. In the later period (6-48 h of the experiment), the degradation stopped and its rate did not exceed 1.0% h-1. In the control group of bees we demonstrated that the increase in the Cyp9Q1 and Cyp9Q3 expression was the highest during the experiments started at 04:30 a.m., while the highest elevation in the Cyp9Q2 expression was observed in the group for which the experiments started at 11:30 p.m.In intoxicated honey bees, the highest increase in the Cyp9Q1 expression occurred in the group treated with the pesticide at 11:30 a.m. In the case of genes encoding Cyp9Q2 and Cyp9Q3, the highest rise in the expression took place at 06:30 p.m.The obtained results indicate that honey bees activate detoxifying mechanisms partly protecting them against the effects of hazardous substances absorbed from the environment more efficiently during foraging than at other times of the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Piechowicz
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Sudoł
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Grodzicki
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Podbielska
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Ewa Szpyrka
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Aneta Zwolak
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Leszek Potocki
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland.
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7
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Al Naggar Y, Dabour K, Masry S, Sadek A, Naiem E, Giesy JP. Sublethal effects of chronic exposure to CdO or PbO nanoparticles or their binary mixture on the honey bee (Apis millefera L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:19004-19015. [PMID: 30280346 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium and lead-based nanotechnologies are increasingly used in agricultural, industrial, and biological processes; however, potential adverse effects of nanomaterials on honey bees had not been assessed. In this study, effects of exposures to sublethal concentrations of PbO and CdO nanoparticles (NPs), either separately or in combination on honey bee (Apis mellifera) workers, were assessed. Honey bee workers were orally exposed for 9 days under laboratory conditions to sublethal concentrations (20% of LC50) of CdO (0.01 mg/ml-) and PbO (0.65 mg/ml-) NPs either separately or combined. Effects on survival, feeding rate, activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and expression of selected stress-related detoxifying enzymes were quantified. Survival and feeding rates decreased particularly in bees fed sugar syrup containing CdO NPs or binary mixtures of NPs of both metal oxides. Expressions of genes involved in detoxification of xenobiotics were affected by various combinations. Expression of catalase was 13.6-fold greater in bees consumed sugar syrup diet containing binary mixture of sublethal concentrations of both CdO and PbO NPs than it was in unexposed, control bees. AChE activity in heads of honey bees was inhibited by 3.8-, 3.0-, and 2.8-fold relative to control, respectively, in response to exposure to Cd or/and Pb oxide NPs. This result indicates potential neurotoxic effects of these NPs to honey bees. CdO NPs exhibited greater potency to honey bees. Overall, sublethal concentrations of CdO or/and PbO NPs resulted in detrimental effects on honeybee workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Al Naggar
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
- Centre of Integrative Bee Research (CIBER), Entomology Department, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA.
| | - Khaled Dabour
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Saad Masry
- Department of Plant Protection and Molecular Diagnosis, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Sadek
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, Cairo, 12613, Egypt
| | - Elsaied Naiem
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Mustard JA, Jones L, Wright GA. GABA signaling affects motor function in the honey bee. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 120:103989. [PMID: 31805284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
GABA is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in both vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems. In insects, inhibition plays important roles at the neuromuscular junction, in the regulation of central pattern generators, and in the modulation of information in higher brain processing centers. Additionally, increasing our understanding of the functions of GABA is important since GABAA receptors are the targets of several classes of pesticides. To investigate the role of GABA in motor function, honey bee foragers were injected with GABA or with agonists or antagonists specific for either GABAA or GABAB receptors. Compounds that activated either type of GABA receptor decreased activity levels. Bees injected with the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin lost the ability to right themselves, whereas blockade of GABAB receptors led to increases in grooming. Injection with antagonists of either GABAA or GABAB receptors resulted in an increase in extended wing behavior, during which bees kept their wings out at right angles to their body rather than folded along their back. These data suggest that the GABA receptor types play distinct roles in behavior and that GABA may affect behavior at several different levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Mustard
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA.
| | - Lisa Jones
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Geraldine A Wright
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
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9
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Nikolić TV, Kojić D, Orčić S, Vukašinović EL, Blagojević DP, Purać J. Laboratory bioassays on the response of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) glutathione S-transferase and acetylcholinesterase to the oral exposure to copper, cadmium, and lead. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:6890-6897. [PMID: 30635884 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3950-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the influence of cadmium, copper, and lead on two enzymes often used as biomarkers in toxicological analysis was investigated. Bees were fed with 1 M sucrose solution containing 10-fold serial dilutions of CuCl2 (1000 mg L-1, 100 mg L-1, and 10 mg L-1), CdCl2 (0.1 mg L-1, 0.01 mg L-1, and 0.001 mg L-1), or PbCl2 (10 mg L-1, 1 mg L-1, and 0.1 mg L-1) during 48 h. Our results showed that the total glutathione S-transferase activity was not changed under the influence of cadmium and lead, and it was decreased with the highest concentration of copper. The level of gene expression of the three analyzed classes of glutathione S-transferase was significantly increased with increasing concentrations of copper and cadmium. Lead did not cause significant changes in glutathione S-transferase activity and gene expression, while it showed biphasic effect on acetylcholinesterase activity: lower concentration of lead, 0.1 mg L-1 inhibited and higher dose, 10 mg L-1 induced acetylcholinesterase activity in honey bees. Furthermore, our results showed a significant decrease of the acetylcholinesterase activity in honey bees treated with 0.001 and 0.01 mg L-1 CdCl2. Our results indicate the influence of cadmium, copper, and lead on GST and AChE in the honey bees. These results form the basis for future research on the impact of metallic trace element pollution on honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana V Nikolić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Republic of Serbia.
| | - Danijela Kojić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Republic of Serbia
| | - Snežana Orčić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Republic of Serbia
| | - Elvira L Vukašinović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Republic of Serbia
| | - Duško P Blagojević
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11000, Republic of Serbia
| | - Jelena Purać
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Republic of Serbia
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Kadala A, Charreton M, Charnet P, Collet C. Honey bees long-lasting locomotor deficits after exposure to the diamide chlorantraniliprole are accompanied by brain and muscular calcium channels alterations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2153. [PMID: 30770849 PMCID: PMC6377601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamides belong to one of the newest insecticides class. We characterized cellular effects of the first commercialized diamide, chlorantraniliprole (ChlorAnt). ChlorAnt not only induces a dose-dependent calcium release from internal stores of honey bee muscle cells, but also a dose-dependent blockade of the voltage-gated calcium current involved in muscles and brain excitability. We measured a long lasting impairment in locomotion after exposure to a sublethal dose and despite an apparent remission, bees suffer a critical relapse seven days later. A dose that was sublethal when applied onto the thorax turned out to induce severe mortality when applied on other body parts. Our results may help in filling the gap in the toxicological evaluation of insecticides that has recently been pointed out by international instances due to the lack of suitable tests to measure sublethal toxicity. Intoxication symptoms in bees with ChlorAnt are consistent with a mode of action on intracellular calcium release channels (ryanodine receptors, RyR) and plasma membrane voltage-gated calcium channels (CaV). A better coupling of in vitro and behavioral tests may help in more efficiently anticipating the intoxication symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aklesso Kadala
- INRA, UR406 Abeilles et Environnement, Toxicologie Environnementale, 84914, Avignon, France
- UMT PRADE, Protection des Abeilles dans l'Environnement, 84914, Avignon, France
| | - Mercédès Charreton
- INRA, UR406 Abeilles et Environnement, Toxicologie Environnementale, 84914, Avignon, France
- UMT PRADE, Protection des Abeilles dans l'Environnement, 84914, Avignon, France
| | - Pierre Charnet
- IBMM UMR CNRS 5247, Université de Montpellier, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Claude Collet
- INRA, UR406 Abeilles et Environnement, Toxicologie Environnementale, 84914, Avignon, France.
- UMT PRADE, Protection des Abeilles dans l'Environnement, 84914, Avignon, France.
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Fux JE, Mehta A, Moffat J, Spafford JD. Eukaryotic Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels: On Their Origins, Asymmetries, Losses, Diversification and Adaptations. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1406. [PMID: 30519187 PMCID: PMC6259924 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of voltage-gated, sodium-selective channels with rapid gating kinetics was a limiting factor in the evolution of nervous systems. Two rounds of domain duplications generated a common 24 transmembrane segment (4 × 6 TM) template that is shared amongst voltage-gated sodium (Nav1 and Nav2) and calcium channels (Cav1, Cav2, and Cav3) and leak channel (NALCN) plus homologs from yeast, different single-cell protists (heterokont and unikont) and algae (green and brown). A shared architecture in 4 × 6 TM channels include an asymmetrical arrangement of extended extracellular L5/L6 turrets containing a 4-0-2-2 pattern of cysteines, glycosylated residues, a universally short III-IV cytoplasmic linker and often a recognizable, C-terminal PDZ binding motif. Six intron splice junctions are conserved in the first domain, including a rare U12-type of the minor spliceosome provides support for a shared heritage for sodium and calcium channels, and a separate lineage for NALCN. The asymmetrically arranged pores of 4x6 TM channels allows for a changeable ion selectivity by means of a single lysine residue change in the high field strength site of the ion selectivity filter in Domains II or III. Multicellularity and the appearance of systems was an impetus for Nav1 channels to adapt to sodium ion selectivity and fast ion gating. A non-selective, and slowly gating Nav2 channel homolog in single cell eukaryotes, predate the diversification of Nav1 channels from a basal homolog in a common ancestor to extant cnidarians to the nine vertebrate Nav1.x channel genes plus Nax. A close kinship between Nav2 and Nav1 homologs is evident in the sharing of most (twenty) intron splice junctions. Different metazoan groups have lost their Nav1 channel genes altogether, while vertebrates rapidly expanded their gene numbers. The expansion in vertebrate Nav1 channel genes fills unique functional niches and generates overlapping properties contributing to redundancies. Specific nervous system adaptations include cytoplasmic linkers with phosphorylation sites and tethered elements to protein assemblies in First Initial Segments and nodes of Ranvier. Analogous accessory beta subunit appeared alongside Nav1 channels within different animal sub-phyla. Nav1 channels contribute to pace-making as persistent or resurgent currents, the former which is widespread across animals, while the latter is a likely vertebrate adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Fux
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Amrit Mehta
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jack Moffat
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - J David Spafford
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Carrazoni T, Nguyen C, Maciel LF, Delgado-Cañedo A, Stewart BA, Lange AB, Dal Belo CA, Carlini CR, Orchard I. Jack bean urease modulates neurotransmitter release at insect neuromuscular junctions. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 146:63-70. [PMID: 29626993 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants have developed a vast range of mechanisms to compete with phytophagous insects, including entomotoxic proteins such as ureases. The legume Canavalia ensiformis produces several urease isoforms, of which the more abundant is called Jack Bean Urease (JBU). Previews work has demonstrated the potential insecticidal effects of JBU, by mechanisms so far not entirely elucidated. In this work, we investigated the mechanisms involved in the JBU-induced activity upon neurotransmitter release on insect neuromuscular junctions. METHODS Electrophysiological recordings of nerve and muscle action potentials, and calcium imaging bioassays were employed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION JBU (0.28 mg/animal/day) in Locusta migratoria 2nd instar through feeding and injection did not induce lethality, although it did result in a reduction of 20% in the weight gain at the end of 168 h (n = 9, p ≤ 0.05). JBU (0.014 and 0.14 mg) injected direct into the locust hind leg induced a dose and time-dependent decrease in the amplitude of muscle action potentials, with a maximum decrease of 70% in the amplitude at the highest dose (n = 5, p ≤ 0.05). At the same doses JBU did not alter the amplitude of action potentials evoked from motor neurons. Using Drosophila 3rd instar larvae neuromuscular preparations, JBU (10-7 M) increased the occurrence of miniature Excitatory Junctional Potentials (mEJPs) in the presence of 1 mM CaCl2 (n = 5, p ≤ 0.05). In low calcium (0.4 mM) assays, JBU (10-7 M) was not able to modulate the occurrence of the events. In Ca2+-free conditions, with EGTA or CoCl2, JBU induced a significant decrease in the occurrence of mEPJs (n = 5, p ≤ 0.05). Injected into the 3rd abdominal ganglion of Nauphoeta cinerea cockroaches, JBU (1 μM) induced a significant increase in Ca2+ influx (n = 7, p ≤ 0.01), similar to that seen for high KCl (35 mM) condition. Taken together the results confirm a direct action of JBU upon insect neuromuscular junctions and possibly central synapses, probably by disrupting the calcium machinery in the pre-synaptic region of the neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Carrazoni
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Center of Biotechnology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Biology, Mississauga, ON, Canada; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande de Sul, Brain Institute, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Christine Nguyen
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Biology, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Lucas F Maciel
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Bryan A Stewart
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Biology, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Angela B Lange
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Biology, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | | | - Celia R Carlini
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Center of Biotechnology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande de Sul, Brain Institute, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ian Orchard
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Biology, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
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Honeybee locomotion is impaired by Am-Ca V3 low voltage-activated Ca 2+ channel antagonist. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41782. [PMID: 28145504 PMCID: PMC5286435 DOI: 10.1038/srep41782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels are key transducers of cellular excitability and participate in several crucial physiological responses. In vertebrates, 10 Ca2+ channel genes, grouped in 3 families (CaV1, CaV2 and CaV3), have been described and characterized. Insects possess only one member of each family. These genes have been isolated in a limited number of species and very few have been characterized although, in addition to their crucial role, they may represent a collateral target for neurotoxic insecticides. We have isolated the 3 genes coding for the 3 Ca2+ channels expressed in Apis mellifera. This work provides the first detailed characterization of the honeybee T-type CaV3 Ca2+ channel and demonstrates the low toxicity of inhibiting this channel. Comparing Ca2+ currents recorded in bee neurons and myocytes with Ca2+ currents recorded in Xenopus oocytes expressing the honeybee CaV3 gene suggests native expression in bee muscle cells only. High‐voltage activated Ca2+ channels could be recorded in the somata of different cultured bee neurons. These functional data were confirmed by in situ hybridization, immunolocalization and in vivo analysis of the effects of a CaV3 inhibitor. The biophysical and pharmacological characterization and the tissue distribution of CaV3 suggest a role in honeybee muscle function.
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Findsen A, Overgaard J, Pedersen TH. Reduced L-type Ca2+ current and compromised excitability induce loss of skeletal muscle function during acute cooling in locust. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:2340-8. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.137604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature causes most insects to enter a state of neuromuscular paralysis, termed chill coma. Susceptibility of insect species to enter chill coma is tightly correlated to the species distribution limits and for this reason it is important to understand the cellular processes that underlie chill coma. It is known that muscle function is markedly depressed at low temperature and this suggests that chill coma is partly caused by impairment in the muscle per se. To find the cellular mechanism(s) underlying muscle dysfunction at low temperature, we examined the effect of low temperature (5°C) on several events in the excitation-contraction-coupling in the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria). Intracellular membrane potential recordings during single nerve stimulations showed that 70% of fibers at 20°C produced an action potential (AP), while only 55% of the fibers were able to fire AP at 5°C. Reduced excitability at low temperature was caused by ∼80% drop in L-type Ca2+ current and a depolarizing shift in its activation of around 20 mV, which means that a larger endplate potential would be needed to activate the muscle AP at low temperature. In accordance we showed that intracellular Ca2+ transients were largely absent at low temperature following nerve stimulation. In contrast, maximum contractile force was unaffected by low temperature in chemically skinned muscle bundles which demonstrates that the function of the contractile filaments are preserved at low temperature. These findings demonstrate that reduced L-type Ca2+ current is likely the most important factor contributing to loss of muscle function at low temperature in locust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Findsen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, C.F Møllers Allé 3, Bldg. 1131, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Johannes Overgaard
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, C.F Møllers Allé 3, Bldg. 1131, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Thomas Holm Pedersen
- Department of Biomedicine – Danish Biomembrane Research Centre, Ole Worms Allé 3, bldg. 1160, Aarhus University, Denmark
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A Locomotor Deficit Induced by Sublethal Doses of Pyrethroid and Neonicotinoid Insecticides in the Honeybee Apis mellifera. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144879. [PMID: 26659095 PMCID: PMC4682844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of pesticides used in agriculture towards non-targeted organisms and especially pollinators has recently drawn the attention from a broad scientific community. Increased honeybee mortality observed worldwide certainly contributes to this interest. The potential role of several neurotoxic insecticides in triggering or potentiating honeybee mortality was considered, in particular phenylpyrazoles and neonicotinoids, given that they are widely used and highly toxic for insects. Along with their ability to kill insects at lethal doses, they can compromise survival at sublethal doses by producing subtle deleterious effects. In this study, we compared the bee's locomotor ability, which is crucial for many tasks within the hive (e.g. cleaning brood cells, feeding larvae…), before and after an acute sublethal exposure to one insecticide belonging to the two insecticide classes, fipronil and thiamethoxam. Additionally, we examined the locomotor ability after exposure to pyrethroids, an older chemical insecticide class still widely used and known to be highly toxic to bees as well. Our study focused on young bees (day 1 after emergence) since (i) few studies are available on locomotion at this stage and (ii) in recent years, pesticides have been reported to accumulate in different hive matrices, where young bees undergo their early development. At sublethal doses (SLD48h, i.e. causing no mortality at 48 h), three pyrethroids, namely cypermethrin (2.5 ng/bee), tetramethrin (70 ng/bee), tau-fluvalinate (33 ng/bee) and the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam (3.8 ng/bee) caused a locomotor deficit in honeybees. While the SLD48h of fipronil (a phenylpyrazole, 0.5 ng/bee) had no measurable effect on locomotion, we observed high mortality several days after exposure, an effect that was not observed with the other insecticides. Although locomotor deficits observed in the sublethal range of pyrethroids and thiamethoxam would suggest deleterious effects in the field, the case of fipronil demonstrates that toxicity evaluation requires information on multiple endpoints (e.g. long term survival) to fully address pesticides risks for honeybees. Pyrethroid-induced locomotor deficits are discussed in light of recent advances regarding their mode of action on honeybee ion channels and current structure-function studies.
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Abstract
Pollination is important for both agriculture and biodiversity. For a significant number of plants, this process is highly, and sometimes exclusively, dependent on the pollination activity of honeybees. The large numbers of honeybee colony losses reported in recent years have been attributed to colony collapse disorder. Various hypotheses, including pesticide overuse, have been suggested to explain the disorder. Using the Xenopus oocytes expression system and two microelectrode voltage-clamp, we report the functional expression and the molecular, biophysical, and pharmacological characterization of the western honeybee’s sodium channel (Apis Mellifera NaV1). The NaV1 channel is the primary target for pyrethroid insecticides in insect pests. We further report that the honeybee’s channel is also sensitive to permethrin and fenvalerate, respectively type I and type II pyrethroid insecticides. Molecular docking of these insecticides revealed a binding site that is similar to sites previously identified in other insects. We describe in vitro and in silico tools that can be used to test chemical compounds. Our findings could be used to assess the risks that current and next generation pesticides pose to honeybee populations.
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Abstract
Insecticides are chemicals used to kill insects, so it is unsurprising that many insecticides have the potential to harm honey bees (Apis mellifera). However, bees are exposed to a great variety of other potentially toxic chemicals, including flavonoids and alkaloids that are produced by plants; mycotoxins produced by fungi; antimicrobials and acaricides that are introduced by beekeepers; and fungicides, herbicides, and other environmental contaminants. Although often regarded as uniquely sensitive to toxic compounds, honey bees are adapted to tolerate and even thrive in the presence of toxic compounds that occur naturally in their environment. The harm caused by exposure to a particular concentration of a toxic compound may depend on the level of simultaneous exposure to other compounds, pathogen levels, nutritional status, and a host of other factors. This review takes a holistic view of bee toxicology by taking into account the spectrum of xenobiotics to which bees are exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed M Johnson
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691;
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Cens T, Rousset M, Collet C, Raymond V, Démares F, Quintavalle A, Bellis M, Le Conte Y, Chahine M, Charnet P. Characterization of the first honeybee Ca²⁺ channel subunit reveals two novel species- and splicing-specific modes of regulation of channel inactivation. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:985-96. [PMID: 23588376 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The honeybee is a model system to study learning and memory, and Ca(2+) signals play a key role in these processes. We have cloned, expressed, and characterized the first honeybee Ca(2+) channel subunit. We identified two splice variants of the Apis CaVβ Ca(2+) channel subunit (Am-CaVβ) and demonstrated expression in muscle and neurons. Although AmCaVβ shares with vertebrate CaVβ subunits the SH3 and GK domains, it beholds a unique N terminus that is alternatively spliced in the first exon to produce a long (a) and short (b) variant. When expressed with the CaV2 channels both, AmCaVβa and AmCaVβb, increase current amplitude, shift the voltage-sensitivity of the channel, and slow channel inactivation as the vertebrate CaVβ2a subunit does. However, as opposed to CaVβ2a, slow inactivation induced by Am-CaVβa was insensitive to palmitoylation but displayed a unique PI3K sensitivity. Inactivation produced by the b variant was PI3K-insensitive but staurosporine/H89-sensitive. Deletion of the first exon suppressed the sensitivity to PI3K inhibitors, staurosporine, or H89. Recording of Ba(2+) currents in Apis neurons or muscle cells evidenced a sensitivity to PI3K inhibitors and H89, suggesting that both AmCaVβ variants may be important to couple cell signaling to Ca(2+) entry in vivo. Functional interactions with phospho-inositide and identification of phosphorylation sites in AmCaVβa and AmCaVβb N termini, respectively, suggest that AmCaVβ splicing promoted two novel and alternative modes of regulation of channel activity with specific signaling pathways. This is the first description of a splicing-dependent kinase switch in the regulation of Ca(2+) channel activity by CaVβ subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Cens
- CRBM, UMR 5237, CNRS, Université de Montpellier I&II, Montpellier, France
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Kadala A, Charreton M, Jakob I, Le Conte Y, Collet C. A use-dependent sodium current modification induced by type I pyrethroid insecticides in honeybee antennal olfactory receptor neurons. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32:320-30. [PMID: 21377491 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We studied the mode of action of type I pyrethroids on the voltage-dependent sodium current from honeybee olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), whose proper function in antenna is crucial for interindividual communication in this species. Under voltage-clamp, tetramethrin and permethrin induce a long lasting TTX-sensitive tail current upon repolarization, which is the hallmark of an abnormal prolongation of the open channel configuration. Permethrin and tetramethrin also slow down the sodium current fast inactivation. Tetramethrin and permethrin both bind to the closed state of the channel as suggested by the presence of an obvious tail current after the first single depolarization applied in the presence of either compounds. Moreover, at first sight, channel opening seems to promote tetramethrin and permethrin binding as evidenced by the progressive tail current summation along with trains of stimulations, tetramethrin being more potent at modifying channels than permethrin. However, a use-dependent increase in the sodium peak current along with stimulations suggests that the tail current accumulation could also be a consequence of progressively unmasked silent channels. Experiments with the sea anemone toxin ATX-II that suppresses sodium channels fast inactivation are consistent with the hypothesis that these silent channels are either in an inactivated state at rest, or that they normally inactivate before they open so that they do not participate to the control sodium current. In honeybee ORNs, three processes lead to a use-dependent pyrethroid-induced tail current accumulation: (i) a recruitment of silent channels that produces an increase in the peak sodium current, (ii) a slowing down of the sodium current inactivation produced by prolongation of channels opening and (iii) a typical deceleration in current deactivation. The use-dependent recruitment of silent sodium channels in honeybee ORNs makes pyrethroids more potent at modifying neuronal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aklesso Kadala
- INRA, UMR406 Abeilles et Environnement, F-84000 Avignon, France
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MacMillan HA, Sinclair BJ. The role of the gut in insect chilling injury: cold-induced disruption of osmoregulation in the fall field cricket, Gryllus pennsylvanicus. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:726-34. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.051540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY
To predict the effects of changing climates on insect distribution and abundance, a clear understanding of the mechanisms that underlie critical thermal limits is required. In insects, the loss of muscle function and onset of cold-induced injury has previously been correlated with a loss of muscle resting potential. To determine the cause of this loss of function, we measured the effects of cold exposure on ion and water homeostasis in muscle tissue, hemolymph and the alimentary canal of the fall field cricket, Gryllus pennsylvanicus, during an exposure to 0°C that caused chilling injury and death. Low temperature exposure had little effect on muscle osmotic balance but it dissipated muscle ion equilibrium potentials through interactions between the hemolymph and gut. Hemolymph volume declined by 84% during cold exposure whereas gut water content rose in a comparable manner. This rise in water content was driven by a failure to maintain osmotic equilibrium across the gut wall, which resulted in considerable migration of Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ into the alimentary canal during cold exposure. This loss of homeostasis is likely to be a primary mechanism driving the cold-induced loss of muscle excitability and progression of chilling injury in chill-susceptible insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath A. MacMillan
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Brent J. Sinclair
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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Macmillan HA, Sinclair BJ. Mechanisms underlying insect chill-coma. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:12-20. [PMID: 20969872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
At their critical thermal minimum (CT(min)) insects enter chill-coma, a reversible state where neuromuscular transmission and movement cease. The physiological mechanisms responsible for the insect CT(min) remain poorly understood despite the regular use of chill-coma onset and recovery as a means to assess evolved or acquired variation in low temperature tolerance. In this review, we summarize the use of chill-coma as a metric of thermal tolerance to date, and synthesise current knowledge on the nature and plasticity of lower thermal limits to present probable physiological mechanisms of cold-induced failure. Chill-coma is likely to be driven by an inability to maintain ionic homeostasis through the effects of temperature on ion-motive ATPases, ion channel gating mechanisms, and/or the lipid membrane, leading to a loss of nerve and muscle excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath A Macmillan
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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Collet C. Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle fibers from adult domestic honeybee. Pflugers Arch 2009; 458:601-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-009-0642-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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