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Mohan P, Sinu PA. Is direct bodyguard manipulation a parasitoid-induced stress sleep? A new perspective. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220280. [PMID: 36448293 PMCID: PMC9709512 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bodyguard manipulation is a behavioural manipulation in which the host's behaviour is altered to protect the inducer's offspring from imminent biotic threats. The behaviour of a post-parasitoid-egressed host resembles a quiescence state with a characteristic reduction in motor activities like feeding, locomotion, respiration, and metabolic rate. Yet, they respond aggressively through a defensive response when disturbed, which ensures better fitness for the parasitoid's offspring. The behavioural changes in the parasitized host appear after the parasitoid egression. Several hypotheses have been proposed to elucidate how the parasitized host's behaviour is manipulated for the fitness benefits of the inducers, but the exact mechanism is still unknown. We review evidence to explain the behavioural changes and their mechanism in the parasitized hosts. The evidence suggests that parasitoid pre-pupal egression may drive the host to stress-induced sleep. The elevated octopamine concentration also reflects the stress response in the host. Given the theoretical links between the behavioural and the physiological changes in the post-parasitoid-egressed host and stress-induced sleep of other invertebrates, we suggest that behavioural studies combined with functional genomics, proteomics, and histological analyses might give a better understanding of bodyguard manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabitha Mohan
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, India,Zoological Survey of India, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Palatty Allesh Sinu
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
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2
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Goutte A, Molbert N. Benefits of Parasitism in Polluted Environments: A Review and Perspectives. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.847869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequency and strength of biotic interactions are thought to be shaped by environmental conditions. In this study, we reviewed and discussed the potential effects of toxic chemicals in driving shifts along the parasite-mutualist continuum. Some parasites have the astonishing capacity to accumulate trace metals and organic pollutants from various taxa within freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. Recent studies have provided evidence of clear benefits for the host: when exposed to contaminants, infected organisms exhibited reduced contamination levels, less severe oxidative stress, and histological alterations, as well as higher body condition and survival rate compared with their uninfected conspecifics. Such effects might arise when the costs of parasitism are lower than their benefits in specific environmental conditions. Assessing the potential outcomes for parasites exploiting contaminated hosts is a crucial but neglected issue, since ecotoxicological effects on parasites may alter interspecific relationships. We identified possible avenues for future research using innovative tools and long-term experimental manipulations of both parasitism and pollution to better understand how toxic chemicals can modulate the strength and direction of host-parasite interactions.
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3
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Poelman EH, Cusumano A. Impact of parasitoid-associated polydnaviruses on plant-mediated herbivore interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 49:56-62. [PMID: 34839032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivores interact via plant-mediated interactions in which one herbivore species induces changes in plant quality that affects the performance of a second phytophagous insect that shares the food plant. These interactions are often asymmetric due to specificity in induced plant responses to herbivore attack, amount of plant damage, elicitors in herbivore saliva and plant organ damaged by herbivores. Parasitoids and their symbiotic polydnaviruses alter herbivore physiology and behaviour and may influence how plants respond to parasitized herbivores. We argue that these phenomena affect plant-mediated interactions between herbivores. We identify that the extended phenotype of parasitoid polydnaviruses is an important knowledge gap in interaction networks of insect communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik H Poelman
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 16, Wageningen, 6700 AA, The Netherlands.
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- University of Palermo, Department of Agricultural, Food And Forest Sciences (SAAF), Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
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4
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Del Giudice M. Invisible Designers: Brain Evolution Through the Lens of Parasite Manipulation. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1086/705038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Weinersmith KL. What's gotten into you?: a review of recent research on parasitoid manipulation of host behavior. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 33:37-42. [PMID: 31358193 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Some parasitoids modify the behavior of their hosts, benefiting themselves at the host's expense. This phenomenon is called 'manipulation', and current research on parasitoid manipulation of host behavior tends to fall into one of three categories. First, the frequency of manipulation and the magnitude of its benefits to the parasitoid remains unclear. Basic documentation of manipulations is thus a major research focus, with especially valuable recent data coming from spiders manipulated by Polysphincta wasps. Second, for a handful of systems, we now have sufficient phylogenetic and behavioral data to begin asking questions about how manipulation evolved. Finally, the field continues to probe the mechanisms through which parasitoids manipulate host behavior, and now examines the role of parasitoid symbionts in this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Weinersmith
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, MS-140, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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6
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Iritani R, Sato T. Host-Manipulation by Trophically Transmitted Parasites: The Switcher-Paradigm. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:934-944. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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7
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de Vries LJ, van Langevelde F. Two different strategies of host manipulation allow parasites to persist in intermediate-definitive host systems. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:393-404. [PMID: 29282789 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trophically transmitted parasites start their development in an intermediate host, before they finish the development in their definitive host when the definitive host preys on the intermediate host. In intermediate-definitive host systems, two strategies of host manipulation have been evolved: increasing the rate of transmission to the definitive host by increasing the chance that the definitive host will prey on the intermediate host, or increasing the lifespan of the parasite in the intermediate host by decreasing the predation chance when the intermediate host is not yet infectious. As the second strategy is less well studied than the first, it is unknown under what conditions each of these strategies is prevailed and evolved. We analysed the effect of both strategies on the presence of parasites in intermediate-definitive host systems with a structured population model. We show that the parasite can increase the parameter space where it can persist in the intermediate-definitive host system using one of these two strategies of host manipulation. We found that when the intermediate host or the definitive host has life-history traits that allow the definitive host to reach large population densities, that is high reproduction rate of the intermediate host or high conversion efficiency of the definitive host (efficiency at which the uninfected definitive host converts caught intermediate hosts into offspring), respectively, evolving manipulation to decrease the predation chance of the intermediate host will be more beneficial than manipulation to increase the predation chance to enhance transmission. Furthermore, manipulation to decrease the predation chance of the intermediate host results in higher population densities of infected intermediate hosts than manipulation that increases the predation chance to enhance transmission. Our study shows that host manipulation in early stages of the parasite development to decrease predation might be a more frequently evolved way of host manipulation than is currently assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J de Vries
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - F van Langevelde
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Abstract
Insect behavior can be manipulated by parasites, and in many cases, such manipulation involves the central and peripheral nervous system. Neuroparasitology is an emerging branch of biology that deals with parasites that can control the nervous system of their host. The diversity of parasites that can manipulate insect behavior ranges from viruses to macroscopic worms and also includes other insects that have evolved to become parasites (notably, parasitic wasps). It is remarkable that the precise manipulation observed does not require direct entry into the insect brain and can even occur when the parasite is outside the body. We suggest that a spatial view of manipulation provides a holistic approach to examining such interactions. Integration across approaches from natural history to advanced imaging techniques, omics, and experiments will provide new vistas in neuroparasitology. We also suggest that for researchers interested in the proximate mechanisms of insect behaviors, studies of parasites that have evolved to control such behavior is of significant value.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Hughes
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Frederic Libersat
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel;
- Zlotowski Center for Neurosciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
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9
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Binning SA, Shaw AK, Roche DG. Parasites and Host Performance: Incorporating Infection into Our Understanding of Animal Movement. Integr Comp Biol 2017; 57:267-280. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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10
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Weinersmith KL, Earley RL. Better with your parasites? Lessons for behavioural ecology from evolved dependence and conditionally helpful parasites. Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Kaplan I, Carrillo J, Garvey M, Ode PJ. Indirect plant-parasitoid interactions mediated by changes in herbivore physiology. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 14:112-119. [PMID: 27436656 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In occupying an intermediate trophic position, herbivorous insects serve a vital link between plants at the base of the food chain and parasitoids at the top. Although these herbivore-mediated indirect plant-parasitoid interactions are well-documented, new studies have uncovered previously undescribed mechanisms that are fundamentally changing how we view tri-trophic relationships. In this review we highlight recent advances in this field focusing on both plant-driven and parasitoid-driven outcomes that flow up and down the trophic web, respectively. From the bottom-up, plant metabolites can impact parasitoid success by altering host immune function; however, few have considered the potential effects of other plant defense strategies such as tolerance on parasitoid ecology and behavior. From the top-down, parasitoids have long been considered plant bodyguards, but in reality the consequences of parasitism for herbivory rates and induction of plant defensive chemistry are far more complicated with cascading effects on community-level interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kaplan
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, United States.
| | - Juli Carrillo
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, United States
| | - Michael Garvey
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, United States
| | - Paul J Ode
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences & Pest Management, Colorado State University, United States
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12
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González-Forero M. Stable eusociality via maternal manipulation when resistance is costless. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:2208-23. [PMID: 26341103 PMCID: PMC4685003 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In many eusocial species, queens use pheromones to influence offspring to express worker phenotypes. Although evidence suggests that queen pheromones are honest signals of the queen's reproductive health, here I show that queen's honest signalling can result from ancestral maternal manipulation. I develop a mathematical model to study the coevolution of maternal manipulation, offspring resistance to manipulation and maternal resource allocation. I assume that (i) maternal manipulation causes offspring to be workers against offspring's interests; (ii) offspring can resist at no direct cost, as is thought to be the case with pheromonal manipulation; and (iii) the mother chooses how much resource to allocate to fertility and maternal care. In the coevolution of these traits, I find that maternal care decreases, thereby increasing the benefit that offspring obtain from help, which in the long run eliminates selection for resistance. Consequently, ancestral maternal manipulation yields stable eusociality despite costless resistance. Additionally, ancestral manipulation in the long run becomes honest signalling that induces offspring to help. These results indicate that both eusociality and its commonly associated queen honest signalling can be likely to originate from ancestral manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M González-Forero
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis (NIMBioS), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Dheilly NM, Maure F, Ravallec M, Galinier R, Doyon J, Duval D, Leger L, Volkoff AN, Missé D, Nidelet S, Demolombe V, Brodeur J, Gourbal B, Thomas F, Mitta G. Who is the puppet master? Replication of a parasitic wasp-associated virus correlates with host behaviour manipulation. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142773. [PMID: 25673681 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many parasites modify their host behaviour to improve their own transmission and survival, but the proximate mechanisms remain poorly understood. An original model consists of the parasitoid Dinocampus coccinellae and its coccinellid host, Coleomegilla maculata; during the behaviour manipulation, the parasitoid is not in contact with its host anymore. We report herein the discovery and characterization of a new RNA virus of the parasitoid (D. coccinellae paralysis virus, DcPV). Using a combination of RT-qPCR and transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrate that DcPV is stored in the oviduct of parasitoid females, replicates in parasitoid larvae and is transmitted to the host during larval development. Next, DcPV replication in the host's nervous tissue induces a severe neuropathy and antiviral immune response that correlate with the paralytic symptoms characterizing the behaviour manipulation. Remarkably, virus clearance correlates with recovery of normal coccinellid behaviour. These results provide evidence that changes in ladybeetle behaviour most likely result from DcPV replication in the cerebral ganglia rather than by manipulation by the parasitoid. This offers stimulating prospects for research on parasitic manipulation by suggesting for the first time that behaviour manipulation could be symbiont-mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn M Dheilly
- UMR 5244, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions (2EI), CNRS, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan 66860, France MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2 5290), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, Montpellier Cedex 5 34394, France
| | - Fanny Maure
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2 5290), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, Montpellier Cedex 5 34394, France Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, Canada H1X 2B2
| | - Marc Ravallec
- INRA (UMR 1333), 'Insect-Microorganisms Diversity, Genomes and Interactions', Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, Montpellier Cedex 34095, France
| | - Richard Galinier
- UMR 5244, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions (2EI), CNRS, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - Josée Doyon
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, Canada H1X 2B2
| | - David Duval
- UMR 5244, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions (2EI), CNRS, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - Lucas Leger
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2 5290), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, Montpellier Cedex 5 34394, France
| | - Anne-Nathalie Volkoff
- INRA (UMR 1333), 'Insect-Microorganisms Diversity, Genomes and Interactions', Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, Montpellier Cedex 34095, France
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2 5290), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, Montpellier Cedex 5 34394, France
| | - Sabine Nidelet
- Montpellier Genomics and Bioinformatics Facility, MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Montpellier 34396, France
| | - Vincent Demolombe
- Montpellier Genomics and Bioinformatics Facility, MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Montpellier 34396, France
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, Canada H1X 2B2
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- UMR 5244, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions (2EI), CNRS, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2 5290), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, Montpellier Cedex 5 34394, France
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- UMR 5244, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions (2EI), CNRS, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan 66860, France
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14
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Making the best of a bad situation: host partial resistance and bypass of behavioral manipulation by parasites? Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:413-8. [PMID: 26072349 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
With few exceptions, parasitic manipulation dramatically reduces host fitness. That said, evidence of host resistance to behavior-manipulating parasites is scarce. Here, we suggest that the evolution of partial resistance, as well as bypass, to manipulation (PRM and BPM, respectively) represents new, seldom-explored options for parasitized hosts. Natural selection could favor hosts that partially resist certain manipulative dimensions to postpone their death and perform additional reproductive episodes (PRM). Alternatively, manipulated hosts may express novel traits that do not alter the manipulation per se but that alleviate its detrimental fitness consequences (BPM). If effective, PRM and BPM have many implications for the ecology and evolution of hosts and their parasites, especially the evolution of multidimensional manipulations.
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15
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The muscle dwelling myxozoan, Kudoa inornata, enhances swimming performance in the spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2451-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Han Y, van Oers MM, van Houte S, Ros VID. Virus-Induced Behavioural Changes in Insects. HOST MANIPULATIONS BY PARASITES AND VIRUSES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22936-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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17
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Maure F, Doyon J, Thomas F, Brodeur J. Host behaviour manipulation as an evolutionary route towards attenuation of parasitoid virulence. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:2871-5. [PMID: 25399504 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
By definition, insect parasitoids kill their host during their development. Data are presented showing that ladybirds not only can survive parasitism by Dinocampus coccinellae, but also can retain their capacity to reproduce following parasitoid emergence. We hypothesize that host behaviour manipulation constitutes a preadaptation leading to the attenuation of parasitoid virulence. Following larval development, the parasitoid egresses from the host and spins a cocoon between the ladybird's legs. Throughout parasitoid pupation, the manipulated host acts as a bodyguard to protect the parasitoid cocoon from predation. The parasitoid has evolved mechanisms to avoid killing the host prematurely so that its own survival is not compromised. Bodyguard manipulation may thus constitute a selective trait for the evolution of true parasitism in some host-parasitoid associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Maure
- MIVEGEC/UMR CNRS-IRD-UM 5290, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Département de sciences biologiques, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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18
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Fujii T, Matsuo K, Abe Y, Yukawa J, Tokuda M. An endoparasitoid avoids hyperparasitism by manipulating immobile host herbivore to modify host plant morphology. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102508. [PMID: 25033216 PMCID: PMC4102521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many parasitic organisms have an ability to manipulate their hosts to increase their own fitness. In parasitoids, behavioral changes of mobile hosts to avoid or protect against predation and hyperparasitism have been intensively studied, but host manipulation by parasitoids associated with endophytic or immobile hosts has seldom been investigated. We examined the interactions between a gall inducer Masakimyia pustulae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its parasitoids. This gall midge induces dimorphic leaf galls, thick and thin types, on Euonymus japonicus (Celastraceae). Platygaster sp. was the most common primary parasitoid of M. pustulae. In galls attacked by Platygaster sp., whole gall thickness as well as thicknesses of upper and lower gall wall was significantly larger than unparasitized galls, regardless of the gall types, in many localities. In addition, localities and tree individuals significantly affected the thickness of gall. Galls attacked by Platygaster sp. were seldom hyperparasitized in the two gall types. These results strongly suggest that Platygaster sp. manipulates the host plant's development to avoid hyperparasitism by thickening galls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Fujii
- Biosystematics Laboratory, Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Matsuo
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Entomological Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Abe
- Biosystematics Laboratory, Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junichi Yukawa
- Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Tokuda
- Laboratory of System Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, Japan
- * E-mail:
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19
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Jacquin L, Mori Q, Pause M, Steffen M, Medoc V. Non-specific manipulation of gammarid behaviour by P. minutus parasite enhances their predation by definitive bird hosts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101684. [PMID: 25000519 PMCID: PMC4084987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophically-transmitted parasites often change the phenotype of their intermediate hosts in ways that increase their vulnerability to definitive hosts, hence favouring transmission. As a "collateral damage", manipulated hosts can also become easy prey for non-host predators that are dead ends for the parasite, and which are supposed to play no role in transmission strategies. Interestingly, infection with the acanthocephalan parasite Polymorphus minutus has been shown to reduce the vulnerability of its gammarid intermediate hosts to non-host predators, whose presence triggered the behavioural alterations expected to favour trophic transmission to bird definitive hosts. Whilst the behavioural response of infected gammarids to the presence of definitive hosts remains to be investigated, this suggests that trophic transmission might be promoted by non-host predation risk. We conducted microcosm experiments to test whether the behaviour of P. minutus-infected gammarids was specific to the type of predator (i.e. mallard as definitive host and fish as non-host), and mesocosm experiments to test whether trophic transmission to bird hosts was influenced by non-host predation risk. Based on the behaviours we investigated (predator avoidance, activity, geotaxis, conspecific attraction), we found no evidence for a specific fine-tuned response in infected gammarids, which behaved similarly whatever the type of predator (mallard or fish). During predation tests, fish predation risk did not influence the differential predation of mallards that over-consumed infected gammarids compared to uninfected individuals. Overall, our results bring support for a less sophisticated scenario of manipulation than previously expected, combining chronic behavioural alterations with phasic behavioural alterations triggered by the chemical and physical cues coming from any type of predator. Given the wide dispersal range of waterbirds (the definitive hosts of P. minutus), such a manipulation whose efficiency does not depend on the biotic context is likely to facilitate its trophic transmission in a wide range of aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Jacquin
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (iEES, UPMC-CNRS) UMR 7618, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; McGill University, Department of Biology & Redpath Museum, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Quentin Mori
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (iEES, UPMC-CNRS) UMR 7618, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mickaël Pause
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (iEES, UPMC-CNRS) UMR 7618, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Steffen
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (iEES, UPMC-CNRS) UMR 7618, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Medoc
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (iEES, UPMC-CNRS) UMR 7618, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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Cézilly F, Perrot-Minnot MJ, Rigaud T. Cooperation and conflict in host manipulation: interactions among macro-parasites and micro-organisms. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:248. [PMID: 24966851 PMCID: PMC4052506 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several parasite species are known to manipulate the phenotype of their hosts in ways that enhance their own transmission. Co-occurrence of manipulative parasites, belonging to the same species or to more than one species, in a single host has been regularly observed. Little is known, however, on interactions between co-occurring manipulative parasites with same or different transmission routes. Several models addressing this problem have provided predictions on how cooperation and conflict between parasites could emerge from multiple infections. Here, we review the empirical evidence in favor of the existence of synergistic or antagonistic interactions between co-occurring parasites, and highlight the neglected role of micro-organisms. We particularly discuss the actual importance of selective forces shaping the evolution of interactions between manipulative parasites in relation to parasite prevalence in natural populations, efficiency in manipulation, and type of transmission (i.e., horizontal versus vertical), and we emphasize the potential for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Cézilly
- Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de BourgogneDijon, France
- Institut Universitaire de FranceStrasbourg, France
| | | | - Thierry Rigaud
- Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de BourgogneDijon, France
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Malfi RL, Davis SE, Roulston TH. Parasitoid fly induces manipulative grave-digging behaviour differentially across its bumblebee hosts. Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Bodyguard manipulation in a multipredator context: Different processes, same effect. Behav Processes 2013; 99:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Biron DG, Loxdale HD. Host–parasite molecular cross-talk during the manipulative process of a host by its parasite. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:148-60. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.073825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Many parasite taxa are able to alter a wide range of phenotypic traits of their hosts in ways that seem to improve the parasite’s chance of completing its life cycle. Host behavioural alterations are classically seen as compelling illustrations of the ‘extended phenotype’ concept, which suggests that parasite genes have phenotype effects on the host. The molecular mechanisms and the host–parasite cross-talk involved during the manipulative process of a host by its parasite are still poorly understood. In this Review, the current knowledge on proximate mechanisms related to the ‘parasite manipulation hypothesis’ is presented. Parasite genome sequences do not themselves provide a full explanation of parasite biology nor of the molecular cross-talk involved in host–parasite associations. Recently, first-generation proteomics tools have been employed to unravel some aspects of the parasite manipulation process (i.e. proximate mechanisms and evolutionary convergence) using certain model arthropod-host–parasite associations. The pioneer proteomics results obtained on the manipulative process are here highlighted, along with the many gaps in our knowledge. Candidate genes and biochemical pathways potentially involved in the parasite manipulation are presented. Finally, taking into account the environmental factors, we suggest new avenues and approaches to further explore and understand the proximate mechanisms used by parasite species to alter phenotypic traits of their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Biron
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire ‘Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement’, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, F-63177 Aubiere, France
| | - Hugh D. Loxdale
- Royal Entomological Society, Chiswell Green Lane, St Albans AL2 3NS, UK
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Maure F, Brodeur J, Hughes D, Thomas F. How much energy should manipulative parasites leave to their hosts to ensure altered behaviours? J Exp Biol 2013; 216:43-6. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.073163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Although host manipulation is likely to be costly for parasites, we still have a poor understanding of the energetic aspects underlying this strategy. It is traditionally assumed that physiological costs are inevitably associated with mechanisms evolved by parasites to induce the required changes in host behaviours. While most energetic expenditures of parasites relate primarily to bringing about the altered behaviours, manipulative parasites also have to consider the condition of their host during the manipulation. Here, we suggest that because of this trade-off, the energy required to accomplish parasite-induced behaviours may represent a key energetic constraint for parasites. Depending on the energetic expenditures specific to each type of manipulation, parasites should undergo selection to secure resources for their host to allow them to perform manipulated behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Maure
- IRD, MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, FR-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal 4101, rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, CanadaH1X 2B2
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal 4101, rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, CanadaH1X 2B2
| | - David Hughes
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Entomology and Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- IRD, MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, FR-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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