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Laeta M, Oliveira JA, Siciliano S, Lambert O, Jensen FH, Galatius A. Cranial asymmetry in odontocetes: a facilitator of sonic exploration? ZOOLOGY 2023; 160:126108. [PMID: 37633185 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2023.126108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Directional cranial asymmetry is an intriguing condition that has evolved in all odontocetes which has mostly been associated with sound production for echolocation. In this study, we investigated how cranial asymmetry varies across odontocete species both in terms of quality (i.e., shape), and quantity (magnitude of deviation from symmetry). We investigated 72 species across all ten families of Odontoceti using two-dimensional geometric morphometrics. The average asymmetric shape was largely consistent across odontocetes - the rostral tip, maxillae, antorbital notches and braincase, as well as the suture crest between the frontal and interparietal bones were displaced to the right, whereas the nasal septum and premaxillae showed leftward shifts, in concert with an enlargement of the right premaxilla and maxilla. A clear phylogenetic signal related to asymmetric shape variation was identified across odontocetes using squared-change parsimony. The magnitude of asymmetry was widely variable across Odontoceti, with greatest asymmetry in Kogiidae, Monodontidae and Globicephalinae, followed by Physeteridae, Platanistidae and Lipotidae, while the asymmetry was lowest in Lissodelphininae, Phocoenidae, Iniidae and Pontoporiidae. Ziphiidae presented a wide spectrum of asymmetry. Generalized linear models explaining magnitude of asymmetry found associations with click source level while accounting for cranial size. Using phylogenetic generalized least squares, we reconfirm that source level and centroid size significantly predict the level of cranial asymmetry, with more asymmetric marine taxa generally consisting of bigger species emitting higher output sonar signal, i.e. louder sounds. Both characteristics theoretically support foraging at depth, the former by allowing extended diving and the latter being adaptive for prey detection at longer distances. Thus, cranial asymmetry seems to be an evolutionary pathway that allows odontocetes to devote more space for sound-generating structures associated with echolocation and thus increases biosonar search range and foraging efficiency beyond simple phylogenetic scaling predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Laeta
- Setor de Mastozoologia, Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 20941-160 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - João A Oliveira
- Setor de Mastozoologia, Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 20941-160 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Salvatore Siciliano
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca/Fiocruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Marinhos da Região dos Lagos (GEMM-Lagos), Rua São José, 1.260, Praia Seca, 28970-000 Araruama, RJ, Brazil
| | - Olivier Lambert
- D.O. Terre et Histoire de la Vie, Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frants H Jensen
- Section for Marine Mammal Research, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd, MA 02543, USA; Biology Department, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Anders Galatius
- Section for Marine Mammal Research, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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2
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Macaulay JDJ, Rojano-Doñate L, Ladegaard M, Tougaard J, Teilmann J, Marques TA, Siebert U, Madsen PT. Implications of porpoise echolocation and dive behaviour on passive acoustic monitoring. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 154:1982-1995. [PMID: 37782119 DOI: 10.1121/10.0021163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Harbour porpoises are visually inconspicuous but highly soniferous echolocating marine predators that are regularly studied using passive acoustic monitoring (PAM). PAM can provide quality data on animal abundance, human impact, habitat use, and behaviour. The probability of detecting porpoise clicks within a given area (P̂) is a key metric when interpreting PAM data. Estimates of P̂ can be used to determine the number of clicks per porpoise encounter that may have been missed on a PAM device, which, in turn, allows for the calculation of abundance and ideally non-biased comparison of acoustic data between habitats and time periods. However, P̂ is influenced by several factors, including the behaviour of the vocalising animal. Here, the common implicit assumption that changes in animal behaviour have a negligible effect on P̂ between different monitoring stations or across time is tested. Using a simulation-based approach informed by acoustic biologging data from 22 tagged harbour porpoises, it is demonstrated that porpoise behavioural states can have significant (up to 3× difference) effects on P̂. Consequently, the behavioural state of the animals must be considered in analysis of animal abundance to avoid substantial over- or underestimation of the true abundance, habitat use, or effects of human disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Donald John Macaulay
- Department of Biology-Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 3, building 1131, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Laia Rojano-Doñate
- Department of Biology-Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 3, building 1131, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michael Ladegaard
- Department of Biology-Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 3, building 1131, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jakob Tougaard
- Department of Ecoscience-Marine Mammal Research, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jonas Teilmann
- Department of Ecoscience-Marine Mammal Research, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Tiago A Marques
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Department of Ecoscience-Marine Mammal Research, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Peter Teglberg Madsen
- Department of Biology-Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 3, building 1131, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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3
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Wei C, Houser D, Erbe C, Mátrai E, Ketten DR, Finneran JJ. Does rotation increase the acoustic field of view? Comparative models based on CT data of a live dolphin versus a dead dolphin. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 18:035006. [PMID: 36917857 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/acc43d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rotational behaviour has been observed when dolphins track or detect targets, however, its role in echolocation is unknown. We used computed tomography data of one live and one recently deceased bottlenose dolphin, together with measurements of the acoustic properties of head tissues, to perform acoustic property reconstruction. The anatomical configuration and acoustic properties of the main forehead structures between the live and deceased dolphins were compared. Finite element analysis (FEA) was applied to simulate the generation and propagation of echolocation clicks, to compute their waveforms and spectra in both near- and far-fields, and to derive echolocation beam patterns. Modelling results from both the live and deceased dolphins were in good agreement with click recordings from other, live, echolocating individuals. FEA was also used to estimate the acoustic scene experienced by a dolphin rotating 180° about its longitudinal axis to detect fish in the far-field at elevation angles of -20° to 20°. The results suggest that the rotational behaviour provides a wider insonification area and a wider receiving area. Thus, it may provide compensation for the dolphin's relatively narrow biosonar beam, asymmetries in sound reception, and constraints on the pointing direction that are limited by head movement. The results also have implications for examining the accuracy of FEA in acoustic simulations using recently deceased specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wei
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Dorian Houser
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, #200, San Diego, CA 92106, United States of America
| | - Christine Erbe
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Eszter Mátrai
- Research Department, Ocean Park, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Darlene R Ketten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - James J Finneran
- United States Navy Marine Mammal Program, Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific Code 56710, 53560 Hull Street, San Diego, CA 92152, United States of America
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4
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Amano M, Kawano Y, Kubo T, Kuwahara T, Kobayashi H. Population-level laterality in foraging finless porpoises. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21164. [PMID: 34707173 PMCID: PMC8551196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Laterality has been reported in many vertebrates, and asymmetrical cerebral hemisphere function has been hypothesized to cause a left-bias in social behavior and a right-bias in feeding behavior. In this paper, we provide the first report of behavioral laterality in free-ranging finless porpoises, which seems to support the aforementioned hypothesis. We observed the turning behavior of finless porpoises in Omura Bay, Japan, using land-based and unmanned aerial system observations. We found a strong tendency in finless porpoises to turn counterclockwise with their right side down when pursuing and catching fish at the surface of the water. Our results suggest that this population of finless porpoises shows consistent right-biased laterality. Right-biased laterality has been observed in various foraging cetaceans and is usually explained by the dominance of the right eye-left cerebral hemisphere in prey recognition; however, right-biased laterality in foraging cetaceans may have multiple causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Amano
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Yudai Kawano
- Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Taketo Kubo
- Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kuwahara
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Hayao Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.,Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
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5
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Smith AB, Madsen PT, Johnson M, Tyack P, Wahlberg M. Toothed whale auditory brainstem responses measured with a non-invasive, on-animal tag. JASA EXPRESS LETTERS 2021; 1:091201. [PMID: 36154211 DOI: 10.1121/10.0006454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Empirical measurements of odontocete hearing are limited to captive individuals, constituting a fraction of species across the suborder. Data from more species could be available if such measurements were collected from unrestrained animals in the wild. This study investigated whether electrophysiological hearing data could be recorded from a trained harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) using a non-invasive, animal-attached tag. The results demonstrate that auditory brainstem responses to external and self-generated stimuli can be measured from a stationary odontocete using an animal-attached recorder. With additional development, tag-based electrophysiological platforms may facilitate the collection of hearing data from freely swimming odontocetes in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Smith
- Marine Research Centre, University of Southern Denmark, 5300 Kerteminde, Denmark
| | - Peter T Madsen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mark Johnson
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Tyack
- Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, KY16 8LB St. Andrews, United Kingdom , , , ,
| | - Magnus Wahlberg
- Marine Research Centre, University of Southern Denmark, 5300 Kerteminde, Denmark
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6
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Wei C, Hoffmann-Kuhnt M, Au WWL, Ho AZH, Matrai E, Feng W, Ketten DR, Zhang Y. Possible limitations of dolphin echolocation: a simulation study based on a cross-modal matching experiment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6689. [PMID: 33758216 PMCID: PMC7988039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dolphins use their biosonar to discriminate objects with different features through the returning echoes. Cross-modal matching experiments were conducted with a resident bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus). Four types of objects composed of different materials (water-filled PVC pipes, air-filled PVC pipes, foam ball arrays, and PVC pipes wrapped in closed-cell foam) were used in the experiments, respectively. The size and position of the objects remained the same in each case. The data collected in the experiment showed that the dolphin’s matching accuracy was significantly different across the cases. To gain insight into the underlying mechanism in the experiments, we used finite element methods to construct two-dimensional target detection models of an echolocating dolphin in the vertical plane, based on computed tomography scan data. The acoustic processes of the click’s interaction with the objects and the surrounding media in the four cases were simulated and compared. The simulation results provide some possible explanations for why the dolphin performed differently when discriminating the objects that only differed in material composition in the previous matching experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wei
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
| | - Matthias Hoffmann-Kuhnt
- Acoustic Research Laboratory, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119227, Singapore.
| | - Whitlow W L Au
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, HI, 96744, USA
| | - Abel Zhong Hao Ho
- Acoustic Research Laboratory, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119227, Singapore
| | - Eszter Matrai
- Research Department, Ocean Park Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Wen Feng
- School of Information Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Darlene R Ketten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiangan South Road, Xiamen, 361100, People's Republic of China.,College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiangan South Road, Xiamen, 361100, People's Republic of China
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7
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Laeta M, Ruenes GF, Siciliano S, Oliveira JA, Galatius A. Variation in cranial asymmetry among the Delphinoidea. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The remarkable directional cranial asymmetry of odontocete skulls has been proposed to be related to sound production. We investigated the variation in quality and quantity of cranial asymmetry in the superfamily Delphinoidea using geometric morphometrics and then investigated the relationship between asymmetry and aspects of sound production. In the average asymmetric shape, the dorsal aspect of the skull outline and interparietal suture crest were displaced to the right, while the nasal septum, nasal bones and right premaxilla were displaced to the left. The nasal bone, premaxilla and maxilla were all larger on the right side. Three delphinoid families presented similar expressions of asymmetry; however, the magnitude of the asymmetry varied. The Monodontidae showed the greatest magnitude of asymmetry, whereas the Phocoenidae were much less asymmetric. The most speciose family, the Delphinidae, presented a wide spectrum of asymmetry, with globicephalines and lissodelphinines among the most and least asymmetric species, respectively. Generalized linear models explaining the magnitude of asymmetry with characteristics of echolocation clicks, habitat use and size revealed associations with source level, dive depth and centroid size. This supports a relationship between asymmetry and sound production, with more asymmetric species emitting louder sounds. For example, louder clicks would be beneficial for prey detection at longer ranges in deeper waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Laeta
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Setor de Mastozoologia, Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Marinhos da Região dos Lagos, Praia Seca, Araruama, RJ, Brazil
| | - Greicy F Ruenes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense “Darcy Ribeiro”, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Mamíferos, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
| | - Salvatore Siciliano
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Marinhos da Região dos Lagos, Praia Seca, Araruama, RJ, Brazil
| | - João A Oliveira
- Setor de Mastozoologia, Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anders Galatius
- Marine Mammal Research, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
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8
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Kuroda M, Miki N, Matsuishi TF. Determinants of echolocation click frequency characteristics in small toothed whales: recent advances from anatomical information. Mamm Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Kuroda
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences Hokkaido University 3‐1‐1 Minato‐cho Hakodate Hokkaido041‐8611Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Miki
- Future University Hakodate 116‐2 Kamedanakano‐cho Hakodate Hokkaido041‐8655Japan
| | - Takashi Fritz Matsuishi
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences Hokkaido University 3‐1‐1 Minato‐cho Hakodate Hokkaido041‐8611Japan
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9
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Ames AE, Beedholm K, Madsen PT. Lateralized sound production in the beluga whale ( Delphinapterus leucas). J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb226316. [PMID: 32665444 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.226316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Like other toothed whales, belugas produce sound through pneumatic actuation of two phonic lip pairs, but it is unclear whether both pairs are actuated concurrently to generate a single sound (the dual actuation hypothesis) or laterally in the production of their rich vocal repertoires. Here, using suction cup hydrophones on the head of a trained beluga whale, we measured seven different communication signal types and echolocation clicks in order to test the hypothesis that belugas produce distinct sounds unilaterally. We show that, like other delphinoids, belugas produce echolocation clicks with the right phonic lips and tonal sounds from the left. We also demonstrate for the first time that the left phonic lips are responsible for generating communication signals other than tonal sounds. Thus, our findings provide empirical support for functionalized laterality in delphinoid sound production, in keeping with the functional laterality hypothesis of vocal-motor control in toothed whales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audra E Ames
- Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, 46013 Valencia, Spain
| | - Kristian Beedholm
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter T Madsen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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10
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Macaulay JDJ, Malinka CE, Gillespie D, Madsen PT. High resolution three-dimensional beam radiation pattern of harbour porpoise clicks with implications for passive acoustic monitoring. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 147:4175. [PMID: 32611133 DOI: 10.1121/10.0001376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The source properties and radiation patterns of animal vocalisations define, along with propagation and noise conditions, the active space in which these vocalisations can be detected by conspecifics, predators, prey, and by passive acoustic monitoring (PAM). This study reports the 4π (360° horizontal and vertical) beam profile of a free-swimming, trained harbour porpoise measured using a 27-element hydrophone array. The forward echolocation beam is highly directional, as predicted by a piston model, and is consistent with previous measurements. However, at off-axis angles greater than ±30°, the beam attenuates more rapidly than the piston model and no side lobes are present. A diffuse back beam is also present with levels about -30 dB relative to the source level. In PAM, up to 50% of detections can be from portions of the beam profile with distorted click spectra, although this drops substantially for higher detection thresholds. Simulations of the probability of acoustically detecting a harbour porpoise show that a traditional piston model can underestimate the probability of detection compared to the actual three-dimensional radiation pattern documented here. This highlights the importance of empirical 4π measurements of beam profiles of toothed whales, both to improve understanding of toothed whale biology and to inform PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie D J Macaulay
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of Saint Andrews, East Sands, Saint Andrews, Fife, KY16 9LB, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe E Malinka
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Douglas Gillespie
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of Saint Andrews, East Sands, Saint Andrews, Fife, KY16 9LB, United Kingdom
| | - Peter T Madsen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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11
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Wei C, Au WWL, Ketten DR. Modeling of the near to far acoustic fields of an echolocating bottlenose dolphin and harbor porpoise. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 147:1790. [PMID: 32237856 DOI: 10.1121/10.0000918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Echolocation signals emitted by odontocetes can be roughly classified into three broad categories: broadband echolocation signals, narrowband high-frequency echolocation signals, and frequency modulated clicks. Previous measurements of broadband echolocation signal propagation in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) did not find any evidence of focusing as the signals travel from the near-field to far-field. Finite element analysis (FEA) of high-resolution computed tomography scan data was used to examine signal propagation of broadband echolocation signals of dolphins and narrowband echolocation signals of porpoises. The FEA results were used to simulate the propagation of clicks from phonic lips, traveling through the forehead, and finally transmission into the water. Biosonar beam formation in the near-field and far-field, including the amplitude contours for the two species, was determined. The finite element model result for the simulated amplitude contour in the horizontal plane was consistent with prior direct measurement results for Tursiops, validating the model. Furthermore, the simulated far-field transmission beam patterns in both the vertical and horizontal planes were also qualitatively consistent with results measured from live animals. This study indicates that there is no evidence of convergence for either Tursiops or Phocoena as the sound propagates from the near-field to the far-field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wei
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Whitlow W L Au
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA
| | - Darlene R Ketten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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12
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Orbach DN, Brennan PLR, Hedrick BP, Keener W, Webber MA, Mesnick SL. Asymmetric and Spiraled Genitalia Coevolve with Unique Lateralized Mating Behavior. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3257. [PMID: 32094449 PMCID: PMC7039966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60287-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric genitalia and lateralized mating behaviors occur in several taxa, yet whether asymmetric morphology in one sex correlates or coevolves with lateralized mating behavior in the other sex remains largely unexplored. While lateralized mating behaviors are taxonomically widespread, among mammals they are only known in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Males attempt copulation by approaching a female exclusively on her left side. To understand if this unusual lateralized behavior may have coevolved with genital morphology, we quantified the shape of female and male harbor porpoise reproductive tracts using 2D geometric morphometrics and 3D models of the vaginal lumen and inflated distal penis. We found that the vaginas varied individually in shape and that the vaginas demonstrated both significant directional and fluctuating asymmetry. This asymmetry resulted from complex 3D spirals and vaginal folds with deep recesses, which may curtail the depth or direction of penile penetration and/or semen movement. The asymmetric shapes of the vaginal lumen and penis tip were both left-canted with similar angular bends that mirrored one another and correspond with the left lateral mating approach. We suggest that the reproductive anatomy of both sexes and their lateral mating behavior coevolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara N Orbach
- Texas A&M University- Corpus Christi, Department of Life Sciences, 6300 Ocean Dr., Corpus Christi, Texas, 78412, USA. .,Mount Holyoke College, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 College Street, South Hadley, Massachusetts, 01075, USA.
| | - Patricia L R Brennan
- Mount Holyoke College, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 College Street, South Hadley, Massachusetts, 01075, USA
| | - Brandon P Hedrick
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.,University of Oxford, Department of Earth Sciences, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK
| | - William Keener
- The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, California, 94965, USA
| | - Marc A Webber
- The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, California, 94965, USA
| | - Sarah L Mesnick
- Marine Mammal and Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
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13
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Starkhammar J, Reinhold I, Moore PW, Houser DS, Sandsten M. Detailed analysis of two detected overlaying transient components within the echolocation beam of a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 145:2138. [PMID: 31046343 DOI: 10.1121/1.5096640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dolphin echolocation clicks measured far off-axis contain two time-separated components. Whether these components overlap and appear as a single signal on axis has received little attention. Here, the scaled reassigned spectrogram analysis was used to examine if bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) clicks measured near- or on-axis of the echolocation beam contained overlapping components. Across click trains, the number of overlapping components spatially varied within the echolocation beam. Two overlapping components were found to predominantly occur in the upper portion of the beam, whereas the lower portion of the beam predominantly contained a single component. When components overlapped, the trailing component generally had a higher center frequency and arrived less than 5 μs after the leading component. The spatial relationship of components was consistent with previous findings of two vertically distinct beam lobes with separated frequency content. The two components in the upper portion of the beam possibly result from a single transient click propagating through a geometrically dispersive media; specifically, the slower sound speed of the dolphin melon's core slightly delays the more directional, high frequency energy of the click, whereas the less directional, lower frequency energy propagates through more peripheral but higher sound speed portions of the melon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabella Reinhold
- Mathematical Statistics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrick W Moore
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California 92106, USA
| | - Dorian S Houser
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California 92106, USA
| | - Maria Sandsten
- Mathematical Statistics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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14
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Ladegaard M, Madsen PT. Context-dependent biosonar adjustments during active target approaches in echolocating harbour porpoises. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.206169. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.206169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Echolocating mammals generally target individual prey items by transitioning through the biosonar phases of search (slow-rate, high-amplitude outputs), approach (gradually increasing rate and decreasing output amplitude) and buzzing (high-rate, low-amplitude outputs). The range to the main target of interest is often considered the key or sole driver of such biosonar adjustments of acoustic gaze. However, the actively-generated auditory scene of an echolocator is invariably comprised of a large number of other reflectors and noise sources that likely also impact the biosonar strategies and source parameters implemented by an echolocating animal in time and space. In toothed whales the importance of context on biosonar adjustments is largely unknown. To address this, we trained two harbour porpoises to actively approach the same sound recording target over the same approach distance in two highly different environments; a PVC-lined pool and a semi-natural net pen in a harbour, while blind-folded and wearing a sound recording tag (DTAG-4). We show that the approaching porpoises used considerably shorter interclick intervals (ICI) in the pool than in the net pen, except during the buzz phase where slightly longer ICIs were used in the pool. We further show that average click source levels were 4-7 dB higher in the net pen. Because of the very low-level in-band ambient noise in both environments, we posit that the porpoises adapted their echolocation strategy to the different reverberation levels between the two settings. We demonstrate that harbour porpoises use different echolocation strategies and biosonar parameters in two different environments for solving an otherwise identical target approach task and thus highlight that biosonar adjustments are both range and context-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ladegaard
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Teglberg Madsen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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15
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Jensen FH, Johnson M, Ladegaard M, Wisniewska DM, Madsen PT. Narrow Acoustic Field of View Drives Frequency Scaling in Toothed Whale Biosonar. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3878-3885.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) sonar slacks off before touching a non-alimentary target. Behav Processes 2018; 157:337-345. [PMID: 30059762 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Odontocetes modulate the rhythm of their echolocation clicks to draw information about their environment. When they approach preys to capture, they speed up their emissions to increase the sampling rate of "distant touch" and improve information update. This global acceleration turns into a "terminal buzz" also described in bats, which is a click train with drastic increase in rate, just as reaching the prey. This study documents and analyses under human care bottlenose dolphins' echolocation activity, when approaching non-alimentary targets. Four dolphins' locomotor and clicking behaviours were recorded during training sessions, when sent to immersed objects pointed by their trainers. Results illustrate that these dolphins profusely use echolocation towards immersed non-alimentary objects. They accelerate click emission when approaching the target, thus displaying a classical terminal buzz. However, their terminal buzz slackens off within a quarter of second before the end of click train. Typically, they decelerate to stop clicking just before they touch the object using their rostrum lower tip. They do not emit clicks as the contact lasts. In conclusion, when exploring inert objects, bottlenose dolphins under human accelerate clicking like other odontocetes or bats approaching preys. Bottlenose dolphins' particular slackening-off profile at the end of the buzz shows that they anticipate the moment of direct contact, and they stop just as real touch relays distant touch of the object.
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17
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Sørensen PM, Wisniewska DM, Jensen FH, Johnson M, Teilmann J, Madsen PT. Click communication in wild harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Sci Rep 2018; 8:9702. [PMID: 29946073 PMCID: PMC6018799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Social delphinids employ a vocal repertoire of clicks for echolocation and whistles for communication. Conversely, the less social and acoustically cryptic harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) only produce narrow-band high-frequency (NBHF) clicks with properties that appear poorly suited for communication. Nevertheless, these small odontocetes likely mediate social interactions, such as mate choice and mother-calf contact, with sound. Here, we deployed six tags (DTAG3) on wild porpoises in Danish waters for a total of 96 hours to investigate if the patterns and use of stereotyped NBHF click trains are consistent with a communication function. We show that wild porpoises produce frequent (up to 27 • min-1), high-repetition rate click series with repetition rates and output levels different from those of foraging buzzes. These sounds are produced in bouts and frequently co-occur with emission of similar sounds by nearby conspecifics, audible on the tags for >10% of the time. These results suggest that social interactions are more important to this species than their limited social encounters at the surface may indicate and that these interactions are mediated by at least two broad categories of calls composed of short, high-repetition rate click trains that may encode information via the repetition rate of their stereotyped NBHF clicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Sørensen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Moellers Allé 3, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - D M Wisniewska
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Moellers Allé 3, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Ocean View Blvd, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA
| | - F H Jensen
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, DK, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6b, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - M Johnson
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Moellers Allé 3, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, United Kingdom
| | - J Teilmann
- Marine Mammal Research, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - P T Madsen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Moellers Allé 3, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, DK, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6b, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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18
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Wei C, Au WWL, Ketten DR, Zhang Y. Finite element simulation of broadband biosonar signal propagation in the near- and far-field of an echolocating Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 143:2611. [PMID: 29857761 DOI: 10.1121/1.5034464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bottlenose dolphins project broadband echolocation signals for detecting and locating prey and predators, and for spatial orientation. There are many unknowns concerning the specifics of biosonar signal production and propagation in the head of dolphins and this manuscript represents an effort to address this topic. A two-dimensional finite element model was constructed using high resolution CT scan data. The model simulated the acoustic processes in the vertical plane of the biosonar signal emitted from the phonic lips and propagated into the water through the animal's head. The acoustic field on the animal's forehead and the farfield transmission beam pattern of the echolocating dolphin were determined. The simulation results and prior acoustic measurements were qualitatively extremely consistent. The role of the main structures on the sound propagation pathway such as the air sacs, melon, and connective tissue was investigated. Furthermore, an investigation of the driving force at the phonic lips for dolphins that emit broadband echolocation signals and porpoises that emit narrowband echolocation signals suggested that the driving force is different for the two types of biosonar. Finally, the results provide a visual understanding of the sound transmission in dolphin's biosonar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wei
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA
| | - Whitlow W L Au
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA
| | - Darlene R Ketten
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Zengcuoan West Road, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
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19
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Finneran JJ, Mulsow J, Jones R, Houser DS, Accomando AW, Ridgway SH. Non-auditory, electrophysiological potentials preceding dolphin biosonar click production. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2018; 204:271-283. [PMID: 29222726 PMCID: PMC5816092 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-017-1234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The auditory brainstem response to a dolphin’s own emitted biosonar click can be measured by averaging epochs of the instantaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) that are time-locked to the emitted click. In this study, averaged EEGs were measured using surface electrodes placed on the head in six different configurations while dolphins performed an echolocation task. Simultaneously, biosonar click emissions were measured using contact hydrophones on the melon and a hydrophone in the farfield. The averaged EEGs revealed an electrophysiological potential (the pre-auditory wave, PAW) that preceded the production of each biosonar click. The largest PAW amplitudes occurred with the non-inverting electrode just right of the midline—the apparent side of biosonar click generation—and posterior of the blowhole. Although the source of the PAW is unknown, the temporal and spatial properties rule out an auditory source. The PAW may be a neural or myogenic potential associated with click production; however, it is not known if muscles within the dolphin nasal system can be actuated at the high rates reported for dolphin click production, or if sufficiently coordinated and fast motor endplates of nasal muscles exist to produce a PAW detectable with surface electrodes.
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20
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Arribart M, Ognard J, Tavernier C, Richaudeau Y, Guintard C, Dabin W, Ben Salem D, Jung JL. Comparative anatomical study of sound production and reception systems in the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) heads. Anat Histol Embryol 2018; 47:3-10. [PMID: 29052248 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans were used to analyse, respectively, the soft tissues and the bones of the heads of four common dolphins and three harbour porpoises. This imaging study was completed by an examination of anatomical sections performed on two odontocete heads (a subadult common dolphin and a subadult harbour porpoise). The three complementary approaches allowed to illustrate anatomical differences in the echolocation systems of the common dolphin and the harbour porpoise. We captured images confirming strong differences of symmetry of the melon and of its connexions to the MLDB (Monkeys Lips/Dorsal Bursae) between the common dolphin and the harbour porpoise. The melon of the common dolphin is asymmetrically directly connected to the right bursae cantantes at its right side, whereas the melon of the harbour porpoise is symmetrical, and separated from the two bursae cantantes by a set of connective tissues. Another striking difference comes from the bursae cantantes themselves, less deeply located in the head of the common dolphin than in the harbour porpoise.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arribart
- Service d'anatomie comparée, École Nationale Vétérinaire ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - J Ognard
- Service d'Imagerie Forensique, CHRU Brest, LaTIM, INSERM U 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
| | | | | | - C Guintard
- Service d'anatomie comparée, École Nationale Vétérinaire ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - W Dabin
- Observatoire PELAGIS, UMS 3462, CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
| | - D Ben Salem
- Service d'Imagerie Forensique, CHRU Brest, LaTIM, INSERM U 1101, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
| | - J-L Jung
- Laboratoire BioGeMME, Université de Bretagne Occidentale et Université Bretagne Loire, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Brest, France
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21
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Wright AK, Theilmann RJ, Ridgway SH, Scadeng M. Diffusion tractography reveals pervasive asymmetry of cerebral white matter tracts in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:1697-1711. [PMID: 29189908 PMCID: PMC5884918 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1525-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain enlargement is associated with concomitant growth of interneuronal distance, increased conduction time, and reduced neuronal interconnectivity. Recognition of these functional constraints led to the hypothesis that large-brained mammals should exhibit greater structural and functional brain lateralization. As a taxon with the largest brains in the animal kingdom, Cetacea provides a unique opportunity to examine asymmetries of brain structure and function. In the present study, diffusion tensor imaging and tractography were used to investigate cerebral white matter asymmetry in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Widespread white matter asymmetries were observed with the preponderance of tracts exhibiting leftward structural asymmetries. Leftward lateralization may reflect differential processing and execution of behaviorally variant sensory and motor functions by the cerebral hemispheres. The arcuate fasciculus, an association tract linked to human language evolution, was isolated and exhibited rightward asymmetry suggesting a right hemisphere bias for conspecific communication unlike that of most mammals. This study represents the first examination of cetacean white matter asymmetry and constitutes an important step toward understanding potential drivers of structural asymmetry and its role in underpinning functional and behavioral lateralization in cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Wright
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Rebecca J Theilmann
- Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sam H Ridgway
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92106, USA
| | - Miriam Scadeng
- Center for Functional MRI, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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22
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Wright AJ, Akamatsu T, Mouritsen KN, Sveegaard S, Dietz R, Teilmann J. Silent porpoise: potential sleeping behaviour identified in wild harbour porpoises. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Sayigh LS, Wells RS, Janik VM. What's in a voice? Dolphins do not use voice cues for individual recognition. Anim Cogn 2017; 20:1067-1079. [PMID: 28791513 PMCID: PMC5640738 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-017-1123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Most mammals can accomplish acoustic recognition of other individuals by means of “voice cues,” whereby characteristics of the vocal tract render vocalizations of an individual uniquely identifiable. However, sound production in dolphins takes place in gas-filled nasal sacs that are affected by pressure changes, potentially resulting in a lack of reliable voice cues. It is well known that bottlenose dolphins learn to produce individually distinctive signature whistles for individual recognition, but it is not known whether they may also use voice cues. To investigate this question, we played back non-signature whistles to wild dolphins during brief capture-release events in Sarasota Bay, Florida. We hypothesized that non-signature whistles, which have varied contours that can be shared among individuals, would be recognizable to dolphins only if they contained voice cues. Following established methodology used in two previous sets of playback experiments, we found that dolphins did not respond differentially to non-signature whistles of close relatives versus known unrelated individuals. In contrast, our previous studies showed that in an identical context, dolphins reacted strongly to hearing the signature whistle or even a synthetic version of the signature whistle of a close relative. Thus, we conclude that dolphins likely do not use voice cues to identify individuals. The low reliability of voice cues and the need for individual recognition were likely strong selective forces in the evolution of vocal learning in dolphins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laela S Sayigh
- School of Cognitive Science, Hampshire College, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA. .,Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| | - Randall S Wells
- Chicago Zoological Society's Sarasota Dolphin Research Program, c/o Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Vincent M Janik
- Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
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24
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Fang L, Wu Y, Wang K, Pine MK, Wang D, Li S. The echolocation transmission beam of free-ranging Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 142:771. [PMID: 28863578 PMCID: PMC5552390 DOI: 10.1121/1.4996499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
While the transmission beam of odontocetes has been described in a number of studies, the majority of them that have measured the transmission beam in two dimensions were focused on captive animals. Within the current study, a dedicated cross hydrophone array with nine elements was used to investigate the echolocation transmission beam of free-ranging Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins. A total of 265 on-axis clicks were analyzed, from which the apparent peak to peak source levels ranged between 168 to 207 dB (mean 184.5 dB ± 6.6 dB). The 3-dB beam width along the horizontal and vertical plane was 9.6° and 7.4°, respectively. Measured separately, the directivity index of the horizontal and vertical plane was 12.6 and 13.5 dB, respectively, and the overall directivity index (both planes combined) was 29.5 dB. The beam shape was slightly asymmetrical along the horizontal and vertical axis. Compared to other species, the characteristics of the transmitting beam of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins were relatively close to the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), likely due to the similarity in the peak frequency and waveform of echolocation clicks and comparable body sizes of the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Fang
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Zhuhai Key Lab of Marine Bioresource and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Wu
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Zhuhai Key Lab of Marine Bioresource and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Kexiong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Matthew K Pine
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Songhai Li
- Sanya Key Laboratory of Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics, Sanya Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, People's Republic of China
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25
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Thometz NM, Dearolf JL, Dunkin RC, Noren DP, Holt MM, Sims OC, Cathey BC, Williams TM. Comparative physiology of vocal musculature in two odontocetes, the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). J Comp Physiol B 2017; 188:177-193. [PMID: 28569355 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which odontocetes produce sound is unique among mammals. To gain insight into the physiological properties that support sound production in toothed whales, we examined myoglobin content ([Mb]), non-bicarbonate buffering capacity (β), fiber-type profiles, and myosin heavy chain expression of vocal musculature in two odontocetes: the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus; n = 4) and the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena; n = 5). Both species use the same anatomical structures to produce sound, but differ markedly in their vocal repertoires. Tursiops produce both broadband clicks and tonal whistles, while Phocoena only produce higher frequency clicks. Specific muscles examined in this study included: (1) the nasal musculature around the phonic lips on the right (RNM) and left (LNM) sides of the head, (2) the palatopharyngeal sphincter (PPS), which surrounds the larynx and aids in pressurizing cranial air spaces, and (3) the genioglossus complex (GGC), a group of muscles positioned ventrally within the head. Overall, vocal muscles had significantly lower [Mb] and β than locomotor muscles from the same species. The PPS was predominately composed of small diameter slow-twitch fibers. Fiber-type and myosin heavy chain analyses revealed that the GGC was comprised largely of fast-twitch fibers (Tursiops: 88.6%, Phocoena: 79.7%) and had the highest β of all vocal muscles. Notably, there was a significant difference in [Mb] between the RNM and LNM in Tursiops, but not Phocoena. Our results reveal shared physiological characteristics of individual vocal muscles across species that enhance our understanding of key functional roles, as well as species-specific differences which appear to reflect differences in vocal capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Thometz
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton St, San Francisco, CA, 94117, USA. .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Long Marine Laboratory, University of California at Santa Cruz, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Dearolf
- Biology Department, Hendrix College, 1600 Washington Ave., Conway, AR, 72032, USA
| | - Robin C Dunkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Long Marine Laboratory, University of California at Santa Cruz, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Dawn P Noren
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Marla M Holt
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Olivia C Sims
- Biology Department, Hendrix College, 1600 Washington Ave., Conway, AR, 72032, USA
| | - Brandon C Cathey
- Biology Department, Hendrix College, 1600 Washington Ave., Conway, AR, 72032, USA
| | - Terrie M Williams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Long Marine Laboratory, University of California at Santa Cruz, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
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26
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Schrøder AEM, Beedholm K, Madsen PT. Time-varying auditory gain control in response to double-pulse stimuli in harbour porpoises is not mediated by a stapedial reflex. Biol Open 2017; 6:525-529. [PMID: 28202466 PMCID: PMC5399549 DOI: 10.1242/bio.021469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Echolocating animals reduce their output level and hearing sensitivity with decreasing echo delays, presumably to stabilize the perceived echo intensity during target approaches. In bats, this variation in hearing sensitivity is formed by a call-induced stapedial reflex that tapers off over time after the call. Here, we test the hypothesis that a similar mechanism exists in toothed whales by subjecting a trained harbour porpoise to a series of double sound pulses varying in delay and frequency, while measuring the magnitudes of the evoked auditory brainstem responses (ABRs). We find that the recovery of the ABR to the second pulse is frequency dependent, and that a stapedial reflex therefore cannot account for the reduced hearing sensitivity at short pulse delays. We propose that toothed whale auditory time-varying gain control during echolocation is not enabled by the middle ear as in bats, but rather by frequency-dependent mechanisms such as forward masking and perhaps higher-order control of efferent feedback to the outer hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristian Beedholm
- Zoophysiology, Bioscience, Aarhus University, C. F. Moellers Allé 3, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Peter Teglberg Madsen
- Zoophysiology, Bioscience, Aarhus University, C. F. Moellers Allé 3, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark .,Murdoch University Cetacean Research Unit, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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27
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Huggenberger S, Leidenberger S, Oelschläger HHA. Asymmetry of the nasofacial skull in toothed whales (Odontoceti). J Zool (1987) 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Huggenberger
- Department II of Anatomy University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - S. Leidenberger
- Swedish Species Information Centre/ArtDatabanken Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - H. H. A. Oelschläger
- Department of Anatomy III (Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie) Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main Germany
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28
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Koblitz JC, Stilz P, Rasmussen MH, Laidre KL. Highly Directional Sonar Beam of Narwhals (Monodon monoceros) Measured with a Vertical 16 Hydrophone Array. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162069. [PMID: 27828956 PMCID: PMC5102362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recordings of narwhal (Monodon monoceros) echolocation signals were made using a linear 16 hydrophone array in the pack ice of Baffin Bay, West Greenland in 2013 at eleven sites. An average -3 dB beam width of 5.0° makes the narwhal click the most directional biosonar signal reported for any species to date. The beam shows a dorsal-ventral asymmetry with a narrower beam above the beam axis. This may be an evolutionary advantage for toothed whales to reduce echoes from the water surface or sea ice surface. Source level measurements show narwhal click intensities of up to 222 dB pp re 1 μPa, with a mean apparent source level of 215 dB pp re 1 μPa. During ascents and descents the narwhals perform scanning in the vertical plane with their sonar beam. This study provides valuable information for reference sonar parameters of narwhals and for the use of acoustic monitoring in the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kristin L. Laidre
- Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JCK); (KLL)
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29
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Galatius A, Goodall RNP. Skull shapes of the Lissodelphininae: radiation, adaptation and asymmetry. J Morphol 2016; 277:776-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Natalie P. Goodall
- Museo Acatushún de Aves y Mamiferos Marines Australes (AMMA); Tierra del Fuego Argentina
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30
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Fast sensory-motor reactions in echolocating bats to sudden changes during the final buzz and prey intercept. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4122-7. [PMID: 25775538 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424457112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Echolocation is an active sense enabling bats and toothed whales to orient in darkness through echo returns from their ultrasonic signals. Immediately before prey capture, both bats and whales emit a buzz with such high emission rates (≥ 180 Hz) and overall duration so short that its functional significance remains an enigma. To investigate sensory-motor control during the buzz of the insectivorous bat Myotis daubentonii, we removed prey, suspended in air or on water, before expected capture. The bats responded by shortening their echolocation buzz gradually; the earlier prey was removed down to approximately 100 ms (30 cm) before expected capture, after which the full buzz sequence was emitted both in air and over water. Bats trawling over water also performed the full capture behavior, but in-air capture motions were aborted, even at very late prey removals (<20 ms = 6 cm before expected contact). Thus, neither the buzz nor capture movements are stereotypical, but dynamically adapted based on sensory feedback. The results indicate that echolocation is controlled mainly by acoustic feedback, whereas capture movements are adjusted according to both acoustic and somatosensory feedback, suggesting separate (but coordinated) central motor control of the two behaviors based on multimodal input. Bat echolocation, especially the terminal buzz, provides a unique window to extremely fast decision processes in response to sensory feedback and modulation through attention in a naturally behaving animal.
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31
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Jensen FH, Wahlberg M, Beedholm K, Johnson M, Soto NA, Madsen PT. Single-click beam patterns suggest dynamic changes to the field of view of echolocating Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) in the wild. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:1314-24. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.116285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Echolocating animals exercise an extensive control over the spectral and temporal properties of their biosonar signals to facilitate perception of their actively generated auditory scene when homing in on prey. The intensity and directionality of the biosonar beam defines the field of view of echolocating animals by affecting the acoustic detection range and angular coverage. However, the spatial relationship between an echolocating predator and its prey changes rapidly, resulting in different biosonar requirements throughout prey pursuit and capture. Here we measured single click beam patterns using a parametric fit procedure to test whether free-ranging Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) modify their biosonar beamwidth. We recorded echolocation clicks using a linear array of receivers and estimated the beamwidth of individual clicks using a parametric spectral fit, cross-validated with well-established composite beam pattern estimates. The dolphins apparently increased the biosonar beamwidth, to a large degree without changing the signal frequency, when they approached the recording array. This is comparable to bats that also expand their field of view during prey capture, but achieve this by decreasing biosonar frequency. This behaviour may serve to decrease the risk that rapid escape movements of prey take them outside the biosonar beam of the predator. It is likely that shared sensory requirements have resulted in bats and toothed whales expanding their acoustic field of view at close range to increase the likelihood of successfully acquiring prey using echolocation, representing a case of convergent evolution of echolocation behaviour between these two taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frants H. Jensen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Magnus Wahlberg
- Fjord&Bælt, Margrethes Plads 1, 5300 Kerteminde, Denmark
- Marine Biological Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Hindsholmsvej 11, 5300 Kerteminde, Denmark
| | - Kristian Beedholm
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mark Johnson
- Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, United Kingdom
| | - Natacha Aguilar Soto
- Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, United Kingdom
- BIOECOMAC, Dept. Animal Biology, International Campus of Excellence, La Laguna University, La Laguna 38206, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Peter T. Madsen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Murdoch University Cetacean Research Unit, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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32
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A philosophical evaluation of adaptationism as a heuristic strategy. Acta Biotheor 2014; 62:479-98. [PMID: 24992988 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-014-9232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adaptationism has prompted many a debate in philosophy of biology but the focus is usually on empirical and explanatory issues rather than methodological adaptationism (MA). Likewise, the context of evolutionary biology has provided the grounding for most discussions of the heuristic role of adaptationism. This paper extends the debate by drawing on case studies from physiology and systems biology to discuss the productive and problematic aspects of adaptationism in functional as well as evolutionary studies at different levels of biological organization. Gould and Lewontin's Spandrels-paper famously criticized adaptationist methodology for implying a risk of generating 'blind spots' with respect to non-selective effects on evolution. Some have claimed that this bias can be accommodated through the testing of evolutionary hypotheses. Although this is an important aspect of overcoming the pitfalls of adaptationism, I argue that the issue of methodological biases is broader than the question of testability. I demonstrate the productivity of adaptationist heuristics but also discuss the deeper problematic aspects associated with the imperialistic tendencies of the strong account of MA.
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33
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Berta A, Ekdale EG, Cranford TW. Review of the Cetacean Nose: Form, Function, and Evolution. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:2205-15. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Berta
- Department of Biology; San Diego State University; San Diego California USA
| | - Eric G. Ekdale
- Department of Biology; San Diego State University; San Diego California USA
| | - Ted W. Cranford
- Department of Biology; San Diego State University; San Diego California USA
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34
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Finneran JJ, Branstetter BK, Houser DS, Moore PW, Mulsow J, Martin C, Perisho S. High-resolution measurement of a bottlenose dolphin's (Tursiops truncatus) biosonar transmission beam pattern in the horizontal plane. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2014; 136:2025-2038. [PMID: 25324101 DOI: 10.1121/1.4895682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous measurements of toothed whale echolocation transmission beam patterns have utilized few hydrophones and have therefore been limited to fine angular resolution only near the principal axis or poor resolution over larger azimuthal ranges. In this study, a circular, horizontal planar array of 35 hydrophones was used to measure a dolphin's transmission beam pattern with 5° to 10° resolution at azimuths from -150° to +150°. Beam patterns and directivity indices were calculated from both the peak-peak sound pressure and the energy flux density. The emitted pulse became smaller in amplitude and progressively distorted as it was recorded farther off the principal axis. Beyond ±30° to 40°, the off-axis signal consisted of two distinct pulses whose difference in time of arrival increased with the absolute value of the azimuthal angle. A simple model suggests that the second pulse is best explained as a reflection from internal structures in the dolphin's head, and does not implicate the use of a second sound source. Click energy was also more directional at the higher source levels utilized at longer ranges, where the center frequency was elevated compared to that of the lower amplitude clicks used at shorter range.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Finneran
- U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific, Code 71510, 53560 Hull Street, San Diego, California 92152
| | - Brian K Branstetter
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, #200, San Diego, California 92106
| | - Dorian S Houser
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, #200, San Diego, California 92106
| | - Patrick W Moore
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, #200, San Diego, California 92106
| | - Jason Mulsow
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, #200, San Diego, California 92106
| | - Cameron Martin
- Naval Research Enterprise Internship Program (NREIP), 1818 N Street Northwest, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036
| | - Shaun Perisho
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5025, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
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35
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Geisler JH, Colbert MW, Carew JL. A new fossil species supports an early origin for toothed whale echolocation. Nature 2014; 508:383-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Fenton B, Jensen FH, Kalko EKV, Tyack PL. Sonar Signals of Bats and Toothed Whales. BIOSONAR 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9146-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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37
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Cranford TW, Trijoulet V, Smith CR, Krysl P. Validation of a vibroacoustic finite element model using bottlenose dolphin simulations: the dolphin biosonar beam is focused in stages. BIOACOUSTICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09524622.2013.843061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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38
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Madsen PT, Lammers M, Wisniewska D, Beedholm K. Nasal sound production in echolocating delphinids (Tursiops truncatus and Pseudorca crassidens) is dynamic, but unilateral: clicking on the right side and whistling on the left side. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:4091-102. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.091306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Toothed whales produce sound in their nasal complex by pneumatic actuation of phonic lip pairs within the blowhole. It has been hypothesized that dual actuation of the phonic lip pairs can generate two pulses that merge to form a single echolocation click with a higher source level, broader bandwidth and larger potential for beam steering than if produced by a single pair of phonic lips. Here, we test that hypothesis by measuring the sound production of five echolocating delphinids using hydrophones around the animals and imbedded in on-animal suction cups. We show that the studied animals click with their right pair of phonic lips and whistle with their left pair. We demonstrate that, with just a single pair of phonic lips, they can change the click energy levels over five orders of magnitude, change the click centroid frequencies over more than two octaves, and modulate the sound radiation from the melon for beam steering. We conclude that all of the click dynamics ascribed to dual actuation of two phonic lip pairs can be achieved with actuation of just the right pair of phonic lips, and we propose that the large dynamic range of source outputs is achieved by highly controlled modulation of the pneumatic driving pressure, the tension of the phonic lip labia and the conformation of the fatty melon and associated air sacs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Madsen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marc Lammers
- Marine Mammal Research Program, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kailua, HI 96734, USA
| | - Danuta Wisniewska
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristian Beedholm
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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39
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Madsen PT, Surlykke A. Functional Convergence in Bat and Toothed Whale Biosonars. Physiology (Bethesda) 2013; 28:276-83. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00008.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Echolocating bats and toothed whales hunt and navigate by emission of sound pulses and analysis of returning echoes to form a self-generated auditory scene. Here, we demonstrate a striking functional convergence in the way these two groups of mammals independently evolved the capability to sense with sound in air and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. T. Madsen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - A. Surlykke
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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40
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MacNeilage PF. Vertebrate whole-body-action asymmetries and the evolution of right handedness: A comparison between humans and marine mammals. Dev Psychobiol 2013; 55:577-87. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter F. MacNeilage
- Professor Emeritus of Psychology; University of Texas at Austin; 606 Harthan St., Austin, TX; 78712
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41
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Kyhn LA, Tougaard J, Beedholm K, Jensen FH, Ashe E, Williams R, Madsen PT. Clicking in a killer whale habitat: narrow-band, high-frequency biosonar clicks of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) and Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli). PLoS One 2013; 8:e63763. [PMID: 23723996 PMCID: PMC3665716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Odontocetes produce a range of different echolocation clicks but four groups in different families have converged on producing the same stereotyped narrow band high frequency (NBHF) click. In microchiropteran bats, sympatric species have evolved the use of different acoustic niches and subtly different echolocation signals to avoid competition among species. In this study, we examined whether similar adaptations are at play among sympatric porpoise species that use NBHF echolocation clicks. We used a six-element hydrophone array to record harbour and Dall’s porpoises in British Columbia (BC), Canada, and harbour porpoises in Denmark. The click source properties of all porpoise groups were remarkably similar and had an average directivity index of 25 dB. Yet there was a small, but consistent and significant 4 kHz difference in centroid frequency between sympatric Dall’s (137±3 kHz) and Canadian harbour porpoises (141±2 kHz). Danish harbour porpoise clicks (136±3 kHz) were more similar to Dall’s porpoise than to their conspecifics in Canada. We suggest that the spectral differences in echolocation clicks between the sympatric porpoises are consistent with evolution of a prezygotic isolating barrier (i.e., character displacement) to avoid hybridization of sympatric species. In practical terms, these spectral differences have immediate application to passive acoustic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line A Kyhn
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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42
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43
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Racicot RA, Colbert MW. Morphology and Variation in Porpoise (Cetacea: Phocoenidae) Cranial Endocasts. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:979-92. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Racicot
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; Yale University; New Haven Connecticut
| | - Matthew W. Colbert
- Jackson School of Geosciences; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin Texas
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44
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Marriott S, Cowan E, Cohen J, Hallock RM. Somatosensation, Echolocation, and Underwater Sniffing: Adaptations Allow Mammals Without Traditional Olfactory Capabilities to Forage for Food Underwater. Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:69-75. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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45
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Racicot RA, Berta A. Comparative morphology of porpoise (Cetacea: Phocoenidae) pterygoid sinuses: phylogenetic and functional implications. J Morphol 2012; 274:49-62. [PMID: 22965565 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution X-ray computed tomographic scans were used to examine pterygoid sinus morphology within extant porpoise species and one delphinid (Tursiops truncatus), in order to consider: 1) intraspecific and interspecific variation among the studied species; 2) the most parsimonious sequence of character acquisition; and 3) the potential functional roles of the preorbital lobes of the sinuses in sound reflection. Scans revealed that the pterygoid/palatine regions are mediolaterally broader in the earliest diverging phocoenid (Neophocaena phocaenoides) and Tursiops truncatus than the dorsoventrally elongated sinuses observed in other species. Rostrocaudal lengths of the sphenoidal regions of the sinuses in all individuals studied are proportionally similar, indicating conservatism in this region across species. The neonate Phocoena phocoena has shorter preorbital lobes than adults, but they are still proportionally longer than Neophocaena phocaenoides and Phocoena spinipinnis. The preorbital lobes broaden mediolaterally to varying degrees across species; in particular, Phocoenoides dalli has the largest dorsal and lateral expansion of this region. Assuming the highest pulse frequency produced by porpoises is 150 kHz, all regions of the preorbital lobes are thick enough to reflect the wavelengths produced. In addition, the neonate preorbital lobes are not as elongated as they are in adults, and the dorsal third of this region may not reflect sound to the same extent. This study reinforces the importance of using nondestructive methods to quantify variation in endocranial anatomy and the value of CT data for recovering phylogenetically useful information, as well as functional roles sinuses play in concert with the soft tissue head anatomy for biosonar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Racicot
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA.
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46
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Ibsen SD, Nachtigall PE, Krause-Nehring J, Kloepper L, Breese M, Li S, Vlachos S. Spatial orientation of different frequencies within the echolocation beam of a Tursiops truncatus and Pseudorca crassidens. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2012; 132:1213-1221. [PMID: 22894240 DOI: 10.1121/1.4730900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A two-dimensional array of 16 hydrophones was created to map the spatial distribution of different frequencies within the echolocation beam of a Tursiops truncatus and a Pseudorca crassidens. It was previously shown that both the Tursiops and Pseudorca only paid attention to frequencies between 29 and 42 kHz while echolocating. Both individuals tightly focused the 30 kHz frequency and the spatial location of the focus was consistently pointed toward the target. At 50 kHz the beam was less focused and less precisely pointed at the target. At 100 kHz the focus was often completely lost and was not pointed at the target. This indicates that these individuals actively focused the beam toward the target only in the frequency range they paid attention to. Frequencies outside this range were left unfocused and undirected. This focusing was probably achieved through sensorimotor control of the melon morphology and nasal air sacs. This indicates that both morphologically different species can control the spatial distribution of different frequency ranges within the echolocation beam to create consistent ensonation of desired targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D Ibsen
- University of California San Diego, Serf Building, Room 295 0435, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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47
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Au WWL, Branstetter B, Moore PW, Finneran JJ. Dolphin biosonar signals measured at extreme off-axis angles: insights to sound propagation in the head. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2012; 132:1199-1206. [PMID: 22894238 DOI: 10.1121/1.4730901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Biosonar signals radiated along the beam axis of an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin resemble short transient oscillations. As the azimuth of the measuring hydrophones in the horizontal plane progressively increases with respect to the beam axis the signals become progressively distorted. At approximately ±45°, the signals begin to divide into two components with the time difference between the components increasing with increasing angles. At ±90° or normal to the longitudinal axis of the animal, the time difference between the two pulses measured by the hydrophone on the right side of the dolphin's head is, on average, ∼11.9 μs larger than the time differences observed by the hydrophone on the left side of the dolphin's head. The center frequency of the first pulse is generally lower, by 33-47 kHz, than the center frequency of the second pulse. When considering the relative locations of the two phonic lips, the data suggest that the signals are being produced by one of the phonic lips and the second pulse resulting from a reflection within the head of the animal. The generation of biosonar signals is a complex process and the propagation pathways through the dolphin's head are not well understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitlow W L Au
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, PO Box 1106, Kailua, Hawaii 96734, USA.
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48
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Kloepper LN, Nachtigall PE, Donahue MJ, Breese M. Active echolocation beam focusing in the false killer whale, Pseudorca crassidens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 215:1306-12. [PMID: 22442368 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.066605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The odontocete sound production system is highly complex and produces intense, directional signals that are thought to be focused by the melon and the air sacs. Because odontocete echolocation signals are variable and the emitted click frequency greatly affects the echolocation beam shape, investigations of beam focusing must account for frequency-related beam changes. In this study we tested whether the echolocation beam of a false killer whale changed depending on target difficulty and distance while also accounting for frequency-related changes in the echolocation beam. The data indicate that the false killer whale changes its beam size according to target distance and difficulty, which may be a strategy of maximizing the energy of the target echo. We propose that the animal is using a strategy of changing the focal region according to target distance and that this strategy is under active control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Kloepper
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, PO Box 1106, Kailua, HI 96734, USA.
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49
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Koblitz JC, Wahlberg M, Stilz P, Madsen PT, Beedholm K, Schnitzler HU. Asymmetry and dynamics of a narrow sonar beam in an echolocating harbor porpoise. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2012; 131:2315-2324. [PMID: 22423726 DOI: 10.1121/1.3683254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A key component in the operation of a biosonar system is the radiation of sound energy from the sound producing head structures of toothed whales and microbats. The current view involves a fixed transmission aperture by which the beam width can only change via changes in the frequency of radiated clicks. To test that for a porpoise, echolocation clicks were recorded with high angular resolution using a 16 hydrophone array. The beam is narrower than previously reported (DI = 24 dB) and slightly dorso-ventrally compressed (horizontal -3 dB beam width: 13°, vertical -3 dB beam width: 11°). The narrow beam indicates that all smaller toothed whales investigated so far have surprisingly similar beam widths across taxa and habitats. Obtaining high directionality may thus be at least in part an evolutionary factor that led to high centroid frequencies in a group of smaller toothed whales emitting narrow band high frequency clicks. Despite the production of stereotyped narrow band high frequency clicks, changes in the directionality by a few degrees were observed, showing that porpoises can obtain changes in sound radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens C Koblitz
- Animal Physiology, Institute for Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Wahlberg M, Jensen FH, Soto NA, Beedholm K, Bejder L, Oliveira C, Rasmussen M, Simon M, Villadsgaard A, Madsen PT. Source parameters of echolocation clicks from wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus and Tursiops truncatus). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 130:2263-2274. [PMID: 21973382 DOI: 10.1121/1.3624822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Indian Ocean and Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus and Tursiops truncatus) are among the best studied echolocating toothed whales. However, almost all echolocation studies on bottlenose dolphins have been made with captive animals, and the echolocation signals of free-ranging animals have not been quantified. Here, biosonar source parameters from wild T. aduncus and T. truncatus were measured with linear three- and four-hydrophone arrays in four geographic locations. The two species had similar source parameters, with source levels of 177-228 dB re 1 μPa peak to peak, click durations of 8-72 μs, centroid frequencies of 33-109 kHz and rms bandwidths between 23 and 54 kHz. T. aduncus clicks had a higher frequency emphasis than T. truncatus. The transmission directionality index was up to 3 dB higher for T. aduncus (29 dB) as compared to T. truncatus (26 dB). The high directionality of T. aduncus does not appear to be only a physical consequence of a higher frequency emphasis in clicks, but may also be caused by differences in the internal properties of the sound production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Wahlberg
- Fjord & Bælt and Marine Research Laboratory, University of Southern Denmark, Margrethes Plads 1, 5300 Kerteminde, Denmark.
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