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Grouzdev D, Farhat S, Guo X, Espinosa EP, Reece K, McDowell J, Yang H, Rivara G, Reitsma J, Clemetson A, Tanguy A, Allam B. Development and validation of a 66K SNP array for the hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria). BMC Genomics 2024; 25:847. [PMID: 39251920 PMCID: PMC11385495 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10756-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria), a marine bivalve distributed along the U.S. eastern seaboard, supports a significant shellfish industry. Overharvest in the 1970s and 1980s led to a reduction in landings. While the transition of industry from wild harvest to aquaculture since that time has enhanced production, it has also exacerbated challenges such as disease outbreaks. In this study, we developed and validated a 66K SNP array designed to advance genetic studies and improve breeding programs in the hard clam, focusing particularly on the development of markers that could be useful in understanding disease resistance and environmental adaptability. RESULTS Whole-genome resequencing of 84 individual clam samples and 277 pooled clam libraries yielded over 305 million SNPs, which were filtered down to a set of 370,456 SNPs that were used as input for the design of a 66K SNP array. This medium-density array features 66,543 probes targeting coding and non-coding regions, including 70 mitochondrial SNPs, to capture the extensive genetic diversity within the species. The SNPs were distributed evenly throughout the clam genome, with an average interval of 25,641 bp between SNPs. The array incorporates markers for detecting the clam pathogen Mucochytrium quahogii (formerly QPX), enhancing its utility in disease management. Performance evaluation on 1,904 samples demonstrated a 72.7% pass rate with stringent quality control. Concordance testing affirmed the array's repeatability, with an average agreement of allele calls of 99.64% across multiple tissue types, highlighting its reliability. The tissue-specific analysis demonstrated that some tissue types yield better genotyping results than others. Importantly, the array, including its embedded mitochondrial markers, effectively elucidated complex genetic relationships across different clam groups, both wild populations and aquacultured stocks, showcasing its utility for detailed population genetics studies. CONCLUSIONS The 66K SNP array is a powerful and robust genotyping tool that offers unprecedented insights into the species' genomic architecture and population dynamics and that can greatly facilitate hard clam selective breeding. It represents an important resource that has the potential to transform clam aquaculture, thereby promoting industry sustainability and ecological and economic resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Grouzdev
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5000, USA.
| | - Sarah Farhat
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5000, USA
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Ximing Guo
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 6959 Miller Avenue, Port Norris, NJ, 08349, USA
| | | | - Kimberly Reece
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Jan McDowell
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Huiping Yang
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, 7922 NW 71 Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA
| | - Gregg Rivara
- Cornell University Cooperative Extension, 3690 Cedar Beach Road, Southold, NY, 11971, USA
| | - Joshua Reitsma
- Cape Cod Cooperative Extension, 3195 Main Street, Barnstable, MA, 02630, USA
| | - Antoinette Clemetson
- New York Sea Grant, Stony Brook University, 146 Suffolk Hall, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5002, USA
| | - Arnaud Tanguy
- Sorbonne Université, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5000, USA.
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Kenigsberg C, Titelboim D, Ashckenazi-Polivoda S, Herut B, Kucera M, Zukerman Y, Hyams-Kaphzan O, Almogi-Labin A, Abramovich S. The combined effects of rising temperature and salinity may halt the future proliferation of symbiont-bearing foraminifera as ecosystem engineers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150581. [PMID: 34582868 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rising sea surface temperatures and extreme heat waves are affecting symbiont-bearing tropical calcifiers such as corals and Large Benthic Foraminifera (LBF). In many ecosystems, parallel to warming, global change unleashes a host of additional changes to the marine environment, and the combined effect of such multiple stressors may be far greater than those of temperature alone. One such additional stressor, positively correlated to temperature in evaporation-dominated shallow-water settings is rising salinity. Here we used laboratory culture experiments to evaluate the combined thermohaline tolerance of one of the most common LBF species and carbonate producer, Amphistegina lobifera. The experiments were done under ambient (39 psu) and modified (30, 45, 50 psu) salinities and at optimum (25 °C) and warm temperatures (32 °C). Calcification of the A. lobifera holobiont was evaluated by measuring alkalinity loss in the culturing seawater, as an indication of carbonate ion uptake. The vitality of the symbionts was determined by monitoring pigment loss of the holobiont and their photosynthetic performances by measuring dissolved oxygen. We further evaluated the growth of Peneroplis (P. pertusus and P. planatus), a Rhodophyta bearing LBF, which is known to tolerate high temperatures, under elevated salinities. The results show that the A. lobifera holobiont exhibits optimal performance at 39 psu and 25 °C, and its growth is significantly reduced upon exposure to 30, 45, 50 psu and under all 32 °C treatments. Salinity and temperature exhibit a significant interaction, with synergic effects observed in most treatments. Our results confirm that Peneroplis has a higher tolerance to elevated temperature and salinity compared to A. lobifera, implying that a further increase of salinity and temperatures may result in a regime shift from Amphistegina- to Peneroplis-dominated assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Kenigsberg
- Department of Geology and Environmental Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Danna Titelboim
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK.
| | | | - Barak Herut
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Michal Kucera
- Marum- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Yuval Zukerman
- Department of Geology and Environmental Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | | | - Sigal Abramovich
- Department of Geology and Environmental Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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3
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Cao R, Zhang Y, Ju Y, Wang W, Xi C, Liu W, Liu K. Exacerbation of copper pollution toxicity from ocean acidification: A comparative analysis of two bivalve species with distinct sensitivities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118525. [PMID: 34798221 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In estuarine ecosystems, bivalves experience large pH fluctuations caused by the anthropogenic elevation of atmospheric CO2 and Cu pollution. This study investigates whether Cu toxicity increases indiscriminately in two bivalve species from different estuarine habitats as a result of elevated Cu bioaccumulation in acidified seawater. This was carried out by evaluating the effects of Cu exposure on two bivalve species (clams and scallops) for 28 d, at a series of gradient pH levels (pH 8.1, 7.8, and 7.6). The results demonstrated an increase in the Cu content in the soft tissues of clams and scallops in acidified seawater. Cu toxicity increased under acidified seawater by affecting the molecular pathways, physiological function, biochemical responses, and health status of clams and scallops. An iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis showed increased protein turnover, disturbed cytoskeleton and signal transduction pathways, apoptosis, and suppressed energy metabolism pathways in the clams and scallops under joint exposure to ocean acidification and Cu. The integrated biomarker response results suggested that scallops were more sensitive to Cu toxicity and/or ocean acidification than clams. The proteomic results suggested that the increased energy metabolism and suppressed protein turnover rates may contribute to a higher resistivity to ocean acidification in clams than scallops. Overall, this study provides molecular insights into the distinct sensitivities between two bivalve species from different habitats under exposure to ocean acidification and/or Cu. The findings emphasize the aggravating impact of ocean acidification on Cu toxicity in clams and scallops. The results show that ocean acidification and copper pollution may reduce the long-term viability of clams and scallops, and lead to the degradation of estuarine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.
| | - Yiling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Yuhao Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Chenxiang Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Wenlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
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Chandra Rajan K, Meng Y, Yu Z, Roberts SB, Vengatesen T. Oyster biomineralization under ocean acidification: From genes to shell. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3779-3797. [PMID: 33964098 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralization is one of the key processes that is notably affected in marine calcifiers such as oysters under ocean acidification (OA). Understanding molecular changes in the biomineralization process under OA and its heritability, therefore, is key to developing conservation strategies for protecting ecologically and economically important oyster species. To do this, in this study, we have explicitly chosen the tissue involved in biomineralization (mantle) of an estuarine commercial oyster species, Crassostrea hongkongensis. The primary aim of this study is to understand the influence of DNA methylation over gene expression of mantle tissue under decreased ~pH 7.4, a proxy of OA, and to extrapolate if these molecular changes can be observed in the product of biomineralization-the shell. We grew early juvenile C. hongkongensis, under decreased ~pH 7.4 and control ~pH 8.0 over 4.5 months and studied OA-induced DNA methylation and gene expression patterns along with shell properties such as microstructure, crystal orientation and hardness. The population of oysters used in this study was found to be moderately resilient to OA at the end of the experiment. The expression of key biomineralization-related genes such as carbonic anhydrase and alkaline phosphatase remained unaffected; thus, the mechanical properties of the shell (shell growth rate, hardness and crystal orientation) were also maintained without any significant difference between control and OA conditions with signs of severe dissolution. In addition, this study makes three major conclusions: (1) higher expression of Ca2+ binding/signalling-related genes in the mantle plays a key role in maintaining biomineralization under OA; (2) DNA methylation changes occur in response to OA; however, these methylation changes do not directly control gene expression; and (3) OA would be more of a 'dissolution problem' rather than a 'biomineralization problem' for resilient species that maintain calcification rate with normal shell growth and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanmani Chandra Rajan
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yuan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziniu Yu
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Steven B Roberts
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thiyagarajan Vengatesen
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
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5
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Hall ER, Wickes L, Burnett LE, Scott GI, Hernandez D, Yates KK, Barbero L, Reimer JJ, Baalousha M, Mintz J, Cai WJ, Craig JK, DeVoe MR, Fisher WS, Hathaway TK, Jewett EB, Johnson Z, Keener P, Mordecai RS, Noakes S, Phillips C, Sandifer PA, Schnetzer A, Styron J. Acidification in the U.S. Southeast: Causes, Potential Consequences and the Role of the Southeast Ocean and Coastal Acidification Network. FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE 2020; 7:1-548. [PMID: 32802822 PMCID: PMC7424514 DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Coastal acidification in southeastern U.S. estuaries and coastal waters is influenced by biological activity, run-off from the land, and increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Acidification can negatively impact coastal resources such as shellfish, finfish, and coral reefs, and the communities that rely on them. Organismal responses for species located in the U.S. Southeast document large negative impacts of acidification, especially in larval stages. For example, the toxicity of pesticides increases under acidified conditions and the combination of acidification and low oxygen has profoundly negative influences on genes regulating oxygen consumption. In corals, the rate of calcification decreases with acidification and processes such as wound recovery, reproduction, and recruitment are negatively impacted. Minimizing the changes in global ocean chemistry will ultimately depend on the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, but adaptation to these changes and mitigation of the local stressors that exacerbate global acidification can be addressed locally. The evolution of our knowledge of acidification, from basic understanding of the problem to the emergence of applied research and monitoring, has been facilitated by the development of regional Coastal Acidification Networks (CANs) across the United States. This synthesis is a product of the Southeast Coastal and Ocean Acidification Network (SOCAN). SOCAN was established to better understand acidification in the coastal waters of the U.S. Southeast and to foster communication among scientists, resource managers, businesses, and governments in the region. Here we review acidification issues in the U.S. Southeast, including the regional mechanisms of acidification and their potential impacts on biological resources and coastal communities. We recommend research and monitoring priorities and discuss the role SOCAN has in advancing acidification research and mitigation of and adaptation to these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Hall
- Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, United States
- Correspondence: Emily R. Hall
| | - Leslie Wickes
- Thrive Blue Consulting, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Louis E. Burnett
- Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Geoffrey I. Scott
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Debra Hernandez
- Southeastern Coastal Ocean Observing and Research Regional Association, Charleston, SC, United States
| | | | - Leticia Barbero
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Janet J. Reimer
- College of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Mohammed Baalousha
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jennifer Mintz
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ocean Acidification Program, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Wei-Jun Cai
- College of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - J. Kevin Craig
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Beaufort, NC, United States
| | - M. Richard DeVoe
- South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - William S. Fisher
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Ecology Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL, United States
| | | | - Elizabeth B. Jewett
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ocean Acidification Program, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Zackary Johnson
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Biology Department, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, United States
| | - Paula Keener
- Global Ocean Visions, LLC, Charleston, SC, United States
| | | | - Scott Noakes
- Center for Applied Isotope Studies, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Charlie Phillips
- Phillips Seafood, Sapelo Sea Farms, South Atlantic Fisheries Management Council, Townsend, GA, United States
| | - Paul A. Sandifer
- Hollings Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Astrid Schnetzer
- Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jay Styron
- Carolina Mariculture Company, Cedar Island, NC, United States
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6
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Ivanina AV, Jarrett A, Bell T, Rimkevicius T, Beniash E, Sokolova IM. Effects of seawater salinity and pH on cellular metabolism and enzyme activities in biomineralizing tissues of marine bivalves. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 248:110748. [PMID: 32590052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Molluscan shell formation is a complex energy demanding process sensitive to the shifts in seawater CaCO3 saturation due to changes in salinity and pH. We studied the effects of salinity and pH on energy demand and enzyme activities of biomineralizing cells of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and the hard-shell clam (Mercenaria mercenaria). Adult animals were exposed for 14 days to high (30), intermediate (18), or low (10) salinity at either high (8.0-8.2) or low (7.8) pH. Basal metabolic cost as well as the energy cost of the biomineralization-related cellular processes were determined in isolated mantle edge cells and hemocytes. The total metabolic rates were similar in the hemocytes of the two studied species, but considerably higher in the mantle cells of C. gigas compared with those of M. mercenaria. Cellular respiration was unaffected by salinity in the clams' cells, while in oysters' cells the highest respiration rate was observed at intermediate salinity (18). In both studied species, low pH suppressed cellular respiration. Low pH led to an upregulation of Na+/K+ ATPase activity in biomineralizing cells of oysters and clams. Activities of Ca2+ ATPase and H+ ATPase, as well as the cellular energy costs of Ca2+ and H+ transport in the biomineralizing cells were insensitive to the variation in salinity and pH in the two studied species. Variability in cellular response to low salinity and pH indicates that the disturbance of shell formation under these conditions has different underlying mechanisms in the two studied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Ivanina
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA; Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Abigail Jarrett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA; Department of Marine Biology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tiffany Bell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Tadas Rimkevicius
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Elia Beniash
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Maritime Systems, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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7
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Abstract
Much recent marine research has been directed towards understanding the effects of anthropogenic-induced environmental change on marine biodiversity, particularly for those animals with heavily calcified exoskeletons, such as corals, molluscs and urchins. This is because life in our oceans is becoming more challenging for these animals with changes in temperature, pH and salinity. In the future, it will be more energetically expensive to make marine skeletons and the increasingly corrosive conditions in seawater are expected to result in the dissolution of these external skeletons. However, initial predictions of wide-scale sensitivity are changing as we understand more about the mechanisms underpinning skeletal production (biomineralization). These studies demonstrate the complexity of calcification pathways and the cellular responses of animals to these altered conditions. Factors including parental conditioning, phenotypic plasticity and epigenetics can significantly impact the production of skeletons and thus future population success. This understanding is paralleled by an increase in our knowledge of the genes and proteins involved in biomineralization, particularly in some phyla, such as urchins, molluscs and corals. This Review will provide a broad overview of our current understanding of the factors affecting skeletal production in marine invertebrates. It will focus on the molecular mechanisms underpinning biomineralization and how knowledge of these processes affects experimental design and our ability to predict responses to climate change. Understanding marine biomineralization has many tangible benefits in our changing world, including improvements in conservation and aquaculture and exploitation of natural calcified structure design using biomimicry approaches that are aimed at producing novel biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody S Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
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8
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Tupitza JC, Glaspie CN. Restored freshwater flow and estuarine benthic communities in the northern Gulf of Mexico: research trends and future needs. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8587. [PMID: 32117631 PMCID: PMC7039121 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Restoring river connectivity to rebuild and sustain land is a promising restoration strategy in coastal areas experiencing rapid land loss, such as the Mississippi river delta. Results of these large-scale hydrologic changes are preliminary, and there exists limited empirical evidence regarding how benthic communities will respond, specifically in Barataria Bay and Breton Sound in southeast Louisiana. In this review, the body of existing research in this geographic region pertaining to the drivers of benthic community response that are related to restored freshwater flow and sediment deposition is examined. Overall trends include (1) potential displacement of some species down-estuary due to reduced salinities; (2) temporary lower diversity in areas closest to the inflow; (3) increased benthic production along the marsh edge, and in tidal bayous, as a result of nutrient loading; (4) more habitat coverage in the form of submerged aquatic vegetation; and (5) reduced predation pressure from large and/or salinity-restricted predators. These trends highlight opportunities for future research that should be conducted before large-scale hydrologic changes take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian C Tupitza
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Cassandra N Glaspie
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
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9
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Meng Y, Li C, Li H, Shih K, He C, Yao H, Thiyagarajan V. Recoverable impacts of ocean acidification on the tubeworm, Hydroides elegans: implication for biofouling in future coastal oceans. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:945-957. [PMID: 31687858 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1673376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ocean uptake of anthropogenic CO2 causes ocean acidification (OA), which not only decreases the calcification rate, but also impairs the formation of calcareous shells or tubes in marine invertebrates such as the dominant biofouling tubeworm species, Hydroides elegans. This study examined the ability of tubeworms to resume normal tube calcification when returned to ambient pH 8.1 from a projected near-future OA level of pH 7.8. Tubeworms produced structurally impaired and mechanically weaker calcareous tubes at pH 7.8 compared to at pH 8.1, but were able to recover when the pH was restored to ambient levels. This suggests that tubeworms can physiologically recover from the impacts of OA on tube calcification, composition, density, hardness and stiffness when returned to optimal conditions. These results help understanding of the progression of biofouling communities dominated by tubeworms in future oceans with low pH induced by OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Meng
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chaoyi Li
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hangkong Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kaimin Shih
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chong He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haimin Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - V Thiyagarajan
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory for Marine Pollution, Hong Kong SAR, China
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10
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Dell'Acqua O, Trębala M, Chiantore M, Hannula SP. Robustness of Adamussium colbecki shell to ocean acidification in a short-term exposure. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 149:90-99. [PMID: 31254931 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pCO2 has increased since the industrial revolution leading to a lowering of the ocean surface water pH, a phenomenon called ocean acidification (OA). OA is claimed to be a major threat for marine organisms and ecosystems and, particularly, for Polar regions. We explored the impact of OA on the shell mechanical properties of the Antarctic scallop Adamussium colbecki exposed for one month to acidified (pH 7.6) and natural conditions (unmanipulated littoral water), by performing Scanning Electron Microscopy, nanoindentation and Vickers indentation on the scallop shell. No effect of pH could be detected either in crystal deposition or in the mechanical properties. A. colbecki shell was found to be resistant to OA, which suggests this species to be able to face a climate change scenario that may threat the persistence of the endemic Antarctic species. Further investigation should be carried out in order to elucidate the destiny of this key species in light of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombretta Dell'Acqua
- Department for the Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DiSTAV), University of Genoa, Italy.
| | - Michal Trębala
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Mariachiara Chiantore
- Department for the Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DiSTAV), University of Genoa, Italy.
| | - Simo-Pekka Hannula
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
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11
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Meng Y, Guo Z, Yao H, Yeung KWK, Thiyagarajan V. Calcium carbonate unit realignment under acidification: A potential compensatory mechanism in an edible estuarine oyster. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 139:141-149. [PMID: 30686412 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is well-known for impairing marine calcification; however, the end response of several essential species to this perturbation remains unknown. Decreased pH and saturation levels (Ω) of minerals under OA is projected to alter shell crystallography and thus to reduce shell mechanical properties. This study examined this hypothesis using a commercially important estuarine oyster Magallana hongkongensis. Although shell damage occurred on the outmost prismatic layer and the undying myostracum at decreased pH 7.6 and 7.3, the major foliated layer was relatively unharmed. Oysters maintained their shell hardness and stiffness through altered crystal unit orientation under pH 7.6 conditions. However, under the undersaturated conditions (ΩCal ~ 0.8) at pH 7.3, the realigned crystal units in foliated layer ultimately resulted in less stiff shells which indicated although estuarine oysters are mechanically resistant to unfavorable calcification conditions, extremely low pH condition is still a threat to this essential species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Meng
- The Swire Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhenbin Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Haimin Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kelvin W K Yeung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - V Thiyagarajan
- The Swire Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; State Key Laboratory for Marine Pollution, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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12
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Duarte C, Navarro JM, Quijón PA, Loncon D, Torres R, Manríquez PH, Lardies MA, Vargas CA, Lagos NA. The energetic physiology of juvenile mussels, Mytilus chilensis (Hupe): The prevalent role of salinity under current and predicted pCO 2 scenarios. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:156-163. [PMID: 29980033 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a result of human activities, climate forecasts predict changes in the oceans pCO2 and salinity levels with unknown impacts on marine organisms. As a consequence, an increasing number of studies have begun to address the individual influence of pCO2 and salinity but much remains to be done to understand their combined effects on the physiology and ecology of marine species. Our study addressed this knowledge gap by measuring the influence of current and predicted levels of pCO2 (380 and 1200 ppm, respectively) and salinity (20, 25 and 30 psμ) on the energetic physiology of juvenile mussels (Mytilus chilensis) from the south-eastern Pacific region. Our results indicate that a reduced salinity caused a significant reduction in clearance rate, absorption efficiency and scope for growth of this species. Meanwhile, an increase in pCO2 levels caused a reduction in excretion rates and interacted significantly with salinity in the rate of oxygen uptake measured in the mussel. These results suggest that potential changes in salinity might have a direct role on the physiology of M. chilensis. The effect of pCO2, although less prevalent among the variables measured here, did interact with salinity and is also likely to alter the physiology of this species. Given the ecological and economic importance of M. chilensis, we call for further studies exploring the influence of pCO2 across a wider range of salinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Center for the Study of Multiple-Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - J M Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile
| | - P A Quijón
- Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - D Loncon
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - R Torres
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - P H Manríquez
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - M A Lardies
- Center for the Study of Multiple-Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - C A Vargas
- Center for the Study of Multiple-Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Laboratorio de Funcionamiento de Ecosistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, & Centro EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - N A Lagos
- Center for the Study of Multiple-Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Sezer N, Kocaoğlan HO, Kılıç Ö, Lacoue-Labarthe T, Belivermiş M. Acidified seawater increases accumulation of cobalt but not cesium in manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 184-185:114-121. [PMID: 29396269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pH of seawater around the world is expected to continue its decline in the near future in response to ocean acidification that is driven by heightened atmospheric CO2 emissions. Concomitantly, economically-important molluscs that live in coastal waters including estuaries and embayments, may be exposed to a wide assortment of contaminants, including trace metals and radionuclides. Seawater acidification may alter both the chemical speciation of select elements as well as the physiology of organisms, and may thus pose at risk to many shellfish species, including the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. The bioconcentration efficiency of two common radionuclides associated with the nuclear fuel cycle, 134Cs and 57Co, were investigated by exposing live clams to dissolved 134Cs and 57Co at control (pH = 8.1) and two lowered pH (pH = 7.8 and 7.5) levels using controlled aquaria. The uptake and depuration kinetics of the two radionuclides in the whole-body clam were followed for 21 and 35 days, respectively. At steady-state equilibrium, the concentration factor (CFss) for 57Co increased as the pH decreased (i.e. 130 ± 5, 194 ± 6, and 258 ± 10 at pH levels 8.1, 7.8 and 7.5, respectively), whereas the 134Cs uptake was not influenced by a change in pH conditions. During depuration, the lowest depuration rate constant of 57Co by the manila clam was observed at the intermediate pH of 7.8. An increase in the accumulation of 57Co at the intermediate pH value was thought to be caused mainly by the aragonitic shell of the clam, as well as the low salinity and alkalinity of seawater used in the experiment. Considering that accumulation consists of uptake and depuration, among the three pH conditions moderately acidified seawater enhanced most the accumulation of 57Co. Accumulation of 134Cs was not strongly influenced by a reduced pH condition, as represented by an analogous uptake constant rate and CFss in each treatment. Such results suggest that future seawater pH values that are projected to be lower in the next decades, may pose a risk for calcium-bearing organisms such as shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narin Sezer
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134 Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Oğuz Kocaoğlan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134 Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Önder Kılıç
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134 Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Thomas Lacoue-Labarthe
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés, UMR 7266 CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Murat Belivermiş
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134 Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey.
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14
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Hawkins CA, Sokolova IM. Effects of elevated CO 2 levels on subcellular distribution of trace metals (Cd and Cu) in marine bivalves. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 192:251-264. [PMID: 28987992 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypercapnia (elevated CO2 levels) and pollution with trace metals such as Cu and Cd are common stressors in estuarine habitats that can negatively affect physiology and health of marine organisms. Hypercapnia can modulate toxicity of trace metals including Cu and Cd; however, the physiological and cellular mechanisms of the metal-CO2 interactions are not well understood. We investigated the effects of elevated PCO2 (∼800 and 2000μatm) and metal exposure (50μgl-1 of Cu or Cd) on subcellular distribution of metals in two common species of marine bivalves, Eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica and hard shell clams Mercenaria mercenaria. Oysters accumulated higher burdens of Cu and Cd in the gill tissues compared to clams. In both studied species, Cu was predominantly associated with the metabolically active cell compartments (mitochondria, lysosomes, microsomes and cytosolic enzymes), with a modest fraction sequestered by metallothioneins (∼30%) and the insoluble metal-containing granules (MCG) (∼15-20%). Unlike Cu, Cd was largely sequestered by metallothioneins (∼60-70%), with a relatively small fraction associated with the organelles and the cytosolic enzymes. Mitochondria were the main intracellular target for trace metals accumulating higher concentrations of Cd (and in the case of oysters - of Cu) than other organelles or cytosolic enzymes. Cu accumulation in the metabolically active cellular compartments was independent of the CO2 levels, while Cd content of the organelles and cytosolic enzymes increased at elevated PCO2 in both studied species indicating that hypercapnia may enhance cellular toxicity of Cd in bivalves. Hypercapnia suppressed the sequestration capacity of metallothioneins for Cu and Cd in oysters but increased Cu and Cd load in clam metallothioneins. Thus, metal-induced metabolic injury in oysters may be exaggerated by hypercapnia which enhances metal accumulation in the potentially sensitive intracellular fractions and suppresses the metal detoxification capacity. In contrast, clams appear to be more resistant to the combined effects of hypercapnia and metal exposure reflecting more efficient and robust detoxification mechanisms of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Hawkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - I M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, A.-Einstein Str., 3, Rostock, Germany.
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15
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Parker LM, Scanes E, O'Connor WA, Coleman RA, Byrne M, Pörtner HO, Ross PM. Ocean acidification narrows the acute thermal and salinity tolerance of the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 122:263-271. [PMID: 28733041 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Coastal and estuarine environments are characterised by acute changes in temperature and salinity. Organisms living within these environments are adapted to withstand such changes, yet near-future ocean acidification (OA) may challenge their physiological capacity to respond. We tested the impact of CO2-induced OA on the acute thermal and salinity tolerance, energy metabolism and acid-base regulation capacity of the oyster Saccostrea glomerata. Adult S. glomerata were acclimated to three CO2 levels (ambient 380μatm, moderate 856μatm, high 1500μatm) for 5weeks (24°C, salinity 34.6) before being exposed to a series of acute temperature (15-33°C) and salinity (34.2-20) treatments. Oysters acclimated to elevated CO2 showed a significant metabolic depression and extracellular acidosis with acute exposure to elevated temperature and reduced salinity, especially at the highest CO2 of 1500μatm. Our results suggest that the acute thermal and salinity tolerance of S. glomerata and thus its distribution will reduce as OA continues to worsen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Parker
- Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Elliot Scanes
- Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Wayne A O'Connor
- Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Taylors Beach, NSW 2316, Australia
| | - Ross A Coleman
- Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Maria Byrne
- Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Medical Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hans-O Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Hermann von Helmholtz Association of National Research Centres e. V. (HGF), Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Pauline M Ross
- Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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16
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Ivanina AV, Falfushynska HI, Beniash E, Piontkivska H, Sokolova IM. Biomineralization-related specialization of hemocytes and mantle tissues of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:3209-3221. [PMID: 28667243 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.160861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The molluscan exoskeleton (shell) plays multiple important roles including structural support, protection from predators and stressors, and physiological homeostasis. Shell formation is a tightly regulated biological process that allows molluscs to build their shells even in environments unfavorable for mineral precipitation. Outer mantle edge epithelial cells (OME) and hemocytes were implicated in this process; however, the exact functions of these cell types in biomineralization are not clear. Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were used to study differences in the expression profiles of selected biomineralization-related genes in hemocytes and mantle cells, and the functional characteristics of hemocytes such as adhesion, motility and phagocytosis. The specialized role of OME in shell formation was supported by high expression levels of the extracellular matrix (ECM) related and cell-cell interaction genes. Density gradient separation of hemocytes revealed distinct phenotypes based on the cell morphology, gene expression patterns, motility and adhesion characteristics. These hemocyte fractions can be categorized into two functional groups, i.e. biomineralization and immune response cells. Gene expression profiles of the putative biomineralizing hemocytes indicate that in addition to their proposed role in mineral transport, hemocytes also contribute to the formation of the ECM, thus challenging the current paradigm of the mantle as the sole source of the ECM for shell formation. Our findings corroborate the specialized roles of hemocytes and the OME in biomineralization and emphasize complexity of the biological controls over shell formation in bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Ivanina
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Halina I Falfushynska
- Department of Human Health, I.Ya. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University, Ternopil 46000, Ukraine
| | - Elia Beniash
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Helen Piontkivska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Rostock, Rostock 18059, Germany
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17
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Velez C, Figueira E, Soares AMVM, Freitas R. Combined effects of seawater acidification and salinity changes in Ruditapes philippinarum. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 176:141-150. [PMID: 27131887 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to human activities, predictions for the coming years indicate increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (rainy and drought periods) and pollution levels, leading to salinity shifts and ocean acidification. Therefore, several authors have assessed the effects of seawater salinity shifts and pH decrease on marine bivalves, but most of these studies evaluated the impacts of both factors independently. Since pH and salinity may act together in the environment, and their impacts may differ from their effects when acting alone, there is an urgent need to increase our knowledge when these environmental changes act in combination. Thus, the present study assessed the effects of seawater acidification and salinity changes, both acting alone and in combination, on the physiological (condition index, Na and K concentrations) and biochemical (oxidative stress related biomarkers) performance of Ruditapes philippinarum. For that, specimens of R. philippinarum were exposed for 28days to the combination of different pH levels (7.8 and 7.3) and salinities (14, 28 and 35). The results obtained showed that under control pH (7.8) and low salinity (14) the physiological status and biochemical performance of clams was negatively affected, revealing oxidative stress. However, under the same pH and at salinities 28 and 35 clams were able to maintain/regulate their physiological status and biochemical performance. Moreover, our findings showed that clams under low pH (7.3) and different salinities were able to maintain their physiological status and biochemical performance, suggesting that the low pH tested may mask the negative effects of salinity. Our results further demonstrated that, in general, at each salinity, similar physiological and biochemical responses were found in clams under both tested pH levels. Also, individuals under low pH (salinities 14, 28 and 25) and exposed to pH 7.8 and salinity 28 (control) tend to present a similar response pattern. These results indicate that pH may have a lower impact on clams than salinity. Thus, our findings point out that the predicted increase of CO2 in seawater and consequent seawater acidification will have fewer impacts on physiological and biochemical performance of R. philippinarum clams than salinity shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Velez
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Etelvina Figueira
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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18
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Lefevre S. Are global warming and ocean acidification conspiring against marine ectotherms? A meta-analysis of the respiratory effects of elevated temperature, high CO2 and their interaction. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow009. [PMID: 27382472 PMCID: PMC4922249 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
With the occurrence of global change, research aimed at estimating the performance of marine ectotherms in a warmer and acidified future has intensified. The concept of oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance, which is inspired by the Fry paradigm of a bell-shaped increase-optimum-decrease-type response of aerobic scope to increasing temperature, but also includes proposed negative and synergistic effects of elevated CO2 levels, has been suggested as a unifying framework. The objectives of this meta-analysis were to assess the following: (i) the generality of a bell-shaped relationship between absolute aerobic scope (AAS) and temperature; (ii) to what extent elevated CO2 affects resting oxygen uptake MO2rest and AAS; and (iii) whether there is an interaction between elevated temperature and CO2. The behavioural effects of CO2 are also briefly discussed. In 31 out of 73 data sets (both acutely exposed and acclimated), AAS increased and remained above 90% of the maximum, whereas a clear thermal optimum was observed in the remaining 42 data sets. Carbon dioxide caused a significant rise in MO2rest in only 18 out of 125 data sets, and a decrease in 25, whereas it caused a decrease in AAS in four out of 18 data sets and an increase in two. The analysis did not reveal clear evidence for an overall correlation with temperature, CO2 regime or duration of CO2 treatment. When CO2 had an effect, additive rather than synergistic interactions with temperature were most common and, interestingly, they even interacted antagonistically on MO2rest and AAS. The behavioural effects of CO2 could complicate experimental determination of respiratory performance. Overall, this meta-analysis reveals heterogeneity in the responses to elevated temperature and CO2 that is not in accordance with the idea of a single unifying principle and which cannot be ignored in attempts to model and predict the impacts of global warming and ocean acidification on marine ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjannie Lefevre
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences,
University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0316,
Norway
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19
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Ivanina AV, Hawkins C, Sokolova IM. Interactive effects of copper exposure and environmental hypercapnia on immune functions of marine bivalves Crassostrea virginica and Mercenaria mercenaria. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:54-65. [PMID: 26700170 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Estuarine organisms such as bivalves are commonly exposed to trace metals such as copper (Cu) and hypercapnia (elevated CO2 levels) in their habitats, which may affect their physiology and immune function. This study investigated the combined effects of elevated CO2 levels (∼800-2000 μatm PCO2, such as predicted by the near-future scenarios of global climate change) and Cu (50 μg l(-1)) on immune functions of the sediment dwelling hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria and an epifaunal bivalve, the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. Clams and oysters were exposed for 4 weeks to different CO2 and Cu levels, and tissue Cu burdens and immune parameters were assessed to test the hypothesis that hypercapnia will enhance Cu uptake due to the higher bioavailability of free Cu(2+) and increase the immunomodulatory effects of Cu. Exposure to Cu stimulated key immune parameters of clams and oysters leading to increased number of circulating hemocytes, higher phagocytosis and adhesion ability of hemocytes, as well as enhanced antiparasitic and antibacterial properties of the hemolymph reflected in higher activities of lysozyme and inhibitors of cysteine proteases. Lysozyme activation by Cu exposure was most prominent in normocapnia (∼400 μatm PCO2) and an increase in the levels of the protease inhibitors was strongest in hypercapnia (∼800-2000 μatm PCO2), but other immunostimulatory effects of Cu were evident in all PCO2 exposures. Metabolic activity of hemocytes of clams and oysters (measured as routine and mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates) was suppressed by Cu exposure likely reflecting lower rates of ATP synthesis and/or turnover. However, this metabolic suppression had no negative effects of the studied immune functions of hemocytes such as phagocytosis or adhesion capacity. Hypercapnia (∼800-2000 μatm PCO2) slightly but significantly enhanced accumulation of Cu in hemocytes, consistent with higher Cu(2+) bioavailability in CO2-acidified water, but had little effect on cellular and humoral immune traits of clams and oysters. These findings indicate that low levels of Cu contamination may enhance immunity of estuarine bivalves while moderate hypercapnia (such as predicted by the near future scenarios of the global climate change) does not strongly affect their immune parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Ivanina
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
| | - Chelsea Hawkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
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20
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Campos A, Danielsson G, Farinha AP, Kuruvilla J, Warholm P, Cristobal S. Shotgun proteomics to unravel marine mussel (Mytilus edulis) response to long-term exposure to low salinity and propranolol in a Baltic Sea microcosm. J Proteomics 2016; 137:97-106. [PMID: 26820222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pharmaceuticals, among them the β-adrenoceptor blocker propranolol, are an important group of environmental contaminants reported in European waters. Laboratory exposure to pharmaceuticals on marine species has been performed without considering the input of the ecosystem flow. To unravel the ecosystem response to long-term exposure to propranolol we have performed long-term exposure to propranolol and low salinity in microcosms. We applied shotgun proteomic analysis to gills of Mytilus edulis from those Baltic Sea microcosms and identified 2071 proteins with a proteogenomic strategy. The proteome profiling patterns from the 587 highly reproductive proteins among groups define salinity as a key factor in the mussel's response to propranolol. Exposure at low salinity drives molecular mechanisms of adaptation based on a decrease in the abundance of several cytoskeletal proteins, signalling and intracellular membrane trafficking pathway combined with a response towards the maintenance of transcription and translation. The exposure to propranolol combined with low salinity modulates the expression of structural proteins including cilia functions and decreases the expression of membrane protein transporters. This study reinforces the environment concerns of the impact of low salinity in combination with anthropogenic pollutants and anticipates critical physiological conditions for the survival of the blue mussel in the northern areas. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Applying shotgun proteomic analysis to M. edulis gills samples from a long-term microcosm exposure to propranolol and following a proteogenomic identification strategy, we have identified 2071 proteins. The proteomic analysis unrevealed which molecular mechanisms drive the adaptation to low salinity stress and how salinity modulates the effects of exposure to propranolol. These results reinforce the idea of the impact of low salinity in combination with anthropogenic pollutants and anticipate critical physiological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Campos
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gabriela Danielsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana Paula Farinha
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jacob Kuruvilla
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Per Warholm
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susana Cristobal
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bizkaia, Spain.
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Timmins-Schiffman E, Coffey WD, Hua W, Nunn BL, Dickinson GH, Roberts SB. Shotgun proteomics reveals physiological response to ocean acidification in Crassostrea gigas. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:951. [PMID: 25362893 PMCID: PMC4531390 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocean acidification as a result of increased anthropogenic CO2 emissions is occurring in marine and estuarine environments worldwide. The coastal ocean experiences additional daily and seasonal fluctuations in pH that can be lower than projected end-of-century open ocean pH reductions. In order to assess the impact of ocean acidification on marine invertebrates, Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were exposed to one of four different p CO2 levels for four weeks: 400 μatm (pH 8.0), 800 μatm (pH 7.7), 1000 μatm (pH 7.6), or 2800 μatm (pH 7.3). RESULTS At the end of the four week exposure period, oysters in all four p CO2 environments deposited new shell, but growth rate was not different among the treatments. However, micromechanical properties of the new shell were compromised by elevated p CO2. Elevated p CO2 affected neither whole body fatty acid composition, nor glycogen content, nor mortality rate associated with acute heat shock. Shotgun proteomics revealed that several physiological pathways were significantly affected by ocean acidification, including antioxidant response, carbohydrate metabolism, and transcription and translation. Additionally, the proteomic response to a second stress differed with p CO2, with numerous processes significantly affected by mechanical stimulation at high versus low p CO2 (all proteomics data are available in the ProteomeXchange under the identifier PXD000835). CONCLUSIONS Oyster physiology is significantly altered by exposure to elevated p CO2, indicating changes in energy resource use. This is especially apparent in the assessment of the effects of p CO2 on the proteomic response to a second stress. The altered stress response illustrates that ocean acidification may impact how oysters respond to other changes in their environment. These data contribute to an integrative view of the effects of ocean acidification on oysters as well as physiological trade-offs during environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Timmins-Schiffman
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - William D Coffey
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA.
| | - Wilber Hua
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA.
| | - Brook L Nunn
- Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355065, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Gary H Dickinson
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA.
| | - Steven B Roberts
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Miller SH, Zarate S, Smith EH, Gaylord B, Hosfelt JD, Hill TM. Effect of elevated pCO2 on metabolic responses of porcelain crab (Petrolisthes cinctipes) Larvae exposed to subsequent salinity stress. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109167. [PMID: 25295878 PMCID: PMC4189924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Future climate change is predicted to alter the physical characteristics of oceans and estuaries, including pH, temperature, oxygen, and salinity. Investigating how species react to the influence of such multiple stressors is crucial for assessing how future environmental change will alter marine ecosystems. The timing of multiple stressors can also be important, since in some cases stressors arise simultaneously, while in others they occur in rapid succession. In this study, we investigated the effects of elevated pCO2 on oxygen consumption by larvae of the intertidal porcelain crab Petrolisthes cinctipes when exposed to subsequent salinity stress. Such an exposure mimics how larvae under future acidified conditions will likely experience sudden runoff events such as those that occur seasonally along portions of the west coast of the U.S. and in other temperate systems, or how larvae encounter hypersaline waters when crossing density gradients via directed swimming. We raised larvae in the laboratory under ambient and predicted future pCO2 levels (385 and 1000 µatm) for 10 days, and then moved them to seawater at ambient pCO2 but with decreased, ambient, or elevated salinity, to monitor their respiration. While larvae raised under elevated pCO2 or exposed to stressful salinity conditions alone did not exhibit higher respiration rates than larvae held in ambient conditions, larvae exposed to elevated pCO2 followed by stressful salinity conditions consumed more oxygen. These results show that even when multiple stressors act sequentially rather than simultaneously, they can retain their capacity to detrimentally affect organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth H. Miller
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sonia Zarate
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Edmund H. Smith
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Brian Gaylord
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica D. Hosfelt
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Geology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Tessa M. Hill
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Geology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Garcia RN, Chung KW, Key PB, Burnett LE, Coen LD, Delorenzo ME. Interactive effects of mosquito control insecticide toxicity, hypoxia, and increased carbon dioxide on larval and juvenile eastern oysters and hard clams. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 66:450-62. [PMID: 24531857 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito control insecticide use in the coastal zone coincides with the habitat and mariculture operations of commercially and ecologically important shellfish species. Few data are available regarding insecticide toxicity to shellfish early life stages, and potential interactions with abiotic stressors, such as low oxygen and increased CO2 (low pH), are less understood. Toxicity was assessed at 4 and 21 days for larval and juvenile stages of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, using two pyrethroids (resmethrin and permethrin), an organophosphate (naled), and a juvenile growth hormone mimic (methoprene). Acute toxicity (4-day LC50) values ranged from 1.59 to >10 mg/L. Overall, clams were more susceptible to mosquito control insecticides than oysters. Naled was the most toxic compound in oyster larvae, whereas resmethrin was the most toxic compound in clam larvae. Mortality for both species generally increased with chronic insecticide exposure (21-day LC50 values ranged from 0.60 to 9.49 mg/L). Insecticide exposure also caused sublethal effects, including decreased swimming activity after 4 days in larval oysters (4-day EC50 values of 0.60 to 2.33 mg/L) and decreased growth (shell area and weight) in juvenile clams and oysters after 21 days (detected at concentrations ranging from 0.625 to 10 mg/L). Hypoxia, hypercapnia, and a combination of hypoxia and hypercapnia caused mortality in larval clams and increased resmethrin toxicity. These data will benefit both shellfish mariculture operations and environmental resource agencies as they manage the use of mosquito control insecticides near coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Garcia
- Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
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Götze S, Matoo OB, Beniash E, Saborowski R, Sokolova IM. Interactive effects of CO₂ and trace metals on the proteasome activity and cellular stress response of marine bivalves Crassostrea virginica and Mercenaria mercenaria. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 149:65-82. [PMID: 24572072 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Increased anthropogenic emission of CO2 changes the carbonate chemistry and decreases the pH of the ocean. This can affect the speciation and the bioavailability of metals in polluted habitats such as estuaries. However, the effects of acidification on metal accumulation and stress response in estuarine organisms including bivalves are poorly understood. We studied the interactive effects of CO2 and two common metal pollutants, copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd), on metal accumulation, intracellular ATP/ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation, stress response and energy metabolism in two common estuarine bivalves-Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster) and Mercenaria mercenaria (hard shell clam). Bivalves were exposed for 4-5 weeks to clean seawater (control) and to either 50 μg L(-1) Cu or 50 μg L(-1) Cd at one of three partial pressures of CO2 ( [Formula: see text] ∼ 395, ∼ 800 and ∼ 1500 μatm) representative of the present-day conditions and projections of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) for the years 2100 and 2250, respectively. Clams accumulated lower metal burdens than oysters, and elevated [Formula: see text] enhanced the Cd and Cu accumulation in mantle tissues in both species. Higher Cd and Cu burdens were associated with elevated mRNA expression of metal binding proteins metallothionein and ferritin. In the absence of added metals, proteasome activities of clams and oysters were robust to elevated [Formula: see text] , but [Formula: see text] modulated the proteasome response to metals. Cd exposure stimulated the chymotrypsin-like activity of the oyster proteasome at all CO2 levels. In contrast, trypsin- and caspase-like activities of the oyster proteasome were slightly inhibited by Cd exposure in normocapnia but this inhibition was reversed at elevated [Formula: see text] . Cu exposure inhibited the chymotrypsin-like activity of the oyster proteasome regardless of the exposure [Formula: see text] . The effects of metal exposure on the proteasome activity were less pronounced in clams, likely due to the lower metal accumulation. However, the general trends (i.e. an increase during Cd exposure, inhibition during exposure to Cu, and overall stimulatory effects of elevated [Formula: see text] ) were similar to those found in oysters. Levels of mRNA for ubiquitin and tumor suppressor p53 were suppressed by metal exposures in normocapnia in both species but this effect was alleviated or reversed at elevated [Formula: see text] . Cellular energy status of oysters was maintained at all metal and CO2 exposures, while in clams the simultaneous exposure to Cu and moderate hypercapnia (∼ 800 μatm [Formula: see text] ) led to a decline in glycogen, ATP and ADP levels and an increase in AMP indicating energy deficiency. These data suggest that environmental CO2 levels can modulate accumulation and physiological effects of metals in bivalves in a species-specific manner which can affect their fitness and survival during the global change in estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Götze
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar, Marine Research, Functional Ecology, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Omera B Matoo
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Elia Beniash
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Reinhard Saborowski
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar, Marine Research, Functional Ecology, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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