1
|
Batabyal A, Wiley B, Matsuoka H, Komatsuzaki Y, Lukowiak K. Sensory input from osphradium is involved in fluoride detection that alters feeding and memory phenotype in Lymnaea stagnalis. Behav Brain Res 2024:115148. [PMID: 39004230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Fluoride (F-) exposure in organisms remains a significant concern due to its widespread presence and potential health implications. Investigating its detection and subsequent effects on behaviour in aquatic organisms like Lymnaea stagnalis provides valuable insights. Our study focused on elucidating the sensory pathways involved in F- detection and its impact on feeding and memory formation. We explored two potential detection mechanisms: direct flow across the integument onto neurons; and sensory input to the central nervous system (CNS) via the osphradium-osphradial ganglion-osphradial nerve pathway (snails use this system for olfactory sensation of multiple compounds). Injection of F- into snails did not alter feeding behaviour or central neuronal activity, suggesting that internalization might not be the primary detection mode. In contrast, severing the osphradial nerve abolished F-'s suppressive effects on feeding and memory formation, implicating the osphradial pathway in F- sensing and behavioral changes. This finding supports the idea that osphradial nerve signaling mediates the behavioral effects of F-. Our study underscores the importance of sensory pathways in F- detection and behavioral modulation in L. stagnalis. Understanding these mechanisms could provide critical insights into how organisms respond to and adapt to environmental chemical stressors like F-.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Batabyal
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Physical and Natural Sciences, FLAME University, India.
| | - Bevin Wiley
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Hideki Matsuoka
- Department of Physics, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Japan
| | | | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rivi V, Batabyal A, Lukowiak K. The multifaceted effects of flavonoids on neuroplasticity. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2024:RNN230150. [PMID: 38995810 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-230150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
There has been a significant increase in the incidence of multiple neurodegenerative and terminal diseases in the human population with life expectancy increasing in the current times. This highlights the urgent need for a more comprehensive understanding of how different aspects of lifestyle, in particular diet, may affect neural functioning and consequently cognitive performance as well as in enhancing overall health. Flavonoids, found in a variety of fruits, vegetables, and derived beverages, provide a new avenue of research that shows a promising influence on different aspects of brain function. However, despite the promising evidence, most bioactive compounds lack strong clinical research efficacy. In the current scoping review, we highlight the effects of Flavonoids on cognition and neural plasticity across vertebrates and invertebrates with special emphasis on the studies conducted in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, which has emerged to be a functionally dynamic model for studies on learning and memory. In conclusion, we suggest future research directions and discuss the social, cultural, and ethnic dependencies of bioactive compounds that influence how these compounds are used and accepted globally. Bridging the gap between preclinical and clinical studies about the effects of bioactive natural compounds on brain health will surely lead to lifestyle choices such as dietary Flavonoids being used complementarily rather than as replacements to classical drugs bringing about a healthier future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rivi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anuradha Batabyal
- Department of Physical and Natural Sciences, FLAME University, India
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Komatsuzaki Y, Lukowiak K. Epicatechin Alters the Activity of a Neuron Necessary for Long-Term Memory of Aerial Respiratory Behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis. Zoolog Sci 2022; 39. [DOI: 10.2108/zs220008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Komatsuzaki
- College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A flavonoid, quercetin, is capable of enhancing long-term memory formation if encountered at different times in the learning, memory formation, and memory recall continuum. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021; 208:253-265. [PMID: 34820709 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A major extrinsic factor influencing memory and neuro-cognitive performances across taxa is diet. Studies from vertebrates have shown the effects of a flavonoid rich diet on cognitive performance, but the mechanism underlying this action is still poorly understood. A common and abundant flavonoid present in numerous food substances is quercetin (Q). The present study provides the first support for Q-modulated enhancement of cognitive function in an invertebrate model, the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, after an operant conditioning procedure. We found that when snails were exposed to Q 3 h before or after a single 0.5 h training session, which typically results in memory lasting ~ 3 h, they formed a long-term memory (LTM) lasting for at least 24 h. Additionally, we assessed the effects of the combined presentation of a single reinforcing stimulus (at 24 h post-training or 24 h before training) and Q-exposure on both LTM formation and reconsolidation. That is, when applied within 3 h of critical periods of memory, Q regulates four different phases: (1) acquisition (i.e., a learning event), (2) consolidation processes after acquisition, (3) memory recall, and (4) memory reconsolidation. In all these phases Q-exposure enhanced LTM persistence.
Collapse
|
5
|
Configural learning memory can be transformed from intermediate-term to long-term in pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Physiol Behav 2021; 239:113509. [PMID: 34175362 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A lab bred W-strain of Lymnaea stagnalis exhibits configural learning (CL). CL is a form of higher order associative learning wherein when snails experience two contrasting stimuli together such as predatory odour (CE: crayfish effluent) and food odour (C: carrot odour) they learn and associate risk with food. The memory for CL has been shown to last 3 h. Here, we show that when only a single CL-training session is given only a 3 h memory is formed. Memory is not present 24 h after the training session. However, memory can be enhanced and snails show long term memory (24 h memory) when trained for a second time within a 7-day time period after the first CL-training. We further hypothesised that Green tea exposure will enhance memory persistence as catechins in green tea are shown to be cognitive enhancers. We thus subjected snails to CL training followed by green tea exposure which resulted in enhanced memory persistence and it occurred during memory consolidation phase. Thus, we show for the first time that CL intermediate-term memory can be transformed to long-term memory by green tea and multiple trainings in a lab bred strain of Lymnaea.
Collapse
|
6
|
Soudavari R, Batabyal A, Lukowiak K. In the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis), two stressors that individually enhance memory in combination block memory formation. CAN J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2020-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stress plays an important role in memory formation in the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758)). Individual stressors have been shown to enhance or to perturb long-term memory (LTM) formation. However, when snails perceive a combination of two stressors, it is unclear the outcome with regards to LTM formation. Here we first show that when L. stagnalis are exposed individually to either a predator stressor (crayfish effluent (CE), which is a kairomone) or a thermal stressor (30 °C), LTM formation is enhanced. In their natural environment, L. stagnalis may experience temperatures approaching 30 °C and they may encounter crayfish at the same time. How such a combination of stressors alters adaptive behaviour is unknown. Here we show that when these two stressors are combined, LTM formation is blocked. Since boiling CE inactivates the kairomone, we used previously boiled CE that we combined with the thermal stressor and found that LTM formation is again enhanced. These data show that (i) it cannot accurately be predicted how a combination of stressors when combined interact to alter LTM formation and (ii) there is a difference between hot CE and room temperature CE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romina Soudavari
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Anuradha Batabyal
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Itoh A, Komatsuzaki Y, Lukowiak K, Saito M. Epicatechin increases the persistence of long-term memory formed by conditioned taste aversion in Lymnaea. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb238055. [PMID: 33443041 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of epicatechin (Epi), a flavonoid abundant in green tea and cocoa, on long-term memory (LTM) formed following conditioned taste aversion (CTA) training in Lymnaeastagnalis In CTA training, the snails learnt to avoid a food that initially they liked (i.e. sucrose). Twenty-four hours after CTA training, 67% of the trained snails showed a significant decrease in the feeding behaviour elicited by sucrose. Placing snails in the Epi solution in CTA training did not alter the percentage of snails exhibiting LTM, but it significantly increased LTM persistence. We also examined changes following Epi exposure in spontaneous activity of the cerebral giant cells (CGCs) that modulate feeding behaviour and are necessary for CTA-LTM. Our data suggest that Epi causes a decrease in CGC activity and increases LTM persistence, possibly via a GABAergic mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Itoh
- Department of Correlative Study in Physics and Chemistry, Graduate School of Integrated Basic Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Komatsuzaki
- Department of Physics, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 1-8-14 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Minoru Saito
- Department of Correlative Study in Physics and Chemistry, Graduate School of Integrated Basic Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qu Z, Liu A, Li P, Liu C, Xiao W, Huang J, Liu Z, Zhang S. Advances in physiological functions and mechanisms of (-)-epicatechin. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:211-233. [PMID: 32090598 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1723057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Epicatechin (EC) is a flavanol easily obtained through the diet and is present in tea, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, and cereals. Recent studies have shown that EC protects human health and exhibits prominent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, enhances muscle performance, improves symptoms of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, prevents diabetes, and protects the nervous system. With the development of modern medical and biotechnology research, the mechanisms of action associated with EC toward various chronic diseases are becoming more apparent, and the pharmacological development and utilization of EC has been increasingly clarified. Currently, there is no comprehensive systematic introduction to the effects of EC and its mechanisms of action. This review presents the latest research progress and the role of EC in the prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases and its protective health effects and provides a theoretical basis for future research on EC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Qu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ailing Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Penghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Changwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bae WY, Kim HY, Kim KT, Paik HD. Inhibitory effects of Inula britannica extract fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11613P on coagulase activity and growth of Staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-resistant strains. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12785. [PMID: 31353594 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of fermented Inula britannica extract (FIBE) against Staphylococcus aureus strains including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). I. britannica extract was fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11613P, and the pathogenicity of S. aureus strains was determined via assessment of coagulase, DNase, and hemolytic activities. Epicatechin concentration increased from 4.38 to 6.05 μg/mg during fermentation (p < 0.01). FIBE treatment inhibited coagulase release from S. aureus to levels below the inhibitory concentration. FIBE promoted the release of intracellular nucleic acids and N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine absorption. In three S. aureus strains, damaged cells exhibited 21.58, 16.79, and 17.65% decreases in membrane potential induced by cell membrane depolarization, respectively (p < 0.05). Upon FIBE treatment in culture, the minimum inhibitory concentration of FIBE exerted a bacteriostatic effect. In conclusion, FIBE possesses antimicrobial properties, including inhibition of virulence factors, damage to cell membranes, and inhibition of bacterial growth. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a serious concern in hospitals because of its known antibiotic resistance. Vancomycin and tigecycline are used for treating MRSA, but the appearance of vancomycin-intermediate and multidrug-resistant strains of these bacteria has created a demand for new antimicrobial agents. This study demonstrates the effective application of Inula britannica and fermentation technology for developing natural antimicrobial agents against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Young Bae
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeong-Yeop Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee-Tae Kim
- Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.,Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang J, de Freitas E, Lukowiak K. Black tea differs from green tea: it suppresses long-term memory formation in Lymnaea. Commun Integr Biol 2018; 11:1-4. [PMID: 30214677 PMCID: PMC6132430 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2018.1491245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Foods, such as Green tea (GT), containing the flavonol, (-)-Epicatechin (Epi), enhance the formation of long-term memory (LTM) when snails are operantly conditioned in that substance. That is, a single 0.5 h training session results in LTM; whereas similar training in pond water does not result in LTM. It was of interest to determine if Black tea (BT), which is a more popular beverage than GT and which is derived from the same tea leaves, also enhances LTM formation. We found that BT, unlike GT, depressed homeostatic aerial respiratory behaviour and obstructed LTM formation. We used two different methods to determine if BT altered LTM formation and both procedures showed us that BT obstructed LTM formation. We conclude that BT obstructs LTM formation and depresses homeostatic aerial respiration
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Zhang
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Emily de Freitas
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Swinton E, de Freitas E, Swinton C, Shymansky T, Hiles E, Zhang J, Rothwell C, Lukowiak K. Green tea and cocoa enhance cognition in Lymnaea. Commun Integr Biol 2018; 11:e1434390. [PMID: 29497476 PMCID: PMC5824930 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2018.1434390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A flavonoid, (-)-epicatechi (Epi), enhances long-term memory (LTM) formation in Lymnaea and reverses memory obstruction caused by stress. Many foods contain substantial amounts of Epi, (e.g. green tea and cocoa). In humans eating such foods may directly or indirectly enhance cognition. We directly test whether operant conditioning training Lymnaea in these natural foods result in the same effects as training snails in pure Epi. We found that exposure to products containing high concentrations of Epi (e.g. green tea and cocoa) during training enhanced memory formation and could even reverse a learning and memory deficit brought about by stress. Epi can be photo-inactivated by exposure to ultraviolet light. We found that following photo-inactivation of Epi, memory enhancement did not occur. Photo-inactivation of foods containing Epi (e,g. green tea) blocked their ability to enhance LTM. Our data are thus consistent with the hypothesis that dietary sources of Epi can have positive benefits on cognitive ability and be able to reverse memory aversive states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Swinton
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Emily de Freitas
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cayley Swinton
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tamila Shymansky
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Emily Hiles
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jack Zhang
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cailin Rothwell
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tan R, Lukowiak K. Combining Factors That Individually Enhance Memory in Lymnaea. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2018; 234:37-44. [PMID: 29694801 DOI: 10.1086/697197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
When applied individually, thermal stress (1 hour at 30 °C) and (-)epicatechin (a flavonol found in green tea, e.g.) each enhance long-term memory formation following operant conditioning of Lymnaea aerial respiratory behavior. Snails demonstrate enhanced long-term memory formation when trained in epicatechin-treated pond water or when placed in 30 °C pond water for 1 hour, 1 hour prior to training in pond water. We ask here whether the combined application of epicatechin + thermal stress enhances long-term memory retention length beyond the maximal lengths of the individual factors alone. We report that the applied combination of epicatechin + thermal stress has a synergistic memory-enhancing effect; that is, when the two are applied in combination, memory persists longer than when either is applied alone. We then ask whether quercetin, a heat shock protein blocker, will affect the memory enhancement produced by the combined treatment of thermal stress and epicatechin. We report that quercetin does not decrease the memory enhancement of epicatechin, but it does decrease the memory enhancement by thermal stress; and it also decreases the memory persistence of snails exposed to both treatments in combination.
Collapse
|
13
|
Sunada H, Riaz H, de Freitas E, Lukowiak K, Swinton C, Swinton E, Protheroe A, Shymansky T, Komatsuzaki Y, Lukowiak K. Heat stress enhances LTM formation in Lymnaea: role of HSPs and DNA methylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 219:1337-45. [PMID: 27208033 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.134296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Environmentally relevant stressors alter the memory-forming process in Lymnaea following operant conditioning of aerial respiration. One such stressor is heat. Previously, we found that following a 1 h heat shock, long-term memory (LTM) formation was enhanced. We also had shown that the heat stressor activates at least two heat shock proteins (HSPs): HSP40 and HSP70. Here, we tested two hypotheses: (1) the production of HSPs is necessary for enhanced LTM formation; and (2) blocking DNA methylation prevents the heat stressor-induced enhancement of LTM formation. We show here that the enhancing effect of the heat stressor on LTM formation occurs even if snails experienced the stressor 3 days previously. We further show that a flavonoid, quercetin, which inhibits HSP activation, blocks the enhancing effect of the heat stressor on LTM formation. Finally, we show that injection of a DNA methylation blocker, 5-AZA, before snails experience the heat stressor prevents enhancement of memory formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sunada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Hamza Riaz
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Emily de Freitas
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Kai Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Cayley Swinton
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Erin Swinton
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Amy Protheroe
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Tamila Shymansky
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Yoshimasa Komatsuzaki
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen L, Peng Z, Nüssler AK, Liu L, Yang W. Current and prospective sights in mechanism of deoxynivalenol-induced emesis for future scientific study and clinical treatment. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:784-791. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangkai Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
| | - Zhao Peng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
| | - Andreas K. Nüssler
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Center; University of Tübingen; Schnarrenbergstr. 95 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fernell M, Swinton C, Lukowiak K. Epicatechin, a component of dark chocolate, enhances memory formation if applied during the memory consolidation period. Commun Integr Biol 2016; 9:e1205772. [PMID: 27574544 PMCID: PMC4988431 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2016.1205772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epicatechin (Epi), a flavanol found in foods such as dark chocolate has previously been shown to enhance memory formation in our model system, operant conditioning of aerial respiration in Lymnaea. In those experiments snails were trained in Epi. Here we ask whether snails exposed to Epi before training, during the consolidation period immediately following training, or 1 h after training would enhance memory formation. We report here that Epi is only able to enhance memory if snails are placed in Epi-containing pond water immediately after training. That is, Epi enhances memory formation if it is applied during the memory consolidation period as well as if snails are trained in Epi-containing pond water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernell
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Cayley Swinton
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Knezevic B, Komatsuzaki Y, de Freitas E, Lukowiak K. A flavanoid component of chocolate quickly reverses an imposed memory deficit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:816-23. [PMID: 26823103 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.130765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The ability to remember is influenced by environmental and lifestyle factors, such as stress and diet. A flavanol contained in chocolate, epicatechin (Epi), has been shown to enhance long-term memory (LTM) formation in Lymnaea. Combining two stressors (low-calcium pond water and crowding) blocks learning and all forms of memory; that is, this combination of environmentally relevant stressors creates a memory-unfriendly state. We tested the hypothesis that Epi will immediately reverse the memory-unfriendly state, i.e. that snails in the memory-deficit state when trained in Epi will immediately become competent to learn and form memory. We found that Epi not only reverses the memory-deficit state but also further enhances LTM formation. Thus, a naturally occurring bioactive plant compound can overcome a memory-unfriendly state. This supports the idea that bioactive substances may mitigate memory-making deficits that, for example, occur with ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Knezevic
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Yoshimasa Komatsuzaki
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Emily de Freitas
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Johnston GAR. Flavonoid nutraceuticals and ionotropic receptors for the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:120-5. [PMID: 26190180 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids that are found in nutraceuticals have many and varied effects on the activation of ionotropic receptors for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in our brains. They can act as positive or negative modulators enhancing or reducing the effect of GABA. They can act as allosteric agonists. They can act to modulate the action of other modulators. There is considerable evidence that these flavonoids are able to enter the brain to influence brain function. They may have a range of effects including relief of anxiety, improvement in cognition, acting as neuroprotectants and as sedatives. All of these effects are sought after in nutraceuticals. A number of studies have likened flavonoids to the widely prescribed benzodiazepines as 'a new family of benzodiazepine receptor ligands'. They are much more than that with many flavonoid actions on ionotropic GABA receptors being insensitive to the classic benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil and thus independent of the classic benzodiazepine actions. It is time to consider flavonoids in their own right as important modulators of these vital receptors in brain function. Flavonoids are rarely consumed as a single flavonoid except as dietary supplements. The effects of mixtures of flavonoids and other modulators on GABAA receptors need to be more thoroughly investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham A R Johnston
- Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Reza HM, Gias ZT, Islam P, Sabnam S, Jain P, Hossain MH, Alam MA. HPLC-DAD System-Based Phenolic Content Analysis and In Vitro
Antioxidant Activities of Rice Bran Obtained from Aush Dhan (O
ryza Sativa
) of Bangladesh. J Food Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Mahmud Reza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; North South University; Dhaka-1229 Bangladesh
| | - Zarin Tasnim Gias
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; North South University; Dhaka-1229 Bangladesh
| | - Priota Islam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; North South University; Dhaka-1229 Bangladesh
| | - Sadia Sabnam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; North South University; Dhaka-1229 Bangladesh
| | - Preeti Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; North South University; Dhaka-1229 Bangladesh
| | - Md Hemayet Hossain
- BCSIR Laboratories; Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR); Dhaka-1205 Bangladesh
| | - Md Ashraful Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; North South University; Dhaka-1229 Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Plant-derived flavanol (-)epicatechin mitigates anxiety in association with elevated hippocampal monoamine and BDNF levels, but does not influence pattern separation in mice. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e493. [PMID: 25562843 PMCID: PMC4312829 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavanols found in natural products such as cocoa and green tea elicit structural and biochemical changes in the hippocampus, a brain area important for mood and cognition. Here, we evaluated the outcome of daily consumption of the flavanol (-)epicatechin (4 mg per day in water) by adult male C57BL/6 mice on measures of anxiety in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OF). Furthermore, pattern separation, the ability to distinguish between closely spaced identical stimuli, considered to be mediated by the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), was tested using the touchscreen. To investigate mechanisms through which (-)epicatechin may exert its effects, mice were injected with bromodeoxyuridine (50 mg kg(-1)) to evaluate adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In addition, monoaminergic and neurotrophin signaling pathway proteins were measured in tissue derived from subject cortices and hippocampi. Flavanol consumption reduced anxiety in the OF and EPM. Elevated hippocampal and cortical tyrosine hydroxylase, downregulated cortical monoamine oxidase-A levels, as well as increased hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and pro-BDNF support the flavanol's anxiolytic effects. In addition, elevated pAkt in hippocampus and cortex was observed. (-)Epicatechin ingestion did not facilitate touchscreen performance or DG neurogenesis, suggesting a non-neurogenic mechanism. The concurrent modulation of complementary neurotrophic and monoaminergic signaling pathways may contribute to beneficial mood-modulating effects of this flavanol.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zeng YQ, Wang YJ, Zhou XF. Effects of (-)Epicatechin on the Pathology of APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. Front Neurol 2014; 5:69. [PMID: 24847308 PMCID: PMC4023066 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial disorder characterized by the progressive deterioration of neuronal networks. The clearance of Aβ from the brain and anti-inflammation are potential important strategies to prevent and treat disease. In a previous study, we demonstrated the grape seed extract (GSE) could reduce brain Aβ burden and microglia activation, but which polyphenol plays a major role in these events is not known. Here, we tested pharmacological effects of (−)epicatechin, one principle polyphenol compound in GSE, on transgenic AD mice. Methods: APP/PS1 transgenic mice were fed with (−)epicatechin diet (40 mg/kg/day) and curcumin diet (47 mg/kg/day) at 3 months of age for 9 months, the function of liver, Aβ levels in the brain and serum, AD-type neuropathology, plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured. Results: Toward the end of the experiment, we found long-term feeding of (−)epicatechin diet was well tolerated without fatality, changes in food consumption, body weight, or liver function. (−)Epicatechin significantly reduced total Aβ in brain and serum by 39 and 40%, respectively, compared with control diet. Microgliosis and astrocytosis in the brain of Alzheimer’s mice were also reduced by 38 and 35%, respectively. The (−)epicatechin diet did not alter learning and memory behaviors in AD mice. Conclusion: This study has provided evidence on the beneficial role of (−)epicatechin in ameliorating amyloid-induced AD-like pathology in AD mice, but the impact of (−)epicatechin on tau pathology is not clear, also the mechanism needs further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Qin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University , Kunming , China
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University , Kunming , China ; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute, University of South Australia , Adelaide, SA , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Knezevic B, Lukowiak K. A flavonol, epicatechin, reverses the suppressive effects of a stressor on LTM formation. J Exp Biol 2014; 217:4004-9. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.110726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Learning and subsequent memory formation are influenced by both environmental and lifestyle factors, such as stress and diet. Epicatechin, a plant flavonol found in cocoa, red wine, and green tea enhances long term memory formation (LTM) in Lymnaea; while an ecologically relevant stressor, low calcium pond water, suppress LTM formation. We tested the hypothesis that epicatechin overcomes the suppressive effects of the stressor on LTM formation in the continued presence of the stressor. Snails trained in low calcium pond water exhibit learning but not LTM. Epicatechin (15 mg/L) in control pond water enhances LTM formation. When epicatechin was added to the low calcium pond water an enhanced LTM similar to that seen in control pond water was observed. Thus, a naturally occurring bioactive plant compound was able to overcome the suppressive effects of an ecologically relevant stressor on LTM formation.
Collapse
|
22
|
Takigami S, Sunada H, Lukowiak K, Sakakibara M. Spaced taste avoidance conditioning in Lymnaea. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 107:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
23
|
Knight K. CHOCOLATE MAKES SNAILS SMARTER. J Exp Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.080036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|