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Mouton S, Mougel A, Ustyantsev K, Dissous C, Melnyk O, Berezikov E, Vicogne J. Optimized protocols for RNA interference in Macrostomum lignano. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae037. [PMID: 38421640 PMCID: PMC11075559 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Macrostomum lignano, a marine free-living flatworm, has emerged as a potent invertebrate model in developmental biology for studying stem cells, germline, and regeneration processes. In recent years, many tools have been developed to manipulate this worm and to facilitate genetic modification. RNA interference is currently the most accessible and direct technique to investigate gene functions. It is obtained by soaking worms in artificial seawater containing dsRNA targeting the gene of interest. Although easy to perform, the original protocol calls for daily exchange of dsRNA solutions, usually until phenotypes are observed, which is both time- and cost-consuming. In this work, we have evaluated alternative dsRNA delivery techniques, such as electroporation and osmotic shock, to facilitate the experiments with improved time and cost efficiency. During our investigation to optimize RNAi, we demonstrated that, in the absence of diatoms, regular single soaking in artificial seawater containing dsRNA directly produced in bacteria or synthesized in vitro is, in most cases, sufficient to induce a potent gene knockdown for several days with a single soaking step. Therefore, this new and highly simplified method allows a very significant reduction of dsRNA consumption and lab work. In addition, it enables performing experiments on a larger number of worms at minimal cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Mouton
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700AD, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Mougel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Kirill Ustyantsev
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700AD, The Netherlands
| | - Colette Dissous
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Oleg Melnyk
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Eugene Berezikov
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700AD, The Netherlands
| | - Jérôme Vicogne
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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Ibrahim AM, Hussein AAA. Toxicological impact of organophosphorus Chlorpyrifos 48%EC pesticide on hemocytes, biochemical disruption, and molecular changes in Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 186:105154. [PMID: 35973759 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides like Chlorpyrifos 48%EC were widely used to control agricultural pests. The present study aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of Chlorpyrifos 48%EC on B. alexandrina snails, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. After exposure of snails to serial concentrations to determine the LC50, thirty snails for each sublethal concentration (LC10 2.1 and LC25 5.6 mg/l) in each group were exposed for 24 h followed by another 24 h for recovery. After recovery random samples were collected from hemolymph and tissue to measure the impacts on Phagocytic index, histological, biochemical, and molecular parameters. The current results showed a toxic effect of Chlorpyrifos 48%EC on adult B. alexandrina snails after 24 h of exposure at LC50 9.6 mg/l. After exposure to the sub-lethal concentrations of this pesticide, it decreased the total number of hemocytes and the percentage of small cells, while increased the percentage of hyalinocytes. The granulocyte percentage was increased after exposure to LC10, while after LC25, it was decreased compared to the control group. Also, the light microscopical examination showed that some granulocytes have plenty of granules, vacuoles and filopodia. Some hyalinocytes were contained shrinked nuclei, incomplete cell division and forming pseudopodia. Besides, the phagocytic index of hemocytes was significantly increased than control in all treated groups. Also, these sub-lethal concentrations increased MDA and SOD activities, while, tissue NO, GST and TAC contents were significantly decreased after exposure. Levels of Testosterone (T) and Estradiol (E) were increased significantly after exposure compared with control group. The present results showed that the concentration of DNA and RNA was highly decreased after exposure to LC10, 25 than the control group. Therefore, B. alexandrina snails could be used as a bio monitor of the chemical pollution. Besides, this pesticide could reduce the transmission of schistosomiasis as it altered the biological system of these snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina M Ibrahim
- Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A A Hussein
- Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
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Ustyantsev KV, Vavilova VY, Blinov AG, Berezikov EV. Macrostomum lignano as a model to study the genetics and genomics of parasitic flatworms. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 25:108-116. [PMID: 34901708 PMCID: PMC8629357 DOI: 10.18699/vj21.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are infected by various species of parasitic flatworms. Without
treatment, acute and chronical infections frequently lead to the development of severe pathologies and even death.
Emerging data on a decreasing efficiency of some important anthelmintic compounds and the emergence of resistance to them force the search for alternative drugs. Parasitic flatworms have complex life cycles, are laborious and
expensive in culturing, and have a range of anatomic and physiological adaptations that complicate the application
of standard molecular-biological methods. On the other hand, free-living flatworm species, evolutionarily close to
parasitic flatworms, do not have the abovementioned difficulties, which makes them potential alternative models
to search for and study homologous genes. In this review, we describe the use of the basal free-living flatworm
Macrostomum lignano as such a model. M. lignano has a number of convenient biological and experimental properties, such as fast reproduction, easy and non-expensive laboratory culturing, optical body transparency, obligatory
sexual reproduction, annotated genome and transcriptome assemblies, and the availability of modern molecular
methods, including transgenesis, gene knockdown by RNA interference, and in situ hybridization. All this makes
M. lignano amenable to the most modern approaches of forward and reverse genetics, such as transposon insertional mutagenesis and methods of targeted genome editing by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Due to the availability of
an increasing number of genome and transcriptome assemblies of different parasitic flatworm species, new knowledge generated by studying M. lignano can be easily translated to parasitic flatworms with the help of modern
bioinformatic methods of comparative genomics and transcriptomics. In support of this, we provide the results of
our bioinformatics search and analysis of genes homologous between M. lignano and parasitic flatworms, which
predicts a list of promising gene targets for subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Ustyantsev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V Yu Vavilova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A G Blinov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E V Berezikov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Garate OF, Gazzaniga S, Cochón AC. A comparative study of enzymatic and immunological parameters in Planorbarius corneus and Biomphalaria glabrata exposed to the organophosphate chlorpyrifos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 225:105544. [PMID: 32569998 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of chlorpyrifos on biomarkers related to neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity in two allopatric freshwater gastropod species belonging to the family Planorbidae. For this purpose, Planorbarius corneus and Biomphalaria glabrata were exposed to chlorpyrifos (active ingredient or commercial formulation) for 48 h at environmentally realistic concentrations (1 and 7.5 μg L-1). Basal acetylcholinesterase activity in soft tissues and hemolymph was almost one order of magnitude higher in P. corneus than in B. glabrata. However, upon chlorpyrifos exposure, statistically significant inhibition of enzymatic activity was registered in both species. Acetylcholinesterase was more sensitive to inhibition in soft tissues than in hemolymph. The highest inhibition was observed in the B. glabrata soft tissues exposed to the commercial formulation (88 % at 1 μg L-1 and 93 % at 7.5 μg L-1). Hemocyte number and lysosomal membrane stability did not show significant changes with respect to controls in any of the exposed groups. Superoxide anion generation was diminished (21-46 %) in P. corneus hemocytes exposed to the active ingredient and in B. glabrata hemocytes exposed to the active ingredient or the formulation. In contrast, hemocyte phagocytic activity increased in all exposed groups. Phagocytosis was most stimulated (89 %) in hemocytes sampled from B. glabrata treated with 7.5 μg L-1 chlorpyrifos. Altogether the results suggest that the freshwater gastropods P. corneus and B. glabrata are suitable model animals for environmental monitoring studies in the Northern Hemisphere and Latin America, respectively. Furthermore, these results add information on the relevance of testing pesticide formulations and on the usefulness of acetylcholinesterase inhibition and immunological parameters as biomarkers of the acute effects of chlorpyrifos in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio F Garate
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Gazzaniga
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana C Cochón
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Wudarski J, Egger B, Ramm SA, Schärer L, Ladurner P, Zadesenets KS, Rubtsov NB, Mouton S, Berezikov E. The free-living flatworm Macrostomum lignano. EvoDevo 2020; 11:5. [PMID: 32158530 PMCID: PMC7053086 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-020-00150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrostomum lignano is a free-living flatworm that is emerging as an attractive experimental animal for research on a broad range of biological questions. One feature setting it apart from other flatworms is the successful establishment of transgenesis methods, facilitated by a steady supply of eggs in the form of single-cell zygotes that can be readily manipulated. This, in combination with the transparency of the animal and its small size, creates practical advantages for imaging and fluorescence-activated cell sorting in studies related to stem cell biology and regeneration. M. lignano can regenerate most of its body parts, including the germline, thanks to the neoblasts, which represent the flatworm stem cell system. Interestingly, neoblasts seem to have a high capacity of cellular maintenance, as M. lignano can survive up to 210 Gy of γ-irradiation, and partially offset the negative consequence of ageing. As a non-self-fertilizing simultaneous hermaphrodite that reproduces in a sexual manner, M. lignano is also used to study sexual selection and other evolutionary aspects of sexual reproduction. Work over the past several years has led to the development of molecular resources and tools, including high-quality genome and transcriptome assemblies, transcriptional profiling of the germline and somatic neoblasts, gene knockdown, and in situ hybridization. The increasingly detailed characterization of this animal has also resulted in novel research questions, such as bio-adhesion based on its adhesion-release glands and genome evolution due to its recent whole-genome duplication.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Wudarski
- 1European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Egger
- 2Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Steven A Ramm
- 3Department of Evolutionary Biology, Bielefeld University, Morgenbreede 45, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lukas Schärer
- 4Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Ladurner
- 2Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kira S Zadesenets
- 5The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Nikolay B Rubtsov
- 5The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Stijn Mouton
- 1European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene Berezikov
- 1European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands.,5The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
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Giraud-Billoud M, Rivera-Ingraham GA, Moreira DC, Burmester T, Castro-Vazquez A, Carvajalino-Fernández JM, Dafre A, Niu C, Tremblay N, Paital B, Rosa R, Storey JM, Vega IA, Zhang W, Yepiz-Plascencia G, Zenteno-Savin T, Storey KB, Hermes-Lima M. Twenty years of the ‘Preparation for Oxidative Stress’ (POS) theory: Ecophysiological advantages and molecular strategies. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 234:36-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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González PM, Rocchetta I, Abele D, Rivera-Ingraham GA. Hypoxically Induced Nitric Oxide: Potential Role as a Vasodilator in Mytilus edulis Gills. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1709. [PMID: 30890963 PMCID: PMC6411825 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intertidal Mytilus edulis experience rapid transgression to hypoxia when they close their valves during low tide. This induces a physiological stress response aiming to stabilize tissue perfusion against declining oxygen partial pressure in shell water. We hypothesized that nitric oxide (NO) accumulation supports blood vessel opening in hypoxia and used live imaging techniques to measure NO and superoxide anion (O2∙-) formation in hypoxia-exposed gill filaments. Thirty minutes of moderate (7 kPa pO2) and severe hypoxia (1 kPa pO2) caused 1.6- and 2.4-fold increase, respectively, of NO accumulation in the endothelial muscle cells of the hemolymphatic vessels of the gill filaments. This led to a dilatation of blood vessel diameter by 43% (7 kPa) and 56% (1 kPa), which facilitates blood flow. Experiments in which we applied the chemical NO-donor Spermine NONOate (concentrations ranging from 1 to 6 mM) under normoxic conditions corroborate the dilatational effect of NO on the blood vessel. The formation of O2∙- within the filament epithelial cells increased 1.5 (7 kPa) and 2-fold (1 kPa) upon treatment. Biochemical analysis of mitochondrial electron transport complexes in hypoxia-exposed gill tissue indicates decreased activity of complexes I and III in both hypoxic conditions; whereas complex IV (cytochrome-c oxidase) activity increased at 7 kPa and decreased at 1 kPa compared to normoxic exposure conditions. This corresponds to the pattern of pO2-dependent gill respiration rates recorded in ex-vivo experiments. Severe hypoxia (1 kPa) appears to have a stabilizing effect on NO accumulation in gill cells, since less O2 is available for NO oxidation to nitrite/nitrate. Hypoxia thus supports the NO dependent inhibition of complex IV activity, a mechanism that could fine tune mitochondrial respiration to the local O2 availability in a tissue. Our study highlights a basal function of NO in improving perfusion of hypoxic invertebrate tissues, which could be a key mechanism of tolerance toward environmental O2 variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mariela González
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Fisicoquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Iara Rocchetta
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA, CONICET-COMAHUE, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Doris Abele
- Department of Biosciences, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Georgina A Rivera-Ingraham
- Department of Biosciences, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.,Laboratoire Environnement de Petit Saut, Hydreco-Guyane, Kourou, French Guiana
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Yusseppone MS, Rocchetta I, Sabatini SE, Luquet CM, Ríos de Molina MDC, Held C, Abele D. Inducing the Alternative Oxidase Forms Part of the Molecular Strategy of Anoxic Survival in Freshwater Bivalves. Front Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29527172 PMCID: PMC5829090 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia in freshwater ecosystems is spreading as a consequence of global change, including pollution and eutrophication. In the Patagonian Andes, a decline in precipitation causes reduced lake water volumes and stagnant conditions that limit oxygen transport and exacerbate hypoxia below the upper mixed layer. We analyzed the molecular and biochemical response of the North Patagonian bivalve Diplodon chilensis after 10 days of experimental anoxia (<0.2 mg O2/L), hypoxia (2 mg O2/L), and normoxia (9 mg O2/L). Specifically, we investigated the expression of an alternative oxidase (AOX) pathway assumed to shortcut the regular mitochondrial electron transport system (ETS) during metabolic rate depression (MRD) in hypoxia-tolerant invertebrates. Whereas, the AOX system was strongly upregulated during anoxia in gills, ETS activities and energy mobilization decreased [less transcription of glycogen phosphorylase (GlyP) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in gills and mantle]. Accumulation of succinate and induction of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity could indicate activation of anaerobic mitochondrial pathways to support anoxic survival in D. chilensis. Oxidative stress [protein carbonylation, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) expression] and apoptotic intensity (caspase 3/7 activity) decreased, whereas an unfolded protein response (HSP90) was induced under anoxia. This is the first clear evidence of the concerted regulation of the AOX and ETS genes in a hypoxia-tolerant freshwater bivalve and yet another example that exposure to hypoxia and anoxia is not necessarily accompanied by oxidative stress in hypoxia-tolerant mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Yusseppone
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Estrés y Metabolismo, INQUIBICEN, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Iara Rocchetta
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Junín de los Andes, Argentina
| | - Sebastian E Sabatini
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Estrés y Metabolismo, INQUIBICEN, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos M Luquet
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Junín de los Andes, Argentina
| | - Maria Del Carmen Ríos de Molina
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Estrés y Metabolismo, INQUIBICEN, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christoph Held
- Department of Functional Ecology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Doris Abele
- Department of Functional Ecology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
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Moreira DC, Oliveira MF, Liz-Guimarães L, Diniz-Rojas N, Campos ÉG, Hermes-Lima M. Current Trends and Research Challenges Regarding "Preparation for Oxidative Stress". Front Physiol 2017; 8:702. [PMID: 28993737 PMCID: PMC5622305 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival under stress, such as exposure to hypoxia, anoxia, freezing, dehydration, air exposure of water breathing organisms, and estivation, is commonly associated to enhanced endogenous antioxidants, a phenomenon coined "preparation for oxidative stress" (POS). The regulation of free radical metabolism seems to be crucial under these selective pressures, since this response is widespread among animals. A hypothesis of how POS works at the molecular level was recently proposed and relies on two main processes: increased reactive species production under hypoxia, and activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors and signaling pathways, increasing the expression of antioxidants. The present paper brings together the current knowledge on POS and considers its future directions. Data indicate the presence of POS in 83 animal species (71.6% among investigated species), distributed in eight animal phyla. Three main research challenges on POS are presented: (i) to identify the molecular mechanism(s) that mediate/induce POS, (ii) to identify the evolutionary origins of POS in animals, and (iii) to determine the presence of POS in natural environments. We firstly discuss the need of evidence for increased RS production in hypoxic conditions that underlie the POS response. Secondly, we discuss the phylogenetic origins of POS back 700 million years, by identifying POS-positive responses in cnidarians. Finally, we present the first reports of the POS adaptation strategy in the wild. The investigation of these research trends and challenges may prove useful to understand the evolution of animal redox adaptations and how they adapt to increasing stressful environments on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Moreira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de BrasíliaBrasilia, Brazil
- Área de Morfologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de BrasíliaBrasilia, Brazil
| | - Marcus F. Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lara Liz-Guimarães
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de BrasíliaBrasilia, Brazil
| | - Nilda Diniz-Rojas
- Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Universidade de BrasíliaBrasilia, Brazil
| | - Élida G. Campos
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de BrasíliaBrasilia, Brazil
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Lin HN, Wang KL, Wu ZH, Tian RM, Liu GZ, Xu Y. Biological and Chemical Diversity of Bacteria Associated with a Marine Flatworm. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15090281. [PMID: 28862674 PMCID: PMC5618420 DOI: 10.3390/md15090281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research is to explore the biological and chemical diversity of bacteria associated with a marine flatworm Paraplanocera sp., and to discover the bioactive metabolites from culturable strains. A total of 141 strains of bacteria including 45 strains of actinomycetes and 96 strains of other bacteria were isolated, identified and fermented on a small scale. Bioactive screening (antibacterial and cytotoxic activities) and chemical screening (ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS)) yielded several target bacterial strains. Among these strains, the ethyl acetate (EA) crude extract of Streptomyces sp. XY-FW47 fermentation broth showed strong antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC43300 (MRSA ATCC43300) and potent cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells. The UPLC-MS spectral analysis of the crude extract indicated that the strain XY-FW47 could produce a series of geldanamycins (GMs). One new geldanamycin (GM) analog, 4,5-dihydro-17-O-demethylgeldanamycin (1), and three known GMs (2–4) were obtained. All of these compounds were tested for antibacterial, cytotoxic, and antifungal activities, yet only GM (3) showed potent cytotoxic (HeLa cells, EC50 = 1.12 μg/mL) and antifungal (Setosphaeria turcica MIC = 2.40 μg/mL) activities. Their structure–activity relationship (SAR) was also preliminarily discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Na Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Kai-Ling Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Ze-Hong Wu
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China.
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Ren-Mao Tian
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Guo-Zhu Liu
- HEC Research and Development Center, HEC Pharm Group, Dongguan 523871, China.
| | - Ying Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Koopman M, Michels H, Dancy BM, Kamble R, Mouchiroud L, Auwerx J, Nollen EA, Houtkooper RH. A screening-based platform for the assessment of cellular respiration in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:1798-816. [PMID: 27583642 PMCID: PMC5040492 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is at the core of many diseases ranging from inherited metabolic diseases to common conditions that are associated with aging. Although associations between aging and mitochondrial function have been identified using mammalian models, much of the mechanistic insight has emerged from Caenorhabditis elegans. Mitochondrial respiration is recognized as an indicator of mitochondrial health. The Seahorse XF96 respirometer represents the state-of-the-art platform for assessing respiration in cells, and we adapted the technique for applications involving C. elegans. Here we provide a detailed protocol to optimize and measure respiration in C. elegans with the XF96 respirometer, including the interpretation of parameters and results. The protocol takes ∼2 d to complete, excluding the time spent culturing C. elegans, and it includes (i) the preparation of C. elegans samples, (ii) selection and loading of compounds to be injected, (iii) preparation and execution of a run with the XF96 respirometer and (iv) postexperimental data analysis, including normalization. In addition, we compare our XF96 application with other existing techniques, including the eight-well Seahorse XFp. The main benefits of the XF96 include the limited number of worms required and the high throughput capacity due to the 96-well format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Koopman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ageing, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Helen Michels
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ageing, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Beverley M. Dancy
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, United States
| | - Rashmi Kamble
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent Mouchiroud
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ellen A.A. Nollen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ageing, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H. Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chakravarti LJ, Jarrold MD, Gibbin EM, Christen F, Massamba‐N'Siala G, Blier PU, Calosi P. Can trans-generational experiments be used to enhance species resilience to ocean warming and acidification? Evol Appl 2016; 9:1133-1146. [PMID: 27695521 PMCID: PMC5039326 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-assisted, trans-generational exposure to ocean warming and acidification has been proposed as a conservation and/or restoration tool to produce resilient offspring. To improve our understanding of the need for and the efficacy of this approach, we characterized life-history and physiological responses in offspring of the marine polychaete Ophryotrocha labronica exposed to predicted ocean warming (OW: + 3°C), ocean acidification (OA: pH -0.5) and their combination (OWA: + 3°C, pH -0.5), following the exposure of their parents to either control conditions (within-generational exposure) or the same conditions (trans-generational exposure). Trans-generational exposure to OW fully alleviated the negative effects of within-generational exposure to OW on fecundity and egg volume and was accompanied by increased metabolic activity. While within-generational exposure to OA reduced juvenile growth rates and egg volume, trans-generational exposure alleviated the former but could not restore the latter. Surprisingly, exposure to OWA had no negative impacts within- or trans-generationally. Our results highlight the potential for trans-generational laboratory experiments in producing offspring that are resilient to OW and OA. However, trans-generational exposure does not always appear to improve traits and therefore may not be a universally useful tool for all species in the face of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leela J. Chakravarti
- Département de BiologieUniversité du Québec à RimouskiRimouskiQCCanada
- College of Marine and Environmental SciencesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQLDAustralia
| | - Michael D. Jarrold
- Département de BiologieUniversité du Québec à RimouskiRimouskiQCCanada
- College of Marine and Environmental SciencesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQLDAustralia
| | - Emma M. Gibbin
- Département de BiologieUniversité du Québec à RimouskiRimouskiQCCanada
- Laboratory for Biological GeochemistrySchool of Architecture, Civil and Environmental EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Felix Christen
- Département de BiologieUniversité du Québec à RimouskiRimouskiQCCanada
| | - Gloria Massamba‐N'Siala
- Département de BiologieUniversité du Québec à RimouskiRimouskiQCCanada
- Dipartimento di Scienze della VitaUniversità di Modena e Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Pierre U. Blier
- Département de BiologieUniversité du Québec à RimouskiRimouskiQCCanada
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Rivera-Ingraham GA, Nommick A, Blondeau-Bidet E, Ladurner P, Lignot JH. Salinity stress from the perspective of the energy-redox axis: Lessons from a marine intertidal flatworm. Redox Biol 2016; 10:53-64. [PMID: 27689738 PMCID: PMC5043416 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of global change, there is an urgent need for researchers in conservation physiology to understand the physiological mechanisms leading to the acquisition of stress acclimation phenotypes. Intertidal organisms continuously cope with drastic changes in their environmental conditions, making them outstanding models for the study of physiological acclimation. As the implementation of such processes usually comes at a high bioenergetic cost, a mitochondrial/oxidative stress approach emerges as the most relevant approach when seeking to analyze whole-animal responses. Here we use the intertidal flatworm Macrostomum lignano to analyze the bioenergetics of salinity acclimation and its consequences in terms of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species formation and physiological response to counteract redox imbalance. Measures of water fluxes and body volume suggest that M. lignano is a hyper-/iso-regulator. Higher salinities were revealed to be the most energetically expensive conditions, with an increase in mitochondrial density accompanied by increased respiration rates. Such modifications came at the price of enhanced superoxide anion production, likely associated with a high caspase 3 upregulation. These animals nevertheless managed to live at high levels of environmental salinity through the upregulation of several mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase. Contrarily, animals at low salinities decreased their respiration rates, reduced their activity and increased nitric oxide formation, suggesting a certain degree of metabolic arrest. A contradictory increase in dichlorofluorescein fluorescence and an upregulation of gluthathione-S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1) expression were observed in these individuals. If animals at low salinity are indeed facing metabolic depression, the return to seawater may result in an oxidative burst. We hypothesize that this increase in GSTP1 could be a “preparation for oxidative stress”, i.e. a mechanism to counteract the production of free radicals upon returning to seawater. The results of the present study shed new light on how tolerant organisms carry out subcellular adaptations to withstand environmental change. High salinity induces O2·- formation while hypo-salinity increases DCF fluorescence. Hypersalinity is accompanied by upregulation of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD. Hyposalinity causes animals to go into a certain degree of metabolic arrest. Low salinity also causes GST-pi upregulation as a preparation for reoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina A Rivera-Ingraham
- Groupe fonctionnel AEO (Adaptation Ecophysiologique et Ontogenèse), UMR 9190 MARBEC, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Aude Nommick
- Groupe fonctionnel AEO (Adaptation Ecophysiologique et Ontogenèse), UMR 9190 MARBEC, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Eva Blondeau-Bidet
- Groupe fonctionnel AEO (Adaptation Ecophysiologique et Ontogenèse), UMR 9190 MARBEC, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Peter Ladurner
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jehan-Hervé Lignot
- Groupe fonctionnel AEO (Adaptation Ecophysiologique et Ontogenèse), UMR 9190 MARBEC, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
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14
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Rivera-Ingraham GA, Rocchetta I, Bickmeyer U, Meyer S, Abele D. Spatial compartmentalization of free radical formation and mitochondrial heterogeneity in bivalve gills revealed by live-imaging techniques. Front Zool 2016; 13:4. [PMID: 26843888 PMCID: PMC4739427 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-016-0137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species are produced during normal unstressed metabolic activity in aerobic tissues. Most analytical work uses tissue homogenates, and lacks spatial information on the tissue specific sites of actual ROS formation. Live-imaging techniques (LIT) utilize target-specific fluorescent dyes to visualize biochemical processes at cellular level. RESULTS Together with oxidative stress measurements, here we report application of LIT to bivalve gills for ex-vivo analysis of gill physiology and mapping of ROS and RNS formation in the living tissue. Our results indicate that a) mitochondria located in the basal parts of the epithelial cells close to the blood vessels are hyperpolarized with high Δψm, whereas b) the peripheral mitochondria close to the cilia have low (depolarized) Δψm. These mitochondria are densely packed (mitotracker Deep Red 633 staining), have acidic pH (Ageladine-A) and collocate with high formation of nitric oxide (DAF-2DA staining). NO formation is also observed in the endothelial cells surrounding the filament blood sinus. ROS (namely H2O2, HOO(•) and ONOO(-) radicals, assessed through C-H2DFFDA staining) are mainly formed within the blood sinus of the filaments and are likely to be produced by hemocytes as defense against invading pathogens. On the ventral bend of the gills, subepithelial mucus glands contain large mucous vacuoles showing higher fluorescence intensities for O2 (•-) than the rest of the tissue. Whether this O2 (•-) production is instrumental to mucus formation or serves antimicrobial protection of the gill surface is unknown. Cells of the ventral bends contain the superoxide forming mucocytes and show significantly higher protein carbonyl formation than the rest of the gill tissue. CONCLUSIONS In summary, ROS and RNS formation is highly compartmentalized in bivalve gills under unstressed conditions. The main mechanisms are the differentiation of mitochondria membrane potential and basal ROS formation in inner and outer filament layers, as well as potentially antimicrobial ROS formation in the central blood vessel. Our results provide new insight into this subject and highlight the fact that studying ROS formation in tissue homogenates may not be adequate to understand the underlying mechanism in complex tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina A Rivera-Ingraham
- Present address: UMR 9190 MARBEC, Groupe fonctionnel AEO, Bat. 24. CC092, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Iara Rocchetta
- Present address: Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET-COMAHUE), CEAN, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Ulf Bickmeyer
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Department of Biosciences, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Stefanie Meyer
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Department of Biosciences, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Doris Abele
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Department of Biosciences, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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15
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Hermes-Lima M, Moreira DC, Rivera-Ingraham GA, Giraud-Billoud M, Genaro-Mattos TC, Campos ÉG. Preparation for oxidative stress under hypoxia and metabolic depression: Revisiting the proposal two decades later. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:1122-43. [PMID: 26408245 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.07.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Organisms that tolerate wide variations in oxygen availability, especially to hypoxia, usually face harsh environmental conditions during their lives. Such conditions include, for example, lack of food and/or water, low or high temperatures, and reduced oxygen availability. In contrast to an expected strong suppression of protein synthesis, a great number of these animals present increased levels of antioxidant defenses during oxygen deprivation. These observations have puzzled researchers for more than 20 years. Initially, two predominant ideas seemed to be irreconcilable: on one hand, hypoxia would decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, while on the other the induction of antioxidant enzymes would require the overproduction of ROS. This induction of antioxidant enzymes during hypoxia was viewed as a way to prepare animals for oxidative damage that may happen ultimately during reoxygenation. The term "preparation for oxidative stress" (POS) was coined in 1998 based on such premise. However, there are many cases of increased oxidative damage in several hypoxia-tolerant organisms under hypoxia. In addition, over the years, the idea of an assured decrease in ROS formation under hypoxia was challenged. Instead, several findings indicate that the production of ROS actually increases in response to hypoxia. Recently, it became possible to provide a comprehensive explanation for the induction of antioxidant enzymes under hypoxia. The supporting evidence and the limitations of the POS idea are extensively explored in this review as we discuss results from research on estivation and situations of low oxygen stress, such as hypoxia, freezing exposure, severe dehydration, and air exposure of water-breathing animals. We propose that, under some level of oxygen deprivation, ROS are overproduced and induce changes leading to hypoxic biochemical responses. These responses would occur mainly through the activation of specific transcription factors (FoxO, Nrf2, HIF-1, NF-κB, and p53) and post translational mechanisms, both mechanisms leading to enhanced antioxidant defenses. Moreover, reactive nitrogen species are candidate modulators of ROS generation in this scenario. We conclude by drawing out the future perspectives in this field of research, and how advances in the knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the POS strategy will offer new and innovative study scenarios of biological and physiological cellular responses to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Hermes-Lima
- Laboratório de Radicais Livres, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasí;lia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Daniel C Moreira
- Laboratório de Radicais Livres, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasí;lia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Georgina A Rivera-Ingraham
- Groupe Fonctionnel AEO (Adaptation Ecophysiologique et Ontogenèse), UMR 9190 MARBEC, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Maximiliano Giraud-Billoud
- Laboratorio de Fisiología (IHEM-CONICET), and Instituto de Fisiología (Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo), Casilla de Correo 33, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Thiago C Genaro-Mattos
- Laboratório de Radicais Livres, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasí;lia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasí;lia, DF, Brazil
| | - Élida G Campos
- Laboratório de Radicais Livres, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasí;lia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
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Paknia O, Schierwater B. Global Habitat Suitability and Ecological Niche Separation in the Phylum Placozoa. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140162. [PMID: 26580806 PMCID: PMC4651326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The enigmatic placozoans, which hold a key position in the metazoan Tree of Life, have attracted substantial attention in many areas of biological and biomedical research. While placozoans have become an emerging model system, their ecology and particularly biogeography remain widely unknown. In this study, we use modelling approaches to explore habitat preferences, and distribution pattern of the placozoans phylum. We provide hypotheses for discrete ecological niche separation between genetic placozoan lineages, which may also help to understand biogeography patterns in other small marine invertebrates. We, here, used maximum entropy modelling to predict placozoan distribution using 20 environmental grids of 9.2 km2 resolution. In addition, we used recently developed metrics of niche overlap to compare habitat suitability models of three genetic clades. The predicted distributions range from 55°N to 44°S and are restricted to regions of intermediate to warm sea surface temperatures. High concentrations of salinity and low nutrient concentrations appear as secondary factors. Tests of niche equivalency reveal the largest differences between placozoan clades I and III. Interestingly, the genetically well-separated clades I and V appear to be ecologically very similar. Our habitat suitability models predict a wider latitudinal distribution for placozoans, than currently described, especially in the northern hemisphere. With respect to biogeography modelling, placozoans show patterns somewhere between higher metazoan taxa and marine microorganisms, with the first group usually showing complex biogeographies and the second usually showing “no biogeography.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Paknia
- ITZ, Ecology and Evolution, TiHo Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Bernd Schierwater
- ITZ, Ecology and Evolution, TiHo Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
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17
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Mordhorst T, Awal S, Jordan S, Petters C, Sartoris L, Dringen R, Bickmeyer U. The chemically synthesized ageladine A-derivative LysoGlow84 stains lysosomes in viable mammalian brain cells and specific structures in the marine flatworm Macrostomum lignano. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:920-35. [PMID: 25679913 PMCID: PMC4344609 DOI: 10.3390/md13020920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the chemical structure and the known chemical synthesis of the marine sponge alkaloid ageladine A, we synthesized the ageladine A-derivative 4-(naphthalene-2-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine trifluoroacetate (LysoGlow84). The two-step synthesis started with the Pictet-Spengler reaction of histamine and naphthalene-2-carbaldehyde to a tetrahydropyridine intermediate, which was dehydrogenated with activated manganese (IV) oxide to LysoGlow84. Structure and purity of the synthesized LysoGlow84 were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The fluorescence intensity emitted by LysoGlow84 depended strongly on the pH of the solvent with highest fluorescence intensity recorded at pH 4. The fluorescence maximum (at 315 nm excitation) was observed at 440 nm. Biocompatibility of LysoGlow84 was investigated using cultured rat brain astrocytes and the marine flatworm Macrostomum lignano. Exposure of the astrocytes for up to 6 h to micromolar concentrations of LysoGlow84 did not compromise cell viability, as demonstrated by several viability assays, but revealed a promising property of this compound for staining of cellular vesicles. Conventional fluorescence microscopy as well as confocal scanning microscopy of LysoGlow84-treated astrocytes revealed co-localization of LysoGlow84 fluorescence with that of LysoTracker® Red DND-99. LysoGlow84 stained unclear structures in Macrostomum lignano, which were identified as lysosomes by co-staining with LysoTracker. Strong fluorescence staining by LysoGlow84 was further observed around the worms' anterior gut and the female genital pore which were not counterstained by LysoTracker Red. Thus, LysoGlow84 is a new promising dye that stains lysosomes and other acidic compartments in cultured cells and in worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Mordhorst
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany.
- Marnas Biochemicals GmbH, Parkstraße 5, Bremerhaven 27580, Germany.
| | - Sushil Awal
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO. Box 330440, Bremen 28334, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Jordan
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany.
- Hochschule Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, Bremerhaven 27568, Germany.
| | - Charlotte Petters
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO. Box 330440, Bremen 28334, Germany.
| | - Linda Sartoris
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany.
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Schwendenerstr. 1, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO. Box 330440, Bremen 28334, Germany.
| | - Ulf Bickmeyer
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany.
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18
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Rivera-Ingraham GA, Rocchetta I, Meyer S, Abele D. Oxygen radical formation in anoxic transgression and anoxia-reoxygenation: foe or phantom? Experiments with a hypoxia tolerant bivalve. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 92:110-119. [PMID: 24099680 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Intertidal blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, experience hypoxia reoxygenation during tidal emersion and resubmersion cycles, and this is often suggested to represent a major stress for the animals, especially for their respiratory tissues, the gills. We exposed mussels to experimental short and prolonged anoxia and subsequent reoxygenation and analyzed the respiratory response in excised gill tissue and the effects of treatment on reactive oxygen species (mainly ROS: superoxide anion, O2·- and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2), formation using live imaging techniques and confocal microscopy. Our aim was to understand if this "natural stress" would indeed produce oxidative damage and whether antioxidant defenses are induced under anoxia, to prevent oxidative damage during reoxygenation. Exposure to declining pO2 in the respiration chamber caused an increase of gill metabolic rate between 21 and 10 kPa, a pO2 range in which whole animal respiration is reported to be oxyregulating. Exposure of the animals to severe anoxia caused an onset of anaerobiosis (succinate accumulation) and shifted high and low critical pc values (pc1: onset of oxyregulation in gills, pc2: switch from oxyregulation to oxyconformity) to higher pO2. Concentrations of both ROS decreased strongly during anoxic exposure of the mussels and increased upon reoxygenation. This ROS burst induced lipid peroxidation in the mantle, but neither were protein carbonyl levels increased (oxidative damage in the protein fraction), nor did the tissue glutathione concentration change in the gills. Further, analysis of apoptosis markers indicated no induction of cell death in the gills. To our knowledge, this is the first paper that directly measures ROS formation during anoxia reoxygenation in mussels. We conclude that hypoxia tolerant intertidal mussels do not suffer major oxidative stress in gill and mantle tissues under these experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina A Rivera-Ingraham
- Department of Functional Ecology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
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19
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Reporter dyes demonstrate functional expression of multidrug resistance proteins in the marine flatworm Macrostomum lignano: the sponge-derived dye Ageladine A is not a substrate of these transporters. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3951-69. [PMID: 24135911 PMCID: PMC3826144 DOI: 10.3390/md11103951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine plathyhelminth Macrostomum lignano was recently isolated from Adriatic shore sediments where it experiences a wide variety of environmental challenges, ranging from hypoxia and reoxygenation, feeding on toxic algae, to exposure to anthropogenic contaminants. As multidrug resistance transporters constitute the first line of defense against toxins and toxicants we have studied the presence of such transporters in M. lignano in living animals by applying optical methods and pharmacological inhibitors that had been developed for mammalian cells. Application of the MDR1 inhibitor Verapamil or of the MRP1 inhibitors MK571 or Probenecid increased the intracellular fluorescence of the reporter dyes Fura-2 am, Calcein am, Fluo-3 am in the worms, but did not affect their staining with the dyes Rhodamine B, CMFDA or Ageladine A. The marine sponge alkaloid Ageladine A remained intracellularly trapped for several days in the worms, suggesting that it does not serve as substrate of multidrug resistance exporters. In addition, Ageladine A did not affect multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP)-mediated dye export from M. lignano or the MRP1-mediated glutathione (GSH) export from cultured rat brain astrocytes. The data obtained demonstrate that life-imaging is a useful tool to address physiological drug export from intact marine transparent flatworms by using multiphoton scanning microscopy.
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20
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Welker AF, Moreira DC, Campos ÉG, Hermes-Lima M. Role of redox metabolism for adaptation of aquatic animals to drastic changes in oxygen availability. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 165:384-404. [PMID: 23587877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Large changes in oxygen availability in aquatic environments, ranging from anoxia through to hyperoxia, can lead to corresponding wide variation in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by animals with aquatic respiration. Therefore, animals living in marine, estuarine and freshwater environments have developed efficient antioxidant defenses to minimize oxidative stress and to regulate the cellular actions of ROS. Changes in oxygen levels may lead to bursts of ROS generation that can be particularly harmful. This situation is commonly experienced by aquatic animals during abrupt transitions from periods of hypoxia/anoxia back to oxygenated conditions (e.g. intertidal cycles). The strategies developed differ significantly among aquatic species and are (i) improvement of their endogenous antioxidant system under hyperoxia (that leads to increased ROS formation) or other similar ROS-related stresses, (ii) increase in antioxidant levels when displaying higher metabolic rates, (iii) presence of constitutively high levels of antioxidants, that attenuates oxidative stress derived from fluctuations in oxygen availability, or (iv) increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (and/or the levels of their mRNAs) during hypometabolic states associated with anoxia/hypoxia. This enhancement of the antioxidant system - coined over a decade ago as "preparation for oxidative stress" - controls the possible harmful effects of increased ROS formation during hypoxia/reoxygenation. The present article proposes a novel explanation for the biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in this phenomenon that could be triggered by hypoxia-induced ROS formation. We also discuss the connections among oxygen sensing, oxidative damage and regulation of the endogenous antioxidant defense apparatus in animals adapted to many natural or man-made challenges of the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis F Welker
- Laboratório de Radicais Livres, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900 DF, Brazil
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