1
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Mattos FMG, Dreyer N, Fong CL, Wen YHV, Jain D, De Vivo M, Huang YS, Mwihaki JK, Wang TY, Ho MJ, Tsai IJ, Wang J, Chan BKK, Machida RJ. Potential PCR amplification bias in identifying complex ecological patterns: Higher species compositional homogeneity revealed in smaller-size coral reef zooplankton by metatranscriptomics. Mol Ecol Resour 2024; 24:e13911. [PMID: 38063371 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
PCR-based high-throughput sequencing has permitted comprehensive resolution analyses of zooplankton diversity dynamics. However, significant methodological issues still surround analyses of complex bulk community samples, not least as in prevailing PCR-based approaches. Marine drifting animals-zooplankton-play essential ecological roles in the pelagic ecosystem, transferring energy and elements to higher trophic levels, such as fishes, cetaceans and others. In the present study, we collected 48 size-fractionated zooplankton samples in the vicinity of a coral reef island with environmental gradients. To investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of zooplankton diversity patterns and the effect of PCR amplification biases across these complex communities, we first took metatranscriptomics approach. Comprehensive computational analyses revealed a clear pattern of higher/lower homogeneity in smaller/larger zooplankton compositions across samples respectively. Our study thus suggests changes in the role of dispersal across the sizes. Next, we applied in silico PCR to the metatranscriptomics datasets, in order to estimate the extent of PCR amplification bias. Irrespective of stringency criteria, we observed clear separations of size fraction sample clusters in both metatranscriptomics and in silico datasets. In contrast, the pattern-smaller-fractioned communities had higher compositional homogeneity than larger ones-was observed in the metatranscriptomics data but not in the in silico datasets. To investigate this discrepancy further, we analysed the mismatches of widely used mitochondrial CO1 primers and identified priming site mismatches likely driving PCR-based biases. Our results suggest the use of metatranscriptomics or, although less ideal, redesigning the CO1 primers is necessary to circumvent these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe M G Mattos
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Niklas Dreyer
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Invertebrate Zoology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chia-Ling Fong
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hui Victoria Wen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dharmesh Jain
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung Hsing University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mattia De Vivo
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sin Huang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John Karichu Mwihaki
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzi-Yuan Wang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jay Ho
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - John Wang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Benny K K Chan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ryuji J Machida
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Si X, Fang L. Biologically generated turbulent energy flux in shear flow depends on tensor geometry. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae056. [PMID: 38725533 PMCID: PMC11079614 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
It has been proposed that biologically generated turbulence plays an important role in material transport and ocean mixing. Both experimental and numerical studies have reported evidence of the nonnegligible mixing by moderate Reynolds number swimmers, such as zooplankton, in quiescent water, especially at aggregation scales. However, the interaction between biologically generated agitation and the background flow, as a key factor in biologically generated turbulence that could reshape our previous knowledge of biologically generated turbulence, has long been ignored. Here, we show that the geometry between the biologically generated agitation and the background hydrodynamic shear can determine both the intensity and direction of biologically generated turbulent energy flux. Measuring the migration of a centimeter-scale swimmer-as represented by the brine shrimp Artemia salina-in a shear flow and verifying through an analog experiment with an artificial jet revealed that different geometries between the biologically generated agitation and the background shear can result in spectral energy transferring toward larger or smaller scales, which consequently intensifies or attenuates the large-scale hydrodynamic shear. Our results suggest that the long ignored geometry between the biologically generated agitation and the background flow field is an important factor that should be taken into consideration in future studies of biologically generated turbulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Si
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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3
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Lang-Yona N, Flores JM, Nir-Zadock TS, Nussbaum I, Koren I, Vardi A. Impact of airborne algicidal bacteria on marine phytoplankton blooms. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae016. [PMID: 38442732 PMCID: PMC10944695 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Ocean microbes are involved in global processes such as nutrient and carbon cycling. Recent studies indicated diverse modes of algal-bacterial interactions, including mutualism and pathogenicity, which have a substantial impact on ecology and oceanic carbon sequestration, and hence, on climate. However, the airborne dispersal and pathogenicity of bacteria in the marine ecosystem remained elusive. Here, we isolated an airborne algicidal bacterium, Roseovarius nubinhibens, emitted to the atmosphere as primary marine aerosol (referred also as sea spray aerosols) and collected above a coccolithophore bloom in the North Atlantic Ocean. The aerosolized bacteria retained infective properties and induced lysis of Gephyrocapsa huxleyi cultures.This suggests that the transport of marine bacteria through the atmosphere can effectively spread infection agents over vast oceanic regions, highlighting its significance in regulating the cell fate in algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Lang-Yona
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Environmental, Water and Agricultural Engineering, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - J Michel Flores
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tal Sharon Nir-Zadock
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Inbal Nussbaum
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ilan Koren
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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4
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Govender A, Singh S, Groeneveld J, Pillay S, Willows-Munro S. Metabarcoding analysis of marine zooplankton confirms the ecological role of a sheltered bight along an exposed continental shelf. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:6210-6222. [PMID: 35712991 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zooplankton plays an essential role in marine ecosystems as the link between primary producers (phytoplankton) and higher trophic levels in food webs, and as a dynamic pool of recruits for invertebrates and fish. Zooplankton communities are diverse with a patchy distribution at different spatial scales, influenced by oceanographic processes. The continental shelf of eastern South Africa is narrow and exposed to the western-boundary Agulhas Current, with some shelter against strong directional flow provided by the broader KwaZulu-Natal Bight, a coastal offset adjacent to an estuary. We compared zooplankton species richness, diversity and relative abundance of key taxa among sheltered and exposed shelf areas using metabarcoding and community analysis, to explore the ecological role of the bight in a highly dynamic ocean region. Metabarcoding recovered higher richness and diversity at a finer resolution than could previously be achieved with traditional microscopy. Of 271 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) recovered through metabarcoding, 63% could be matched with >95% sequence similarity to reference barcodes. OTUs were dominated by malacostracan crustaceans (161 spp.), ray-finned fishes (45 spp.) and copepods (28 spp.). Species richness, diversity and the relative abundance of key taxa differed between sheltered and exposed shelf areas. Lower species richness in the bight was partly attributed to structurally homogeneous benthic habitats, and an associated reduction of meroplanktonic species originating from local benthic-pelagic exchange. High relative abundance of a ray-finned fish in the bight, as observed based on fish eggs and read counts, confirmed that the bight is an important fish spawning area. Overall, zooplankton metabarcoding outputs were congruent with findings of previous ecological research using more traditional methods of observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashrenee Govender
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sohana Singh
- Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Johan Groeneveld
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sureshnee Pillay
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sandi Willows-Munro
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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5
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Lörz AN, Schwentner M, Bober S, Jażdżewska AM. Multi-ocean distribution of a brooding predator in the abyssal benthos. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15867. [PMID: 37739991 PMCID: PMC10516890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
How far are species distributed on the abyssal plains? Spanning from 3000 to 6000 m below sea level, abyssal plains cover three-quarters of the ocean floor and are the largest but also least explored habitat on Earth. The question of vertical and horizontal distribution is central to understanding biogeographic and population genetic processes within species inhabiting the deep-sea benthos. Amphipod crustaceans are an important and dominant taxon in this ecosystem. As they are brooders, their dispersal capacities are more limited compared to species with free-swimming larvae, and with the exception of a few scavenging species deep-sea amphipods are restricted to a single ocean. Based on an integrative taxonomic approach (morphology, COI, 16S and 18S) we demonstrate the occurrence of a predatory amphipod species, Rhachotropis abyssalis, in three oceans: the Antarctic Ross Sea, the Northwest Pacific and the North Atlantic; regions more than 20,000 km apart. Although such extensive geographic distributions may represent a rare exception for brooding predators, these findings might also be no exception at all, but a reflection of the rare sampling and rare taxonomic investigation of invertebrate predators in the deep-sea. Our findings highlight our abysmal state of knowledge regarding biodiversity and biogeography on abyssal plains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Nina Lörz
- Institute of Marine Ecosystem and Fishery Science (IMF), Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Simon Bober
- Department Biodiversity of Animals, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna M Jażdżewska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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6
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Beaugrand G. Towards an Understanding of Large-Scale Biodiversity Patterns on Land and in the Sea. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030339. [PMID: 36979031 PMCID: PMC10044889 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a recent theory named ‘macroecological theory on the arrangement of life’ (METAL). This theory is based on the concept of the ecological niche and shows that the niche-environment (including climate) interaction is fundamental to explain many phenomena observed in nature from the individual to the community level (e.g., phenology, biogeographical shifts, and community arrangement and reorganisation, gradual or abrupt). The application of the theory in climate change biology as well as individual and species ecology has been presented elsewhere. In this review, I show how METAL explains why there are more species at low than high latitudes, why the peak of biodiversity is located at mid-latitudes in the oceanic domain and at the equator in the terrestrial domain, and finally why there are more terrestrial than marine species, despite the fact that biodiversity has emerged in the oceans. I postulate that the arrangement of planetary biodiversity is mathematically constrained, a constraint we previously called ‘the great chessboard of life’, which determines the maximum number of species that may colonise a given region or domain. This theory also makes it possible to reconstruct past biodiversity and understand how biodiversity could be reorganised in the context of anthropogenic climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Beaugrand
- CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Univ. Lille, UMR 8187 LOG, F-62930 Wimereux, France
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7
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The Stability of Phyto-Zooplanktonic Networks Varied with Zooplanktonic Sizes in Chinese Coastal Ecosystem. mSystems 2022; 7:e0082122. [PMID: 36200770 PMCID: PMC9599403 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00821-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The linkages between phytoplankton and zooplankton are crucial for the stability of complex food webs and the flow of energy within the marine ecosystem. Despite body size exhibiting multiple effects on the planktonic community assembly and the dispersal scale, its role in determining the stability of phyto-zooplanktonic co-occurrence patterns remains unclear. Here, we focused on more than 13,000 kilometers of the Chinese coast to study the diatom-dominated plankton ecosystem and to report the significant negative effects of zooplanktonic body sizes on the topological properties of phyto-zooplanktonic networks (PZNs) by using more than 500 species from 251 samples taken along the coastline. PZNs tended to be more complex and stable when phytoplankton associated with smaller zooplankton. Particularly, the subnetworks of dominant phytoplankton displayed differences with different zooplanktonic body sizes. The zooplankton with larger and smaller body sizes tended to interact with dinoflagellates and diatoms, respectively. Additionally, abiotic factors (i.e., water temperature, pH, salinity, and metal concentrations) displayed significant effects on PZNs via the shifting of zooplanktonic composition, and the zooplanktonic body sizes altered the network modules' associations with different environmental factors. Our study elucidated the general relationship between zooplanktonic body sizes and the stability of PZNs, which provides new insights into marine food webs. IMPORTANCE Body size is a key life trait of aquatic plankton that affects organisms' metabolic rates and ecological functions; however, its specific effects on interactions between phytoplankton and zooplankton are poorly understood. We collected planktonic species and their body size data along more than 13,000 kilometers of coastline to explore the role of zooplanktonic body size in maintaining the stability of phyto-zooplanktonic networks (PZNs). We found that zooplankton play a more important role in maintaining PZN stability than do phytoplankton as well as that the PZN would be more complex and stable with smaller zooplankton. Furthermore, this work revealed that body size significantly determined the relationships between environmental factors and network structure. Overall, these findings lay a general relationship between zooplanktonic body sizes and the stability of PZNs, which helps us further explore the micro food web of coastal ecosystems.
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Lombardo SM, Chérubin LM, Adams AJ, Shenker JM, Wills PS, Danylchuk AJ, Ajemian MJ. Biophysical larval dispersal models of observed bonefish (Albula vulpes) spawning events in Abaco, The Bahamas: An assessment of population connectivity and ocean dynamics. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276528. [PMID: 36264943 PMCID: PMC9584404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biophysical models are a powerful tool for assessing population connectivity of marine organisms that broadcast spawn. Albula vulpes is a species of bonefish that is an economically and culturally important sportfish found throughout the Caribbean and that exhibits genetic connectivity among geographically distant populations. We created ontogenetically relevant biophysical models for bonefish larval dispersal based upon multiple observed spawning events in Abaco, The Bahamas in 2013, 2018, and 2019. Biological parameterizations were informed through active acoustic telemetry, CTD casts, captive larval rearing, and field collections of related albulids and anguillids. Ocean conditions were derived from the Regional Navy Coastal Ocean Model American Seas dataset. Each spawning event was simulated 100 times using the program Ichthyop. Ten-thousand particles were released at observed and putative spawning locations and were allowed to disperse for the full 71-day pelagic larval duration for A. vulpes. Settlement densities in defined settlement zones were assessed along with interactions with oceanographic features. The prevailing Northern dispersal paradigm exhibited strong connectivity with Grand Bahama, the Berry Islands, Andros, and self-recruitment to lower and upper Abaco. Ephemeral gyres and flow direction within Northwest and Northeast Providence Channels were shown to have important roles in larval retention to the Bahamian Archipelago. Larval development environments for larvae settling upon different islands showed few differences and dispersal was closely associated with the thermocline. Settlement patterns informed the suggestion for expansion of conservation parks in Grand Bahama, Abaco, and Andros, and the creation of a parks in Eleuthera and the Berry Islands to protect fisheries. Further observation of spawning events and the creation of biophysical models will help to maximize protection for bonefish spawning locations and nursery habitat, and may help to predict year-class strength for bonefish stocks throughout the Greater Caribbean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Lombardo
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Laurent M. Chérubin
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, United States of America
| | - Aaron J. Adams
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, United States of America
- Bonefish and Tarpon Trust, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | | | - Paul S. Wills
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, United States of America
| | - Andy J. Danylchuk
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Ajemian
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, United States of America
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9
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Mequanent D, Mingist M, Getahun A, Anteneh W, Getnet B, Birie S. The investigation of the zooplankton community in the newly formed Ribb Reservoir, Ethiopia: the tropical highland reservoir. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10533. [PMID: 36105462 PMCID: PMC9465120 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the composition, diversity, and abundance of the zooplankton community is crucial for better utilization of the Ribb Reservoir, as zooplankton are the second link in the food chain in aquatic systems (they are also excellent bioindicators of aquatic health, given their central food web position) and the reservoir also serves as a source of income for the fishers. Therefore, sampling including some water quality parameters was conducted twice in the four seasons: autumn, summer, spring, and winter, from September 2020 to August 2021, in the first week of September, December, February, March, May, June, and August. Most of the physicochemical parameter values recorded in this study indicated that they were within the range of standards for zooplankton community requirements. Of the 14 species identified, Mesocyclops aequatorialissimilis, Thermodiaptomus galebi, and Brachionus angularis had the first, second, and lowest records, respectively. Species abundance showed a decrease from autumn to winter and then to spring and summer. Species richness (14), abundance (6736), Margalef's diversity index (1.48), Menhinick's diversity index (0.17), Simpson index (0.098), dominance index (0.902), Shannon index (2.47), equality index (0.934), and reciprocal Simpson index (10.2) of the species were calculated in the reservoir. Some of the proposed management measures include reservoir buffering, impact assessment of over-abstraction of water for irrigation, time series of water quality data, and the reservoir water level should be above the conduit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagnew Mequanent
- Department of Fisheries, Wetlands and Wildlife Management, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P. O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Minwyelet Mingist
- Department of Fisheries, Wetlands and Wildlife Management, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P. O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Getahun
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wassie Anteneh
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Banchiamlak Getnet
- Department of Fisheries, Wetlands and Wildlife Management, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P. O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Birie
- Department of Biology, Debre Tabor University, Ethiopia
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10
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Strickland WC, Battista NA, Hamlet CL, Miller LA. Planktos: An Agent-Based Modeling Framework for Small Organism Movement and Dispersal in a Fluid Environment with Immersed Structures. Bull Math Biol 2022; 84:72. [PMID: 35689123 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-022-01027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiscale modeling of marine and aerial plankton has traditionally been difficult to address holistically due to the challenge of resolving individual locomotion dynamics while being carried with larger-scale flows. However, such problems are of paramount importance, e.g., dispersal of marine larval plankton is critical for the health of coral reefs, and aerial plankton (tiny arthropods) can be used as effective agricultural biocontrol agents. Here we introduce the open-source, agent-based modeling software Planktos targeted at 2D and 3D fluid environments in Python. Agents in this modeling framework are relatively tiny organisms in sufficiently low densities that their effect on the surrounding fluid motion can be considered negligible. This library can be used for scientific exploration and quantification of collective and emergent behavior, including interaction with immersed structures. In this paper, we detail the implementation and functionality of the library along with some illustrative examples. Functionality includes arbitrary agent behavior obeying either ordinary differential equations, stochastic differential equations, or coded movement algorithms, all under the influence of time-dependent fluid velocity fields generated by computational fluid dynamics, experiments, or analytical models in domains with static immersed mesh structures with sliding or sticky collisions. In addition, data visualization tools provide images or animations with kernel density estimation and velocity field analysis with respect to deterministic agent behavior via the finite-time Lyapunov exponent.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Strickland
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 227 Ayres Hall, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1320, USA.
| | - N A Battista
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The College of New Jersey, Ewing Township, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - C L Hamlet
- Department of Mathematics, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, 17837, USA
| | - L A Miller
- Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, 617 N. Santa Rita Ave., Tuscon, AZ, 85721-0089, USA
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11
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Weinkauf MFG, Siccha M, Weiner AKM. Reproduction dynamics of planktonic microbial eukaryotes in the open ocean. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210860. [PMID: 35167772 PMCID: PMC8847003 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the biology of reproduction of an organismal lineage is important for retracing key evolutionary processes, yet gaining detailed insights often poses major challenges. Planktonic Foraminifera are globally distributed marine microbial eukaryotes and important contributors to the global carbon cycle. They cannot routinely be cultured under laboratory conditions across generations, and thus details of their life cycle remain incomplete. The production of flagellated gametes has long been taken as an indication of exclusively sexual reproduction, but recent research suggests the existence of an additional asexual generation in the life cycle. To gain a better understanding of the reproductive biology of planktonic Foraminifera, we applied a dynamic, individual-based modelling approach with parameters based on laboratory and field observations to test if sexual reproduction is sufficient for maintaining viable populations. We show that temporal synchronization and potentially spatial concentration of gamete release seems inevitable for maintenance of the population under sexual reproduction. We hypothesize that sexual reproduction is likely beneficial during the adaptation to new environments, while population sustenance in stable environments can be ensured through asexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel F G Weinkauf
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Univerzita Karlova, 128 43 Praha, Czech Republic.,Department of Earth Sciences, Université de Genève, 1205 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Michael Siccha
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM), Universität Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Agnes K M Weiner
- NORCE Climate and Environment, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, 5007 Bergen, Norway
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12
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Michalec FG, Praud O, Cazin S, Climent E. Experimental investigation of preferential concentration in zooplankton swimming in turbulence. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2022; 45:12. [PMID: 35129710 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-022-00167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Turbulence can cause particles to accumulate within specific regions of the flow. One mechanism responsible for this phenomenon, called preferential concentration, consists in particle-fluid interactions yielding inhomogeneous spatial distribution of particles into clusters or depleted regions due to density difference or finite-size effects. In the case of living particles such as plankton, clustering may also originate from their motility or from their behavioral response to turbulent forcing. Preferential concentration of plankton has attracted much attention, because it is a key determinant of encounter rates and therefore relevant for a wide range of ecological processes. However, most studies have focused on microscopic cells, and consequently the case of larger organisms remains poorly studied. Here, we use high-performance particle tracking and three-dimensional Voronoï analysis to test for the emergence of clustering in the spatial distribution of calanoid copepods, the most important metazoans in the oceans in terms of biomass. We found that neither inertia nor motility resulted in significant departure from a random Poisson process over a range of turbulence intensity from very strong to moderate. However, we observed weak clustering in calm water, which may originate from hydrodynamic and olfactory interactions between organisms. Our results improve our understanding of fluid-particle interactions in the zooplankton and have important implications for the modeling of their encounter rates in turbulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Gaël Michalec
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 8187 LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Station marine de Wimereux, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Olivier Praud
- Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, UMR 5502, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Cazin
- Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, UMR 5502, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Climent
- Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, UMR 5502, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400, Toulouse, France
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Trombetta T, Vidussi F, Roques C, Mas S, Scotti M, Mostajir B. Co-occurrence networks reveal the central role of temperature in structuring the plankton community of the Thau Lagoon. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17675. [PMID: 34480057 PMCID: PMC8417261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify the environmental factors that drive plankton community composition and structure in coastal waters, a shallow northwestern Mediterranean lagoon was monitored from winter to spring in two contrasting years. The campaign was based on high-frequency recordings of hydrological and meteorological parameters and weekly samplings of nutrients and the plankton community. The collected data allowed the construction of correlation networks, which revealed that water temperature was the most important factor governing community composition, structure and succession at different trophic levels, suggesting its ubiquitous food web control. Temperature favoured phytoplanktonic flagellates (Cryptophyceae, Chrysophyceae, and Chlorophyceae) and ciliates during winter and early spring. In contrast, it favoured Bacillariophyceae, dinoflagellates, phytoplankton < 6 µm and aloricate Choreotrichida during spring. The secondary factors were light, which influenced phytoplankton, and wind, which may regulate turbidity and the nutrient supply from land or sediment, thus affecting benthic species such as Nitzschia sp. and Uronema sp. or salinity-tolerant species such as Prorocentrum sp. The central role of temperature in structuring the co-occurrence network suggests that future global warming could deeply modify plankton communities in shallow coastal zones, affecting whole-food web functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Trombetta
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141MARBEC (Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Francesca Vidussi
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141MARBEC (Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Roques
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141MARBEC (Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Mas
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141MEDIMEER (Mediterranean Platform for Marine Ecosystems Experimental Research), OSU OREME, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, IRSTEA, Sète, France
| | - Marco Scotti
- grid.15649.3f0000 0000 9056 9663GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Behzad Mostajir
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141MARBEC (Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
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14
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Baudena A, Ser-Giacomi E, D’Onofrio D, Capet X, Cotté C, Cherel Y, D’Ovidio F. Fine-scale structures as spots of increased fish concentration in the open ocean. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15805. [PMID: 34349142 PMCID: PMC8338936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oceanic frontal zones have been shown to deeply influence the distribution of primary producers and, at the other extreme of the trophic web, top predators. However, the relationship between these structures and intermediate trophic levels is much more obscure. In this paper we address this knowledge gap by comparing acoustic measurements of mesopelagic fish concentrations to satellite-derived fine-scale Lagrangian Coherent Structures in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. First, we demonstrate that higher fish concentrations occur more frequently in correspondence with strong Lagrangian Coherent Structures. Secondly, we illustrate that, while increased fish densities are more likely to be observed over these structures, the presence of a fine-scale feature does not imply a concomitant fish accumulation, as other factors affect fish distribution. Thirdly, we show that, when only chlorophyll-rich waters are considered, front intensity modulates significantly more the local fish concentration. Finally, we discuss a model representing fish movement along Lagrangian features, specifically built for mid-trophic levels. Its results, obtained with realistic parameters, are qualitatively consistent with the observations and the spatio-temporal scales analysed. Overall, these findings may help to integrate intermediate trophic levels in trophic models, which can ultimately support management and conservation policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Baudena
- grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN-IPSL), Paris, France ,Sorbonne Université,CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093 LOV, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Enrico Ser-Giacomi
- grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN-IPSL), Paris, France ,grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139 Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Donatella D’Onofrio
- grid.435667.50000 0000 9466 4203Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council (CNR-ISAC), Torino, Italy ,grid.5477.10000000120346234
Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Capet
- grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN-IPSL), Paris, France
| | - Cedric Cotté
- grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN-IPSL), Paris, France
| | - Yves Cherel
- grid.452338.b0000 0004 0638 6741Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 du CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Francesco D’Ovidio
- grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN-IPSL), Paris, France
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15
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Bandara K, Varpe Ø, Wijewardene L, Tverberg V, Eiane K. Two hundred years of zooplankton vertical migration research. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1547-1589. [PMID: 33942990 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vertical migration is a geographically and taxonomically widespread behaviour among zooplankton that spans across diel and seasonal timescales. The shorter-term diel vertical migration (DVM) has a periodicity of up to 1 day and was first described by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1817. In 1888, the German marine biologist Carl Chun described the longer-term seasonal vertical migration (SVM), which has a periodicity of ca. 1 year. The proximate control and adaptive significance of DVM have been extensively studied and are well understood. DVM is generally a behaviour controlled by ambient irradiance, which allows herbivorous zooplankton to feed in food-rich shallower waters during the night when light-dependent (visual) predation risk is minimal and take refuge in deeper, darker waters during daytime. However, DVMs of herbivorous zooplankton are followed by their predators, producing complex predator-prey patterns that may be traced across multiple trophic levels. In contrast to DVM, SVM research is relatively young and its causes and consequences are less well understood. During periods of seasonal environmental deterioration, SVM allows zooplankton to evacuate shallower waters seasonally and take refuge in deeper waters often in a state of dormancy. Both DVM and SVM play a significant role in the vertical transport of organic carbon to deeper waters (biological carbon sequestration), and hence in the buffering of global climate change. Although many animal migrations are expected to change under future climate scenarios, little is known about the potential implications of global climate change on zooplankton vertical migrations and its impact on the biological carbon sequestration process. Further, the combined influence of DVM and SVM in determining zooplankton fitness and maintenance of their horizontal (geographic) distributions is not well understood. The contrasting spatial (deep versus shallow) and temporal (diel versus seasonal) scales over which these two migrations occur lead to challenges in studying them at higher spatial, temporal and biological resolution and coverage. Extending the largely population-based vertical migration knowledge base to individual-based studies will be an important way forward. While tracking individual zooplankton in their natural habitats remains a major challenge, conducting trophic-scale, high-resolution, year-round studies that utilise emerging field sampling and observation techniques, molecular genetic tools and computational hardware and software will be the best solution to improve our understanding of zooplankton vertical migrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchana Bandara
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway.,Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Biosciences and Economics, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Øystein Varpe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lishani Wijewardene
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Vigdis Tverberg
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Ketil Eiane
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
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16
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Drouet K, Jauzein C, Herviot-Heath D, Hariri S, Laza-Martinez A, Lecadet C, Plus M, Seoane S, Sourisseau M, Lemée R, Siano R. Current distribution and potential expansion of the harmful benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. siamensis towards the warming waters of the Bay of Biscay, North-East Atlantic. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:4956-4979. [PMID: 33497010 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In a future scenario of increasing temperatures in North-Atlantic waters, the risk associated with the expansion of the harmful, benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. siamensis has to be evaluated and monitored. Microscopy observations and spatio-temporal surveys of environmental DNA (eDNA) were associated with Lagrangian particle dispersal simulations to: (i) establish the current colonization of the species in the Bay of Biscay, (ii) assess the spatial connectivity among sampling zones that explain this distribution, and (iii) identify the sentinel zones to monitor future expansion. Throughout a sampling campaign carried out in August to September 2018, microscope analysis showed that the species develops in the south-east of the bay where optimal temperatures foster blooms. Quantitative PCR analyses revealed its presence across almost the whole bay to the western English Channel. An eDNA time-series collected on plastic samplers showed that the species occurs in the bay from April to September. Due to the water circulation, colonization of the whole bay from the southern blooming zones is explained by inter-site connectivity. Key areas in the middle of the bay permit continuous dispersal connectivity towards the north. These key areas are proposed as sentinel zones to monitor O. cf. siamensis invasions towards the presumably warming water of the North-East Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Drouet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (UMR 7093), Villefranche-sur-mer, 06230, France.,Ifremer, DYNECO, Plouzané, F-29280, France
| | | | | | | | - Aitor Laza-Martinez
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain.,Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (Plentzia Marine Station, PiE- UPV/EHU), Plentzia, 48620, Spain
| | | | | | - Sergio Seoane
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain.,Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (Plentzia Marine Station, PiE- UPV/EHU), Plentzia, 48620, Spain
| | | | - Rodolphe Lemée
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (UMR 7093), Villefranche-sur-mer, 06230, France
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17
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DiBenedetto MH, Meyer-Kaiser KS, Torjman B, Wheeler JD, Mullineaux LS. Departures from isotropy: the kinematics of a larval snail in response to food. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb239178. [PMID: 33257438 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.239178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The swimming behavior of invertebrate larvae can affect their dispersal, survival and settlement in the ocean. Modeling this behavior accurately poses unique challenges as behavior is controlled by both physiology and environmental cues. Some larvae use cilia to both swim and create feeding currents, resulting in potential trade-offs between the two functions. Food availability is naturally patchy and often occurs in shallow horizontal layers in the ocean. Also, larval swimming motions generally differ in the horizontal and vertical directions. In order to investigate behavioral response to food by ciliated larvae, we measured their behavioral anisotropy by quantifying deviations from a model based on isotropic diffusion. We hypothesized that larvae would increase horizontal swimming and decrease vertical swimming after encountering food, which could lead to aggregation at food layers. We considered Crepidula fornicata larvae, which are specifically of interest as they exhibit unsteady and variable swimming behaviors that are difficult to categorize. We tracked the larvae in still water with and without food, with a portion of the larvae starved beforehand. On average, larvae in the presence of food were observed higher in the water column, with higher swimming speeds and higher horizontal swimming velocities when compared with larvae without food. Starved larvae also exhibited higher vertical velocities in food, suggesting no aggregation behavior. Although most treatments showed strong anisotropy in larval behavior, we found that starved larvae without food exhibited approximately isotropic kinematics, indicating that behavioral anisotropy can vary with environmental history and conditions to enhance foraging success or mitigate food-poor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H DiBenedetto
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Physical Oceanography Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | | | | | - Jeanette D Wheeler
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lauren S Mullineaux
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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18
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Sun Y, Li H, Yang Q, Liu Y, Fan J, Guo H. Disentangling effects of river inflow and marine diffusion in shaping the planktonic communities in a heavily polluted estuary. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115414. [PMID: 33254723 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Estuarine ecosystems are important in terms of biodiversity processes because there are intense interactions between the river and sea environments. Phytoplankton and zooplankton have been shown to be ecological indicators of the water quality status in estuary ecosystems. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation of the effects that multiple pressures have on the phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in estuarine ecosystems is essential. In this study, water samples from 29 stations were collected from the Liaohe Estuary over three different seasons, and biotic factors (i.e., phytoplankton and zooplankton) were obtained and compared. The results showed that there were significant temporal and spatial variations in the phytoplankton and zooplankton communities from the Liaohe Estuary. The correlation analyses showed that water temperature was the most important factor regulating the variation in phytoplankton communities, whereas the main driving force for the zooplankton was nutrient concentrations. Large amounts of nutrients entered the estuary in spring and summer due to intensive human activities in the Liaohe River basin. The inflows by the Liaohe River introduced some phytoplankton and zooplankton into the estuary, such as Coscinodicus asteromphalus, Chaetoceros decipiens, and Schmacheria poplesia. The impacts of Liaohe inflows on the estuary region gradually decreased as the distance from the inlet increased and this change was mediated by marine diffusion. The results from this study will improve knowledge about planktonic communities in estuarine ecosystems and provide a theoretical foundation for estuary environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Qing Yang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jingfeng Fan
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hao Guo
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
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19
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Michalec FG, Fouxon I, Souissi S, Holzner M. Efficient mate finding in planktonic copepods swimming in turbulence. eLife 2020; 9:e62014. [PMID: 33236986 PMCID: PMC7688315 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zooplankton live in dynamic environments where turbulence may challenge their limited swimming abilities. How this interferes with fundamental behavioral processes remains elusive. We reconstruct simultaneously the trajectories of flow tracers and calanoid copepods and we quantify their ability to find mates when ambient flow imposes physical constrains on their motion and impairs their olfactory orientation. We show that copepods achieve high encounter rates in turbulence due to the contribution of advection and vigorous swimming. Males further convert encounters within the perception radius to contacts and then to mating via directed motion toward nearby organisms within the short time frame of the encounter. Inertial effects do not result in preferential concentration, reducing the geometric collision kernel to the clearance rate, which we model accurately by superposing turbulent velocity and organism motion. This behavioral and physical coupling mechanism may account for the ability of copepods to reproduce in turbulent environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Itzhak Fouxon
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Sami Souissi
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 8187 - LOG - Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Station Marine de Wimereux, Université de LilleWimereuxFrance
| | - Markus Holzner
- Swiss Federal Institute of Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
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20
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Krishnamurthy D, Li H, Benoit du Rey F, Cambournac P, Larson AG, Li E, Prakash M. Scale-free vertical tracking microscopy. Nat Methods 2020; 17:1040-1051. [PMID: 32807956 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-020-0924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The behavior and microscale processes associated with freely suspended organisms, along with sinking particles underlie key ecological processes in the ocean. Mechanistically studying such multiscale processes in the laboratory presents a considerable challenge for microscopy: how to measure single cells at microscale resolution, while allowing them to freely move hundreds of meters in the vertical direction? Here we present a solution in the form of a scale-free, vertical tracking microscope, based on a 'hydrodynamic treadmill' with no bounds for motion along the axis of gravity. Using this method to bridge spatial scales, we assembled a multiscale behavioral dataset of nonadherent planktonic cells and organisms. Furthermore, we demonstrate a 'virtual-reality system for single cells', wherein cell behavior directly controls its ambient environmental parameters, enabling quantitative behavioral assays. Our method and results exemplify a new paradigm of multiscale measurement, wherein one can observe and probe macroscale and ecologically relevant phenomena at microscale resolution. Beyond the marine context, we foresee that our method will allow biological measurements of cells and organisms in a suspended state by freeing them from the confines of the coverslip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Krishnamurthy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hongquan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Pierre Cambournac
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adam G Larson
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ethan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Manu Prakash
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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21
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Relative Influence of Environmental Factors on Biodiversity and Behavioural Traits of a Rare Mesopelagic Fish, Trachipterus trachypterus (Gmelin, 1789), in a Continental Shelf Front of the Mediterranean Sea. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8080581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coastal environments can be influenced by water body masses with particular physical, chemical, and biological properties that create favourable conditions for the development of unique planktonic communities. In this study, we investigated a continental shelf front at Ponza Island (Tyrrhenian Sea) and discussed its diversity and complexity in relation to major environmental parameters. Moon phase and current direction were found to play a significant role in shaping species abundance and behaviour. During in situ observations, we also provided the first data on the behaviour of juveniles of a rare mesopelagic species, Trachipterus trachypterus, suggesting the occurrence of Batesian mimicry.
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22
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Experiments and Agent Based Models of Zooplankton Movement within Complex Flow Environments. Biomimetics (Basel) 2020; 5:biomimetics5010002. [PMID: 31948102 PMCID: PMC7148539 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The movement of plankton is often dictated by local flow patterns, particularly during storms and in environments with strong flows. Reefs, macrophyte beds, and other immersed structures can provide shelter against washout and drastically alter the distributions of plankton as these structures redirect and slow the flows through them. Advection-diffusion and agent-based models are often used to describe the movement of plankton within marine and fresh water environments and across multiple scales. Experimental validation of such models of plankton movement within complex flow environments is challenging because of the difference in both time and spatial scales. Organisms on the scale of 1 mm or less swim by beating their appendages on the order of 1 Hz and are advected meters to kilometers over days, weeks, and months. One approach to study this challenging multiscale problem is to insert actively moving agents within a background flow field. Open source tools to implement this sort of approach are, however, limited. In this paper, we combine experiments and computational fluid dynamics with a newly developed agent-based modeling platform to quantify plankton movement at the scale of tens of centimeters. We use Artemia spp., or brine shrimp, as a model organism given their availability and ease of culturing. The distribution of brine shrimp over time was recorded in a flow tank with simplified physical models of macrophytes. These simplified macrophyte models were 3D-printed arrays of cylinders of varying heights and densities. Artemia nauplii were injected within these arrays, and their distributions over time were recorded with video. The detailed three-dimensional flow fields were quantified using computational fluid dynamics and validated experimentally with particle image velocimetry. To better quantify plankton distributions, we developed an agent-based modeling framework, Planktos, to simulate the movement of plankton immersed within such flow fields. The spatially and temporally varying Artemia distributions were compared across models of varying heights and densities for both the experiments and the agent-based models. The results show that increasing the density of the macrophyte bed drastically increases the average time it takes the plankton to be swept downstream. The height of the macrophyte bed had less of an effect. These effects were easily observed in both experimental studies and in the agent-based simulations.
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Sasaki MC, Dam HG. Integrating patterns of thermal tolerance and phenotypic plasticity with population genetics to improve understanding of vulnerability to warming in a widespread copepod. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:4147-4164. [PMID: 31449341 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Differences in population vulnerability to warming are defined by spatial patterns in thermal adaptation. These patterns may be driven by natural selection over spatial environmental gradients, but can also be shaped by gene flow, especially in marine taxa with high dispersal potential. Understanding and predicting organismal responses to warming requires disentangling the opposing effects of selection and gene flow. We begin by documenting genetic divergence of thermal tolerance and developmental phenotypic plasticity. Ten populations of the widespread copepod Acartia tonsa were collected from sites across a large thermal gradient, ranging from the Florida Keys to Northern New Brunswick, Canada (spanning over 20° latitude). Thermal performance curves (TPCs) from common garden experiments revealed local adaptation at the sampling range extremes, with thermal tolerance increasing at low latitudes and decreasing at high latitudes. The opposite pattern was observed in phenotypic plasticity, which was strongest at high latitudes. No relationship was observed between phenotypic plasticity and environmental variables. Instead, the results are consistent with the hypothesis of a trade-off between thermal tolerance and the strength of phenotypic plasticity. Over a large portion of the sampled range, however, we observed a remarkable lack of differentiation of TPCs. To examine whether this lack of divergence is the result of selection for a generalist performance curve or constraint by gene flow, we analyzed cytochrome oxidase I mtDNA sequences, which revealed four distinct genetic clades, abundant genetic diversity, and widely distributed haplotypes. Strong divergence in thermal performance within genetic clades, however, suggests that the pace of thermal adaptation can be relatively rapid. The combined insight from the laboratory physiological experiments and genetic data indicate that gene flow constrains differentiation of TPCs. This balance between gene flow and selection has implications for patterns of vulnerability to warming. Taking both genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity into account, our results suggest that local adaptation does not increase vulnerability to warming, and that low-latitude populations in general may be more vulnerable to predicted temperature change over the next century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Sasaki
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Hans G Dam
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA
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24
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Reverse engineering field-derived vertical distribution profiles to infer larval swimming behaviors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11818-11823. [PMID: 31123143 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900238116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biophysical models are well-used tools for predicting the dispersal of marine larvae. Larval behavior has been shown to influence dispersal, but how to incorporate behavior effectively within dispersal models remains a challenge. Mechanisms of behavior are often derived from laboratory-based studies and therefore, may not reflect behavior in situ. Here, using state-of-the-art models, we explore the movements that larvae must undertake to achieve the vertical distribution patterns observed in nature. Results suggest that behaviors are not consistent with those described under the tidally synchronized vertical migration (TVM) hypothesis. Instead, we show (i) a need for swimming speed and direction to vary over the tidal cycle and (ii) that, in some instances, larval swimming cannot explain observed vertical patterns. We argue that current methods of behavioral parameterization are limited in their capacity to replicate in situ observations of vertical distribution, which may cause dispersal error to propagate over time, due to advective differences over depth and demonstrate an alternative to laboratory-based behavioral parameterization that encompasses the range of environmental cues that may be acting on planktic organisms.
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25
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Baetscher DS, Anderson EC, Gilbert‐Horvath EA, Malone DP, Saarman ET, Carr MH, Garza JC. Dispersal of a nearshore marine fish connects marine reserves and adjacent fished areas along an open coast. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:1611-1623. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana S. Baetscher
- Department of Ocean Sciences University of California Santa Cruz California
- Southwest Fisheries Science CenterSanta Cruz California
| | - Eric C. Anderson
- Southwest Fisheries Science CenterSanta Cruz California
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz California
| | - Elizabeth A. Gilbert‐Horvath
- Southwest Fisheries Science CenterSanta Cruz California
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz California
| | - Daniel P. Malone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz California
| | - Emily T. Saarman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz California
| | - Mark H. Carr
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz California
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz California
| | - John Carlos Garza
- Department of Ocean Sciences University of California Santa Cruz California
- Southwest Fisheries Science CenterSanta Cruz California
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz California
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26
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Dias CO, Araujo AVDE, Bonecker SLC. Distribution, diversity, and habitat partitioning of Scolecitrichidae species (Copepoda: Calanoida) down to 1,200 m in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2019; 91:e20170973. [PMID: 30916151 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920170973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the main distributional features of Scolecitrichidae species in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (northern region of Rio de Janeiro State) and determined and described their habitat partitioning, based on a night series of stratified samplings down to a depth of 1,200 m. A total of 18 species from seven genera were identified and grouped according to their depth distribution. Distinct vertical patterns of total density, richness, diversity, and evenness were observed, with a decrease in density and an increase in diversity and richness with increasing depth. The total scolecitrichid abundance was dominated by a few epipelagic migrant species (Scolecithrix danae, Scolecithricella minor, Amallothrix tenuiserrata, and Lophothrix frontalis). The nondominant species were distributed in different habitats in the mesopelagic layer (upper-mesopelagic, mesopelagic, and lower-mesopelagic species) according to their vertical patterns of abundance and occurrence in the two sampling periods (rainy and dry season). The total density of scolecitrichid copepods was positively related to temperature and nitrate, and negatively related to silicate at 1 m depth. The abundance of scolecitrichids copepods in the upper layer with warm and oligotrophic waters supports the hypothesis of the influence of different water masses on the scolecitrichid assemblage. High abundance of appendicularians (Oikopleura longicauda) at 1 m depth in the region implies a high production rate of discarded "houses", an important dietary component for Scolecitrichidae copepods. The observed patterns of seasonal cycles and vertical distribution suggest that the diverse scolecitrichid assemblage in the region may be structured mainly according to the partitioning of vertical habitats and food resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina O Dias
- Laboratório Integrado de Zooplâncton e Ictioplâncton, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Prof. Rodolpho Rocco, 211, Bl. A, Sala A0-084, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana V DE Araujo
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Resende, Rua Prefeito Botafogo, s/n, 27541-030 Resende, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sérgio L C Bonecker
- Laboratório Integrado de Zooplâncton e Ictioplâncton, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Prof. Rodolpho Rocco, 211, Bl. A, Sala A0-084, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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27
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Thorne LH, Baird RW, Webster DL, Stepanuk JE, Read AJ. Predicting fisheries bycatch: A case study and field test for pilot whales in a pelagic longline fishery. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lesley H. Thorne
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York
| | | | | | - Julia E. Stepanuk
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York
| | - Andrew J. Read
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Beaufort North Carolina
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28
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Modelling the complexity of plankton communities exploiting omics potential: From present challenges to an integrative pipeline. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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29
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de Oliveira Dias C, de Araujo AV, Bonecker SLC. Vertical distribution and structure of copepod (Arthropoda: Copepoda) assemblages in two different seasons down to 1,200 m in the tropical Southwestern Atlantic. ZOOLOGIA 2018. [DOI: 10.3897/zoologia.35.e13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The vertical distribution of copepod assemblages, ascertained from the surface down to 1,200 m, was investigated during two sampling periods (rainy and dry seasons), at four depths, in the oligotrophic waters of the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Total density, diversity, and richness differed among sampling depths. Copepod density decreased with depth in the two sampling periods, with a maximum at 1 m and a slight decrease at 800 m. Higher diversities were observed at 250 m and 1,200 m during the rainy season and at 1 m and 1,200 m during the dry season. The maximum number of species was found at 1,200 m during the rainy season and at 1 m during the dry season. Various copepod assemblages were delimited in the water column in the two sampling periods. The deeper copepod assemblages occupied a wider range of depths. Salinity and temperature influenced the structure of copepod assemblages and reflected the hydrographic characteristics of the water masses in the region. Candaciapachydactyla (Dana, 1849), Scolecithrixdanae (Lubbock, 1856), and Agetuslimbatus (Brady, 1883) were the indicator species found at 1 m. The effects of different environmental factors on the copepod assemblages suggest that these consortia occupy distinct niches in the ocean.
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30
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Rismani Yazdi S, Nosrati R, Stevens CA, Vogel D, Davies PL, Escobedo C. Magnetotaxis Enables Magnetotactic Bacteria to Navigate in Flow. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:1702982. [PMID: 29205792 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) play an important role in Earth's biogeochemical cycles by transporting minerals in aquatic ecosystems, and have shown promise for controlled transport of microscale objects in flow conditions. However, how MTB traverse complex flow environments is not clear. Here, using microfluidics and high-speed imaging, it is revealed that magnetotaxis enables directed motion of Magnetospirillum magneticum over long distances in flow velocities ranging from 2 to 1260 µm s-1 , corresponding to shear rates ranging from 0.2 to 142 s-1 -a range relevant to both aquatic environments and biomedical applications. The ability of MTB to overcome a current is influenced by the flow, the magnetic field, and their relative orientation. MTB can overcome 2.3-fold higher flow velocities when directed to swim perpendicular to the flow as compared to upstream, as the latter orientation induces higher drag. The results indicate a threshold drag of 9.5 pN, corresponding to a flow velocity of 550 µm s-1 , where magnetotaxis enables MTB to overcome counterdirectional flow. These findings bring new insights into the interactions of MTB with complex flow environments relevant to aquatic ecosystems, while suggesting opportunities for in vivo applications of MTB in microbiorobotics and targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Rismani Yazdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Reza Nosrati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Corey A Stevens
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - David Vogel
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Peter L Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Carlos Escobedo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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31
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Lehahn Y, d'Ovidio F, Koren I. A Satellite-Based Lagrangian View on Phytoplankton Dynamics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2018; 10:99-119. [PMID: 28961072 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The well-lit upper layer of the open ocean is a dynamical environment that hosts approximately half of global primary production. In the remote parts of this environment, distant from the coast and from the seabed, there is no obvious spatially fixed reference frame for describing the dynamics of the microscopic drifting organisms responsible for this immense production of organic matter-the phytoplankton. Thus, a natural perspective for studying phytoplankton dynamics is to follow the trajectories of water parcels in which the organisms are embedded. With the advent of satellite oceanography, this Lagrangian perspective has provided valuable information on different aspects of phytoplankton dynamics, including bloom initiation and termination, spatial distribution patterns, biodiversity, export of carbon to the deep ocean, and, more recently, bottom-up mechanisms that affect the distribution and behavior of higher-trophic-level organisms. Upcoming submesoscale-resolving satellite observations and swarms of autonomous platforms open the way to the integration of vertical dynamics into the Lagrangian view of phytoplankton dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Lehahn
- Department of Marine Geosciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
| | - Francesco d'Ovidio
- Sorbonne Université (UPMC Paris 6/CNRS/IRD/MNHN), LOCEAN-IPSL, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Ilan Koren
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
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32
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Michalec FG, Fouxon I, Souissi S, Holzner M. Zooplankton can actively adjust their motility to turbulent flow. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E11199-E11207. [PMID: 29229858 PMCID: PMC5748176 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708888114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calanoid copepods are among the most abundant metazoans in the ocean and constitute a vital trophic link within marine food webs. They possess relatively narrow swimming capabilities, yet are capable of significant self-locomotion under strong hydrodynamic conditions. Here we provide evidence for an active adaptation that allows these small organisms to adjust their motility in response to background flow. We track simultaneously and in three dimensions the motion of flow tracers and planktonic copepods swimming freely at several intensities of quasi-homogeneous, isotropic turbulence. We show that copepods synchronize the frequency of their relocation jumps with the frequency of small-scale turbulence by performing frequent relocation jumps of low amplitude that seem unrelated to localized hydrodynamic signals. We develop a model of plankton motion in turbulence that shows excellent quantitative agreement with our measurements when turbulence is significant. We find that, compared with passive tracers, active motion enhances the diffusion of organisms at low turbulence intensity whereas it dampens diffusion at higher turbulence levels. The existence of frequent jumps in a motion that is otherwise dominated by turbulent transport allows for the possibility of active locomotion and hence to transition from being passively advected to being capable of controlling diffusion. This behavioral response provides zooplankton with the capability to retain the benefits of self-locomotion despite turbulence advection and may help these organisms to actively control their distribution in dynamic environments. Our study reveals an active adaptation that carries strong fitness advantages and provides a realistic model of plankton motion in turbulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Gaël Michalec
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Itzhak Fouxon
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sami Souissi
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Université de Lille, CNRS, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 8187, F 62930 Wimereux, France
| | - Markus Holzner
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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33
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Krieger MS, McAvoy A, Nowak MA. Effects of motion in structured populations. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:rsif.2017.0509. [PMID: 28978749 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In evolutionary processes, population structure has a substantial effect on natural selection. Here, we analyse how motion of individuals affects constant selection in structured populations. Motion is relevant because it leads to changes in the distribution of types as mutations march towards fixation or extinction. We describe motion as the swapping of individuals on graphs, and more generally as the shuffling of individuals between reproductive updates. Beginning with a one-dimensional graph, the cycle, we prove that motion suppresses natural selection for death-birth (DB) updating or for any process that combines birth-death (BD) and DB updating. If the rule is purely BD updating, no change in fixation probability appears in the presence of motion. We further investigate how motion affects evolution on the square lattice and weighted graphs. In the case of weighted graphs, we find that motion can be either an amplifier or a suppressor of natural selection. In some cases, whether it is one or the other can be a function of the relative reproductive rate, indicating that motion is a subtle and complex attribute of evolving populations. As a first step towards understanding less restricted types of motion in evolutionary graph theory, we consider a similar rule on dynamic graphs induced by a spatial flow and find qualitatively similar results, indicating that continuous motion also suppresses natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison S Krieger
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, One Brattle Square, Suite 6, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alex McAvoy
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, One Brattle Square, Suite 6, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Martin A Nowak
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, One Brattle Square, Suite 6, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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34
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Saastamoinen M, Bocedi G, Cote J, Legrand D, Guillaume F, Wheat CW, Fronhofer EA, Garcia C, Henry R, Husby A, Baguette M, Bonte D, Coulon A, Kokko H, Matthysen E, Niitepõld K, Nonaka E, Stevens VM, Travis JMJ, Donohue K, Bullock JM, Del Mar Delgado M. Genetics of dispersal. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:574-599. [PMID: 28776950 PMCID: PMC5811798 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dispersal is a process of central importance for the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of populations and communities, because of its diverse consequences for gene flow and demography. It is subject to evolutionary change, which begs the question, what is the genetic basis of this potentially complex trait? To address this question, we (i) review the empirical literature on the genetic basis of dispersal, (ii) explore how theoretical investigations of the evolution of dispersal have represented the genetics of dispersal, and (iii) discuss how the genetic basis of dispersal influences theoretical predictions of the evolution of dispersal and potential consequences. Dispersal has a detectable genetic basis in many organisms, from bacteria to plants and animals. Generally, there is evidence for significant genetic variation for dispersal or dispersal‐related phenotypes or evidence for the micro‐evolution of dispersal in natural populations. Dispersal is typically the outcome of several interacting traits, and this complexity is reflected in its genetic architecture: while some genes of moderate to large effect can influence certain aspects of dispersal, dispersal traits are typically polygenic. Correlations among dispersal traits as well as between dispersal traits and other traits under selection are common, and the genetic basis of dispersal can be highly environment‐dependent. By contrast, models have historically considered a highly simplified genetic architecture of dispersal. It is only recently that models have started to consider multiple loci influencing dispersal, as well as non‐additive effects such as dominance and epistasis, showing that the genetic basis of dispersal can influence evolutionary rates and outcomes, especially under non‐equilibrium conditions. For example, the number of loci controlling dispersal can influence projected rates of dispersal evolution during range shifts and corresponding demographic impacts. Incorporating more realism in the genetic architecture of dispersal is thus necessary to enable models to move beyond the purely theoretical towards making more useful predictions of evolutionary and ecological dynamics under current and future environmental conditions. To inform these advances, empirical studies need to answer outstanding questions concerning whether specific genes underlie dispersal variation, the genetic architecture of context‐dependent dispersal phenotypes and behaviours, and correlations among dispersal and other traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Saastamoinen
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Greta Bocedi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, U.K
| | - Julien Cote
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique UMR5174, CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Legrand
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Frédéric Guillaume
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher W Wheat
- Population Genetics, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emanuel A Fronhofer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Garcia
- CIBIO-InBIO, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Roslyn Henry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, U.K.,School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH89XP, U.K
| | - Arild Husby
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michel Baguette
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, 09200 Moulis, France.,Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Dries Bonte
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Coulon
- PSL Research University, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, Biogéographie et Ecologie des Vertébrés, 34293 Montpellier, France.,CESCO UMR 7204, Bases écologiques de la conservation, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hanna Kokko
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erik Matthysen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Kristjan Niitepõld
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Etsuko Nonaka
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virginie M Stevens
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Justin M J Travis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, U.K
| | | | - James M Bullock
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, U.K
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McCauley RD, Day RD, Swadling KM, Fitzgibbon QP, Watson RA, Semmens JM. Widely used marine seismic survey air gun operations negatively impact zooplankton. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:195. [PMID: 28812592 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Zooplankton underpin the health and productivity of global marine ecosystems. Here we present evidence that suggests seismic surveys cause significant mortality to zooplankton populations. Seismic surveys are used extensively to explore for petroleum resources using intense, low-frequency, acoustic impulse signals. Experimental air gun signal exposure decreased zooplankton abundance when compared with controls, as measured by sonar (~3-4 dB drop within 15-30 min) and net tows (median 64% decrease within 1 h), and caused a two- to threefold increase in dead adult and larval zooplankton. Impacts were observed out to the maximum 1.2 km range sampled, which was more than two orders of magnitude greater than the previously assumed impact range of 10 m. Although no adult krill were present, all larval krill were killed after air gun passage. There is a significant and unacknowledged potential for ocean ecosystem function and productivity to be negatively impacted by present seismic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D McCauley
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, GPO Box U 1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ryan D Day
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Centre for Fisheries and Aquaculture, University Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, 7001 Tasmania, Australia
| | - Kerrie M Swadling
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Centre for Ecology and Biodiversity, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Private Bag 80, Hobart, 7001 Tasmania, Australia
| | - Quinn P Fitzgibbon
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Centre for Fisheries and Aquaculture, University Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, 7001 Tasmania, Australia
| | - Reg A Watson
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Centre for Fisheries and Aquaculture, University Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, 7001 Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jayson M Semmens
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Centre for Fisheries and Aquaculture, University Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, 7001 Tasmania, Australia
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36
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Strong JA, Elliott M. The value of remote sensing techniques in supporting effective extrapolation across multiple marine spatial scales. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 116:405-419. [PMID: 28118970 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The reporting of ecological phenomena and environmental status routinely required point observations, collected with traditional sampling approaches to be extrapolated to larger reporting scales. This process encompasses difficulties that can quickly entrain significant errors. Remote sensing techniques offer insights and exceptional spatial coverage for observing the marine environment. This review provides guidance on (i) the structures and discontinuities inherent within the extrapolative process, (ii) how to extrapolate effectively across multiple spatial scales, and (iii) remote sensing techniques and data sets that can facilitate this process. This evaluation illustrates that remote sensing techniques are a critical component in extrapolation and likely to underpin the production of high-quality assessments of ecological phenomena and the regional reporting of environmental status. Ultimately, is it hoped that this guidance will aid the production of robust and consistent extrapolations that also make full use of the techniques and data sets that expedite this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Asa Strong
- The Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Michael Elliott
- The Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
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Brun P, Payne MR, Kiørboe T. Trait biogeography of marine copepods - an analysis across scales. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:1403-1413. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Brun
- Centre for Ocean Life; National Institute of Aquatic Resources; Technical University of Denmark; Kavalergarden 6 DK-2920 Charlottenlund Denmark
| | - Mark R. Payne
- Centre for Ocean Life; National Institute of Aquatic Resources; Technical University of Denmark; Kavalergarden 6 DK-2920 Charlottenlund Denmark
| | - Thomas Kiørboe
- Centre for Ocean Life; National Institute of Aquatic Resources; Technical University of Denmark; Kavalergarden 6 DK-2920 Charlottenlund Denmark
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38
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Sousa LL, López-Castejón F, Gilabert J, Relvas P, Couto A, Queiroz N, Caldas R, Dias PS, Dias H, Faria M, Ferreira F, Ferreira AS, Fortuna J, Gomes RJ, Loureiro B, Martins R, Madureira L, Neiva J, Oliveira M, Pereira J, Pinto J, Py F, Queirós H, Silva D, Sujit PB, Zolich A, Johansen TA, de Sousa JB, Rajan K. Integrated Monitoring of Mola mola Behaviour in Space and Time. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160404. [PMID: 27494028 PMCID: PMC4975458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, ocean sunfish movements have been monitored worldwide using various satellite tracking methods. This study reports the near-real time monitoring of fine-scale (< 10 m) behaviour of sunfish. The study was conducted in southern Portugal in May 2014 and involved satellite tags and underwater and surface robotic vehicles to measure both the movements and the contextual environment of the fish. A total of four individuals were tracked using custom-made GPS satellite tags providing geolocation estimates of fine-scale resolution. These accurate positions further informed sunfish areas of restricted search (ARS), which were directly correlated to steep thermal frontal zones. Simultaneously, and for two different occasions, an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) video-recorded the path of the tracked fish and detected buoyant particles in the water column. Importantly, the densities of these particles were also directly correlated to steep thermal gradients. Thus, both sunfish foraging behaviour (ARS) and possibly prey densities, were found to be influenced by analogous environmental conditions. In addition, the dynamic structure of the water transited by the tracked individuals was described by a Lagrangian modelling approach. The model informed the distribution of zooplankton in the region, both horizontally and in the water column, and the resultant simulated densities positively correlated with sunfish ARS behaviour estimator (rs = 0.184, p<0.001). The model also revealed that tracked fish opportunistically displace with respect to subsurface current flow. Thus, we show how physical forcing and current structure provide a rationale for a predator’s fine-scale behaviour observed over a two weeks in May 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara L. Sousa
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco López-Castejón
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering/Underwater Vehicles Laboratory, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), Alfonso XIII, 52, E-30203, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Javier Gilabert
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering/Underwater Vehicles Laboratory, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), Alfonso XIII, 52, E-30203, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Paulo Relvas
- Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Couto
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Nuno Queiroz
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Renato Caldas
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Sousa Dias
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Dias
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Faria
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Ferreira
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - António Sérgio Ferreira
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Fortuna
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Joel Gomes
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Loureiro
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Martins
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis Madureira
- Oceanscan-MST, Avenida Liberdade, Polo Mar UPTEC, 4450-718 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Jorge Neiva
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Oliveira
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Pereira
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Pinto
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Frederic Py
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Queirós
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Silva
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - P. B. Sujit
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- IIIT Delhi, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Artur Zolich
- Center for Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems, Department of Engineering Cybernetics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gløshaugen, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tor Arne Johansen
- Center for Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems, Department of Engineering Cybernetics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gløshaugen, Trondheim, Norway
| | - João Borges de Sousa
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Kanna Rajan
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Center for Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems, Department of Engineering Cybernetics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gløshaugen, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
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39
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Giant viruses at the core of microscopic wars with global impacts. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 17:130-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Quantifying Preferences and Responsiveness of Marine Zooplankton to Changing Environmental Conditions using Microfluidics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140553. [PMID: 26517120 PMCID: PMC4627805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Global environmental change significantly affects marine species composition. However, analyzing the impact of these changes on marine zooplankton communities was so far mostly limited to assessing lethal doses through mortality assays and hence did not allow a direct assessment of the preferred conditions, or preferendum. Here, we use a microfluidic device to characterize individual behavior of actively swimming zooplankton, and to quantitatively determine their ecological preferendum. For the annelid zooplankton model Platynereis dumerilii we observe a broader pH preferendum than for the copepod Euterpina acutifrons, and reveal previously unrecognized sub-populations with different pH preferenda. For Platynereis, the minimum concentration difference required to elicit a response (responsiveness) is ~1 μM for H+ and ~13.7 mM for NaCl. Furthermore, using laser ablations we show that olfactomedin-expressing sensory cells mediate chemical responsiveness in the Platynereis foregut. Taken together, our microfluidic approach allows precise assessment and functional understanding of environmental perception on planktonic behaviour.
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41
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Frada MJ, Vardi A. Algal viruses hitchhiking on zooplankton across phytoplankton blooms. Commun Integr Biol 2015; 8:e1029210. [PMID: 26479489 PMCID: PMC4594582 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2015.1029210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses infecting marine phytoplankton are key biogeochemical ‘engines’ of the oceans, regulating the dynamics of algal populations and the fate of their extensive blooms. In addition they are important ecological and evolutionary drivers of microbial diversification. Yet, little is known about mechanisms influencing viral dispersal in aquatic systems, enabling the rapid infection and demise of vast phytoplankton blooms. In a recent study we showed that migrating zooplankton as copepods that graze on marine phytoplankton can act as transmission vectors for algal viruses. We demonstrated that these grazers can concentrate virions through topical adsorption and by ingesting infected cells and then releasing back to the medium, via detachment or defecation, high viral titers that readily infect host populations. We proposed that this zooplankton-driven process can potentially boost viral dispersal over wide oceanic scales and enhance bloom termination. Here, we highlight key results and further discuss the ecological and evolutionary consequences of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel J Frada
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; The Weizmann Institute of Science ; Rehovot, Israel
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; The Weizmann Institute of Science ; Rehovot, Israel
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42
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Katija K. Morphology Alters Fluid Transport and the Ability of Organisms to Mix Oceanic Waters. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:698-705. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Dispersants provide a reliable large-scale response to catastrophic oil spills that can be used when the preferable option of recapturing the oil cannot be achieved. By allowing even mild wave action to disperse floating oil into tiny droplets (<70 μm) in the water column, seabirds, reptiles, and mammals are protected from lethal oiling at the surface, and microbial biodegradation is dramatically increased. Recent work has clarified how dramatic this increase is likely to be: beached oil has an environmental residence of years, whereas dispersed oil has a half-life of weeks. Oil spill response operations endorse the concept of net environmental benefit, that any environmental costs imposed by a response technique must be outweighed by the likely benefits. This critical review discusses the potential environmental debits and credits from dispersant use and concludes that, in most cases, the potential environmental costs of adding these chemicals to a polluted area are likely outweighed by the much shorter residence time, and hence integrated environmental impact, of the spilled oil in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger C Prince
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, New Jersey 08801 United States
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44
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Abstract
Marine viruses constitute a major ecological and evolutionary driving force in the marine ecosystems. However, their dispersal mechanisms remain underexplored. Here we follow the dynamics of Emiliania huxleyi viruses (EhV) that infect the ubiquitous, bloom-forming phytoplankton E. huxleyi and show that EhV are emitted to the atmosphere as primary marine aerosols. Using a laboratory-based setup, we showed that the dynamic of EhV aerial emission is strongly coupled to the host-virus dynamic in the culture media. In addition, we recovered EhV DNA from atmospheric samples collected over an E. huxleyi bloom in the North Atlantic, providing evidence for aerosolization of marine viruses in their natural environment. Decay rate analysis in the laboratory revealed that aerosolized viruses can remain infective under meteorological conditions prevailing during E. huxleyi blooms in the ocean, allowing potential dispersal and infectivity over hundreds of kilometers. Based on the combined laboratory and in situ findings, we propose that atmospheric transport of EhV is an effective transmission mechanism for spreading viral infection over large areas in the ocean. This transmission mechanism may also have an important ecological impact on the large-scale host-virus "arms race" during bloom succession and consequently the turnover of carbon in the ocean.
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45
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Cárdenas-Palomo N, Herrera-Silveira J, Velázquez-Abunader I, Reyes O, Ordoñez U. Distribution and feeding habitat characterization of whale sharks Rhincodon typus in a protected area in the north Caribbean Sea. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 86:668-686. [PMID: 25523625 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the distribution of the whale shark Rhincodon typus and hydrobiological variables in the Caribbean Sea during 2005-2009 was analysed. Monthly trips were made to the R. typus aggregation area during the months when this species is present in the region (May to September) to record sightings and hydrological data and to collect samples to determine nutrients, chlorophyll a (Chl a) and zooplankton biomass. A total of 2104 R. typus were counted and three zones of high abundance were identified: Cabo-Catoche, Contoy (both within the Whale Shark Biosphere Reserve, WSBR) and the zone knows as Afuera. The zones of greatest R. typus density within the WSBR were characterized by high Chl a concentrations (median: 1·1 mg m-3 , interpercentile range: 0·5-1·8 mg m-3 ) and high nutrient concentrations, such as ammonium (median: 2·5 µmol l-1 , interpercentile range: 0·5-6·4 µmol l-1 ), due to the influence of local upwelling. A generalized additive model (GAM) was used to explore the relationship between R. typus distribution and the environmental variables inside WSBR. Zooplankton biomass was the most influential environmental variable, supporting the close relationship between R. typus distribution and biological productivity. Copepods were the dominant zooplankton group within the WSBR. In the Afuera zone, there were large R. typus aggregations (>80 individuals) associated with zooplankton dominated by fish eggs and significantly higher mean ± s.d. biomass (3356·1 ± 1960·8 mg m-3 ) compared with that recorded inside the WSBR (103·5 ± 57·2 mg m-3 ). The differences among zones generated changes in R. typus distribution patterns and provided opportunities to develop local management strategies for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cárdenas-Palomo
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Carr. Antigua a Progreso km. 6 Merida, Yucatan 97310, Mexico
| | - J Herrera-Silveira
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Carr. Antigua a Progreso km. 6 Merida, Yucatan 97310, Mexico
| | - I Velázquez-Abunader
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Carr. Antigua a Progreso km. 6 Merida, Yucatan 97310, Mexico
| | - O Reyes
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Carr. Antigua a Progreso km. 6 Merida, Yucatan 97310, Mexico
| | - U Ordoñez
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Carr. Antigua a Progreso km. 6 Merida, Yucatan 97310, Mexico
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46
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Frada MJ, Schatz D, Farstey V, Ossolinski JE, Sabanay H, Ben-Dor S, Koren I, Vardi A. Zooplankton may serve as transmission vectors for viruses infecting algal blooms in the ocean. Curr Biol 2014; 24:2592-7. [PMID: 25438947 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Marine viruses are recognized as a major driving force regulating phytoplankton community composition and nutrient cycling in the oceans. Yet, little is known about mechanisms that influence viral dispersal in aquatic systems, other than physical processes, and that lead to the rapid demise of large-scale algal blooms in the oceans. Here, we show that copepods, abundant migrating crustaceans that graze on phytoplankton, as well as other zooplankton can accumulate and mediate the transmission of viruses infecting Emiliania huxleyi, a bloom-forming coccolithophore that plays an important role in the carbon cycle. We detected by PCR that >80% of copepods collected during a North Atlantic E. huxleyi bloom carried E. huxleyi virus (EhV) DNA. We demonstrated by isolating a new infectious EhV strain from a copepod microbiome that these viruses are infectious. We further showed that EhVs can accumulate in high titers within zooplankton guts during feeding or can be adsorbed to their surface. Subsequently, EhV can be dispersed by detachment or via viral-dense fecal pellets over a period of 1 day postfeeding on EhV-infected algal cells, readily infecting new host populations. Intriguingly, the passage through zooplankton guts prolonged EhV's half-life of infectivity by 35%, relative to free virions in seawater, potentially enhancing viral transmission. We propose that zooplankton, swimming through topographically adjacent phytoplankton micropatches and migrating daily over large areas across physically separated water masses, can serve as viral vectors, boosting host-virus contact rates and potentially accelerating the demise of large-scale phytoplankton blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel José Frada
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Daniella Schatz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Viviana Farstey
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, H. Steinitz Marine Biology Laboratory, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - Justin E Ossolinski
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Helena Sabanay
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ilan Koren
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Hingsamer P, Peeters F, Hofmann H. The consequences of internal waves for phytoplankton focusing on the distribution and production of Planktothrix rubescens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104359. [PMID: 25102279 PMCID: PMC4125214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Consequences of internal wave motion for phytoplankton and in particular for the distribution and production of the harmful and buoyant cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens were investigated based on data from two field campaigns conducted in Lake Ammer during summer 2009 and 2011. In both years, P. rubescens dominated the phytoplankton community and formed a deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) in the metalimnion. Internal wave motions caused vertical displacement of P. rubescens of up to 6 m and 10 m, respectively. Vertical displacements of isotherms and of iso-concentration lines of P. rubescens from the same depth range coincided, suggesting that P. rubescens did not or could not regulate its buoyancy to prevent wave-induced vertical displacements. Diatoms dominated the phytoplankton community in the epilimnion and were vertically separated from P. rubescens. The thickness of the diatom layer, but not the diatom concentrations within the layer, changed in phase with the changes in the thickness of the epilimnion caused by internal wave motions. Seiche induced vertical displacements of P. rubescens caused fluctuations in the light intensity available at the depth of the P. rubescens layer. The interplay between seiche induced vertical displacements of the P. rubescens layer and the daily cycle of incident light lead to differences in the daily mean available light intensity between lake ends by up to a factor of ∼3. As a consequence, the daily mean specific oxygen production rate of P. rubescens differed by up to a factor of ∼7 between lake ends. The horizontal differences in the specific oxygen production rate of P. rubescens were persistent over several days suggesting that the associated production of P. rubescens biomass may lead to phytoplankton patchiness. The effect of internal seiches on the spatial heterogeneity and the persistence of horizontal differences in production, however, depend on the timing and the synchronization between internal wave motion and the daily course of incident light intensity. Vertical displacements caused by internal waves could be distinguished from other factors influencing the distribution of P. rubescens (e.g. active buoyancy control, production, vertical mixing) by a temperature-based data transformation. This technique may be of general use for separating wave-induced transport from other processes (e.g. sedimentation, vertical mixing) that affect the distributions of dissolved substances and suspended particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hingsamer
- Environmental Physics Group, Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Frank Peeters
- Environmental Physics Group, Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Hilmar Hofmann
- Environmental Physics Group, Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Weitz S, Blanco S, Fournier R, Gautrais J, Jost C, Theraulaz G. Residence times and boundary-following behavior in animals. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:052715. [PMID: 25353837 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.052715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many animals in heterogeneous environments bias their trajectories displaying a preference for the vicinity of boundaries. Here we propose a criterion, relying on recent invariance properties of residence times for microreversible Boltzmann's walks, that permits detecting and quantifying boundary-following behaviors. On this basis we introduce a boundary-following model that is a nonmicroreversible Boltzmann's walk and that can represent all kinds of boundary-following distributions. This allows us to perform a theoretical analysis of field-resolved boundary following in animals. Two consequences are pointed out and are illustrated: A systematic procedure can now be used for extraction of individual properties from experimental field measurements, and boundary-curvature influence can be recovered as an emerging property without the need for individuals perceiving the curvature via complex physiological mechanisms. The presented results apply to any memoryless correlated random walk, such as the run-and-tumble models that are widely used in cell motility studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Weitz
- Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie, UMR-CNRS 5213, Université Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment 3R1, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France and Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie, CNRS, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France and Zentrum für Informationsdienste und Hochleistungsrechnen, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 12, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stéphane Blanco
- Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie, UMR-CNRS 5213, Université Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment 3R1, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France and Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie, CNRS, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Richard Fournier
- Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie, UMR-CNRS 5213, Université Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment 3R1, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France and Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie, CNRS, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Jacques Gautrais
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, UMR-CNRS 5169, Université Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment 4R3, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France and CNRS, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Christian Jost
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, UMR-CNRS 5169, Université Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment 4R3, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France and CNRS, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Guy Theraulaz
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, UMR-CNRS 5169, Université Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment 4R3, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France and CNRS, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
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Zimmermann J, Lott C, Weber M, Ramette A, Bright M, Dubilier N, Petersen JM. Dual symbiosis with co-occurring sulfur-oxidizing symbionts in vestimentiferan tubeworms from a Mediterranean hydrothermal vent. Environ Microbiol 2014; 16:3638-56. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Zimmermann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse; Bremen Germany
| | - Christian Lott
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse; Bremen Germany
- Elba Field Station; HYDRA Institute for Marine Sciences; Fetovaia Campo nell'Elba (LI) Italy
| | - Miriam Weber
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse; Bremen Germany
- Elba Field Station; HYDRA Institute for Marine Sciences; Fetovaia Campo nell'Elba (LI) Italy
| | - Alban Ramette
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse; Bremen Germany
| | - Monika Bright
- Department of Limnology and Oceanography; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse Vienna Austria
| | - Nicole Dubilier
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse; Bremen Germany
| | - Jillian M. Petersen
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse; Bremen Germany
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50
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Abstract
The vertical distribution and migration of plankton organisms may have a large impact on their horizontal dispersal and distribution, and consequently on trophic interactions. In this study we used video-net profiling to describe the fine scale vertical distribution of Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Kattegat and Baltic Proper. Potential diel vertical migration was also investigated by frequent filming during a 24-hour cycle at two contrasting locations with respect to salinity stratification. The video profiles revealed a pronounced diel vertical migration at one of the locations. However, only the small and medium size classes migrated, on average 0.85 m h−1, corresponding to a total migration distance of 10 m during 12 h. Larger individuals (with well developed lobes, approx. >27 mm) stay on average in the same depth interval at all times. Biophysical data suggest that migrating individuals likely responded to light, and avoided irradiance levels higher than approx. 10 µmol quanta m−2 s−1. We suggest that strong stratification caused by low surface salinity seemed to prohibit vertical migration.
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