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DeLorenzo ME, Key PB, Chung KW, Pisarski E, Shaddrix B, Wirth EF, Pennington PL, Wade J, Franco M, Fulton MH. Comparative Toxicity of Two Chemical Dispersants and Dispersed Oil in Estuarine Organisms. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2018; 74:414-430. [PMID: 28687868 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chemical dispersants can be a useful tool to mitigate oil spills. This study examined potential risks to sensitive estuarine species by comparing the toxicity of two dispersants (Corexit® EC9500A and Finasol® OSR 52) individually and in chemically enhanced water-accommodated fractions (CEWAFs) of Louisiana Sweet Crude oil. Acute toxicity thresholds and sublethal biomarker responses were determined in seven species (sheepshead minnow, grass shrimp, mysid, amphipod, polychaete, hard clam, mud snail). Comparing median lethal (LC50) values for the dispersants, Finasol was generally more toxic than Corexit and had greater sublethal toxicity (impaired embryonic hatching, increased lipid peroxidation, decreased acetylcholinesterase activity). The nominal concentration-based mean LC50 for all species tested with Corexit was 150.31 mg/L compared with 43.27 mg/L with Finasol. Comparing the toxicity of the CEWAFs using the nominal concentrations (% CEWAF), Corexit-CEWAFs appeared more toxic than Finasol-CEWAFs; however, when LC50 values were calculated using measured hydrocarbon concentrations, the Finasol-CEWAFs were more toxic. There was greater dispersion efficiency leading to greater hydrocarbon concentrations measured in the Corexit-CEWAF solutions than in equivalent Finasol-CEWAF solutions. The measured concentration-based mean LC50 values for all species tested with Corexit-CEWAF were 261.96 mg/L total extractable hydrocarbons (TEH) and 2.95 mg/L total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), whereas the mean LC50 values for all species tested with Finasol-CEWAF were 23.19 mg/L TEH and 0.49 mg/L total PAH. Larval life stages were generally more sensitive to dispersants and dispersed oil than adult life stages within a species. These results will help to inform management decisions regarding the use of oil-spill dispersants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E DeLorenzo
- NOAA, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - P B Key
- NOAA, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - K W Chung
- NOAA, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC, USA
- JHT, Inc., Charleston, SC, USA
| | - E Pisarski
- NOAA, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC, USA
- JHT, Inc., Charleston, SC, USA
| | - B Shaddrix
- NOAA, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC, USA
- JHT, Inc., Charleston, SC, USA
| | - E F Wirth
- NOAA, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - P L Pennington
- NOAA, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - J Wade
- NOAA, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - M Franco
- College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - M H Fulton
- NOAA, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC, USA
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DeLorenzo ME, Eckmann CA, Chung KW, Key PB, Fulton MH. Effects of salinity on oil dispersant toxicity in the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2016; 134P1:256-263. [PMID: 27639699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemical dispersants can be a useful tool to mitigate oil spills, but the potential risks to sensitive estuarine species should be carefully considered. To improve the decision making process, more information is needed regarding the effects of oil spill dispersants on the health of coastal ecosystems under variable environmental conditions such as salinity. The effects of salinity on the toxicity of two oil dispersants, Corexit® 9500 and Finasol® OSR 52, were examined in this study. Corexit® 9500 was the primary dispersant used during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill event, while Finasol® OSR 52 is another dispersant approved for oil spill response in the U.S., yet considerably less is known regarding its toxicity to estuarine species. The grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, was used as a model estuarine species. It is a euryhaline species that tolerates salinities from brackish to full strength seawater. Adult and larval life stages were tested with each dispersant at three salinities, 5, 20, and 30 ppt. Median acute lethal toxicity thresholds and oxidative stress responses were determined. The toxicity of both dispersants was significantly influenced by salinity, with greatest toxicity observed at the lowest salinity tested. Larval shrimp were significantly more sensitive than adult shrimp to both dispersants, and both life stages were significantly more sensitive to Finasol than to Corexit. Oxidative stress in adult shrimp, as measured by increased lipid peroxidation activity, occurred with exposure to both dispersants. These data will assist environmental managers in making informed decisions regarding dispersant use in future oil spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E DeLorenzo
- NOAA/National Ocean Service/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, 219 Fort Johnson Rd., 29412 Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - C A Eckmann
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - K W Chung
- NOAA/National Ocean Service/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, 219 Fort Johnson Rd., 29412 Charleston, SC, USA
| | - P B Key
- NOAA/National Ocean Service/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, 219 Fort Johnson Rd., 29412 Charleston, SC, USA
| | - M H Fulton
- NOAA/National Ocean Service/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, 219 Fort Johnson Rd., 29412 Charleston, SC, USA
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Daugomah JW, Key PB, West JB, Shea NR, McDaniel S, Pennington PL, Fulton MH. Relationship between land use classification and grass shrimp Palaemonetes spp. population metrics in coastal watersheds. Environ Monit Assess 2014; 186:3445-3453. [PMID: 24464399 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Estuaries in the southeastern USA have experienced increased loading of contaminants from nonpoint source runoff as well as changes in habitat (e.g., loss of wetlands) due to urbanization. These changes may pose significant risks to estuarine fauna, including crustaceans. Several studies have shown relationships between land use classification and levels of stress in estuarine populations. The grass shrimp of the genus Palaemonetes is one of the dominant species found in estuarine tidal creeks, accounting for more than 50 % of all macropelagic fauna. Grass shrimp populations were sampled monthly for 3 years at six estuarine creeks on Kiawah Island, SC. Creek watersheds were estimated using National Aerial Photograph Program color infrared and low-altitude true color aerial photography combined with in situ differentially corrected global positioning system mapping of engineered features. Land classifications delineated included water, marsh, buildings, roads, and lawns. Pairwise comparisons for grass shrimp densities among sites showed significant differences on an annual and seasonal basis. Significant relationships (p < 0.05) between land class variables and grass shrimp density were identified both annually and seasonally. These findings suggest an influence of land use on Palaemonetes spp. populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Daugomah
- NOAA, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412-9110, USA,
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Garcia RN, Chung KW, Key PB, Burnett LE, Coen LD, Delorenzo ME. Interactive effects of mosquito control insecticide toxicity, hypoxia, and increased carbon dioxide on larval and juvenile eastern oysters and hard clams. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2014; 66:450-62. [PMID: 24531857 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito control insecticide use in the coastal zone coincides with the habitat and mariculture operations of commercially and ecologically important shellfish species. Few data are available regarding insecticide toxicity to shellfish early life stages, and potential interactions with abiotic stressors, such as low oxygen and increased CO2 (low pH), are less understood. Toxicity was assessed at 4 and 21 days for larval and juvenile stages of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, using two pyrethroids (resmethrin and permethrin), an organophosphate (naled), and a juvenile growth hormone mimic (methoprene). Acute toxicity (4-day LC50) values ranged from 1.59 to >10 mg/L. Overall, clams were more susceptible to mosquito control insecticides than oysters. Naled was the most toxic compound in oyster larvae, whereas resmethrin was the most toxic compound in clam larvae. Mortality for both species generally increased with chronic insecticide exposure (21-day LC50 values ranged from 0.60 to 9.49 mg/L). Insecticide exposure also caused sublethal effects, including decreased swimming activity after 4 days in larval oysters (4-day EC50 values of 0.60 to 2.33 mg/L) and decreased growth (shell area and weight) in juvenile clams and oysters after 21 days (detected at concentrations ranging from 0.625 to 10 mg/L). Hypoxia, hypercapnia, and a combination of hypoxia and hypercapnia caused mortality in larval clams and increased resmethrin toxicity. These data will benefit both shellfish mariculture operations and environmental resource agencies as they manage the use of mosquito control insecticides near coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Garcia
- Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
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Balthis WL, Hyland JL, Fulton MH, Pennington PL, Cooksey C, Key PB, DeLorenzo ME, Wirth EF. Effects of chemically spiked sediments on estuarine benthic communities: a controlled mesocosm study. Environ Monit Assess 2010; 161:191-203. [PMID: 19184628 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0737-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ambient sediments were collected from a reference site in the North Edisto River, SC and transferred to a laboratory facility to investigate effects of chemical contaminants on estuarine infaunal communities under controlled mesocosm conditions. Sediment contaminant slurries were prepared using dried sediments collected from the reference site and spiked with a metal (copper), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pyrene), and a pesticide (4,4(')-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) to yield nominal mean effects range-median (ERM) quotients of <0.01 (no addition), 0.1, and 1.0 and applied to control, low dose (TRT A), and high dose (TRT B) treatment groups, respectively. Sediment samples for contaminant and benthic analyses were collected at the start of the experiment, 1 month after dosing, and 3 months after dosing. Near-nominal mean ERM quotients of 0.001, 0.075, and 0.818 were measured initially after dosing and remained fairly constant throughout the experiment. Measures of benthic condition, diversity, and richness were significantly reduced in both treatment groups relative to the control 1 month after dosing and persisted in TRT B at 3 months. The results demonstrate that benthic community effects can be observed at mean ERM quotients that are about an order of magnitude lower than levels that have been shown to be associated with significant toxicity in acute laboratory bioassays with single species (e.g., amphipods) in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Balthis
- Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, NOAA National Ocean Service, 219 Ft. Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29407, USA.
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DeLorenzo ME, Serrano L, Chung KW, Hoguet J, Key PB. Effects of the insecticide permethrin on three life stages of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2006; 64:122-7. [PMID: 16546255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin was assessed using three life stages of the estuarine grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. Adult and larval shrimp were tested with and without sediment. An aqueous embryo test was also conducted. Cellular stress biomarkers, glutathione, and lipid peroxidation, were assessed. Larval shrimp were the most sensitive life stage with a 96-h lethal concentration (LC(50)) value of 0.05 microg/L, compared to 0.25 microg/L for adults, and 6.4 microg/L for embryos. The presence of sediment significantly decreased toxicity of permethrin to both adult and larval shrimp. Permethrin exposure increased time to hatch in embryos and decreased swimming behavior of larvae. Lipid peroxidation levels were significantly decreased in the adult shrimp, but increased in larval shrimp exposed to permethrin. Low levels of permethrin may negatively affect grass shrimp health and survival. Permethrin use in the coastal zone should be carefully managed to avoid adverse impacts on nontarget estuarine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E DeLorenzo
- NOAA, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
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Fulton MH, Scott GI, DeLorenzo ME, Key PB, Bearden DW, Strozier ED, Madden CJ. Surface water pesticide movement from the Dade County agricultural area to the Everglades and Florida Bay via the C-111 canal. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2004; 73:527-534. [PMID: 15386175 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-004-0461-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M H Fulton
- NOAA-National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
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Key PB, Fulton MH, Harman-Fetcho JA, McConnell LL. Acetylcholinesterase activity in grass shrimp and aqueous pesticide levels from South Florida drainage canals. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2003; 45:371-377. [PMID: 14679985 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-003-0173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater drainage canals in South Florida are utilized to manage water in agricultural, urban, and water conservation areas and, as a result, collect urban and agricultural storm runoff that is discharged into the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Pesticides in this runoff may be toxic to the biota inhabiting these waters. This study evaluated the effects of contaminants in South Florida canals draining into Biscayne Bay on the estuarine grass shrimp (Palaemonetes intermedius), a representative invertebrate species. Results of surface water analysis for pesticides indicated that eight pesticides out of 52 analyzed were detected. The herbicide metolachlor was found at all nine sites in the five canals sampled at concentrations up to 119 ng/L. Atrazine was detected at seven sites at concentrations up to 29 ng/L. Three organophosphate insecticides (chlorpyrifos, malathion, diazinon) were detected at three sites in two canals (Military and North). Grass shrimp from these three sites showed significantly reduced levels of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme as compared to control shrimp. These two canals are similar in the land use areas drained--urban and suburban and agriculture. The results suggest that monitoring organisms for AChE levels can be a means of detecting exposure to organophosphorus pesticide contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Key
- Center for Coastal Environmental Health, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA.
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Key PB, Chung KW, Opatkiewicz AD, Wirth EF, Fulton MH. Toxicity of the insecticides fipronil and endosulfan to selected life stages of the grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2003; 70:533-540. [PMID: 12592529 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-003-0019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P B Key
- National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
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10
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Scott GI, Fulton MH, Wirth EF, Chandler GT, Key PB, Daugomah JW, Bearden D, Chung KW, Strozier ED, DeLorenzo M, Sivertsen S, Dias A, Sanders M, Macauley JM, Goodman LR, LaCroix MW, Thayer GW, Kucklick J. Toxicological studies in tropical ecosystems: an ecotoxicological risk assessment of pesticide runoff in South Florida estuarine ecosystems. J Agric Food Chem 2002; 50:4400-4408. [PMID: 12105977 DOI: 10.1021/jf011356c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A multiyear study in the C-111 canal system and associated sites in Florida Bay was undertaken to determine the potential pesticide risk that exists in South Florida. After the examination of extensive pesticide concentration data in surface water, tissues, and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), canal contamination seems to be derived from the extensive agricultural production that drains into the C-111 canal. The results of this study indicate that runoff from agricultural processes led to quantifiable pesticide residues in both canal and bay surface water, which occasionally exceeded current water quality criteria. The major pesticide of concern was endosulfan, which was detected at 100% of the sites sampled. Endosulfan exposure did not cause any acute effects in fish and crustaceans deployed in field bioassays. Chronic effects were observed in copepods, clams, and oysters but could not be attributed to endosulfan exposure. The decision to alter the C-111 canal flow and allow increased freshwater flow into the adjacent Everglades National Park may result in discharges of pesticides into the Everglades. Continued monitoring in this area is needed during this change in flow regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- G I Scott
- Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, Charleston Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA
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Pennington PL, Daugomah JW, Colbert AC, Fulton MH, Key PB, Thompson BC, Strozier ED, Scott GI. Analysis of pesticide runoff from mid-Texas estuaries and risk assessment implications for marine phytoplankton. J Environ Sci Health B 2001; 36:1-14. [PMID: 11281251 DOI: 10.1081/pfc-100000912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During 1993, estuarine surface water samples were collected from the mid-Texas coast (Corpus Christi to Port Lavaca, TX). Agricultural watershed areas as well as tidal creeks immediately downstream were chosen as sampling sites along with adjoining bay sampling stations. Collections were made throughout the growing season (February to October 1993) before and after periods of significant (> 1.25 cm) rainfall. All samples were initially screened for the presence of pesticides using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kits (EnviroGard) for triazine herbicides and carbamate insecticides. All samples were extracted and then analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) for quantification of atrazine. Only samples testing positive for carbamate insecticides via ELISA were further extracted for GC analysis to quantify aldicarb and carbofuran. Additionally, laboratory toxicity tests using phytoplankton were examined from published, peer-reviewed literature and compared with the atrazine field levels found in Texas. Results of ELISA screening indicated the presence of triazine herbicides in nearly all samples (>93%). GC analysis further confirmed the presence of atrazine concentrations ranging from <0.01-62.5 microg/L. Screening tests also found detectable levels of carbamate insecticides (aldicarb and carbofuran) that were also confirmed and quantified by GC. Comparison of measured concentrations of atrazine compared with published toxicity tests results indicated that there was a potential environmental risk for marine/estuarine phytoplankton in surface waters of Texas estuaries, particularly when the chronic nature of atrazine exposure is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Pennington
- NOAA/National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research at Charleston, SC 29412-9110, USA.
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Fulton MH, Key PB. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition in estuarine fish and invertebrates as an indicator of organophosphorus insecticide exposure and effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 2001; 20:37-45. [PMID: 11351414 DOI: 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<0037:aiiefa>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The majority of insecticides currently in use are organophosphorus, carbamate, and synthetic pyrethroid compounds. Organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) produce toxicity by inhibiting the cholinesterase enzymes in the nervous system. Monitoring of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition has been widely used in terrestrial and freshwater aquatic systems as an indicator of OP exposure and effects. This review describes the use of AChE inhibition as a biomarker in the estuarine environment, discusses the relationship between AChE inhibition and other manifestations of OP toxicity, and highlights areas where additional research is needed. A variety of studies with estuarine fish have suggested that brain AChE inhibition levels of > 70% are associated with mortality in most species. Selected species, however, appear capable of tolerating much higher levels (> 90%) of brain inhibition. Sublethal effects on stamina have been reported for some estuarine fish in association with brain AChE inhibition levels as low as 50%. Most studies suggest, however, that these effects are observed only when brain AChE inhibition is at near-lethal levels. A number of field studies have successfully used AChE inhibition in fish as a biomarker in the estuarine environment. The use of AChE inhibition as a biomarker in estuarine invertebrates has been less well studied. Although AChE inhibition has been measured in the tissues of a variety of invertebrate species following OP exposure, the relationship between AChE inhibition and lethality is less distinct. Additional work is needed in both fish and invertebrates to better explain species-specific differences in the relationship between AChE inhibition and mortality and to investigate other physiological perturbations associated with AChE inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Fulton
- National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412-9110, USA.
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Fulton MH, Key PB. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition in estuarine fish and invertebrates as an indicator of organophosphorus insecticide exposure and effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 2001; 20:37-45. [PMID: 11351414 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5620200104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The majority of insecticides currently in use are organophosphorus, carbamate, and synthetic pyrethroid compounds. Organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) produce toxicity by inhibiting the cholinesterase enzymes in the nervous system. Monitoring of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition has been widely used in terrestrial and freshwater aquatic systems as an indicator of OP exposure and effects. This review describes the use of AChE inhibition as a biomarker in the estuarine environment, discusses the relationship between AChE inhibition and other manifestations of OP toxicity, and highlights areas where additional research is needed. A variety of studies with estuarine fish have suggested that brain AChE inhibition levels of > 70% are associated with mortality in most species. Selected species, however, appear capable of tolerating much higher levels (> 90%) of brain inhibition. Sublethal effects on stamina have been reported for some estuarine fish in association with brain AChE inhibition levels as low as 50%. Most studies suggest, however, that these effects are observed only when brain AChE inhibition is at near-lethal levels. A number of field studies have successfully used AChE inhibition in fish as a biomarker in the estuarine environment. The use of AChE inhibition as a biomarker in estuarine invertebrates has been less well studied. Although AChE inhibition has been measured in the tissues of a variety of invertebrate species following OP exposure, the relationship between AChE inhibition and lethality is less distinct. Additional work is needed in both fish and invertebrates to better explain species-specific differences in the relationship between AChE inhibition and mortality and to investigate other physiological perturbations associated with AChE inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Fulton
- National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412-9110, USA.
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Lund SA, Fulton MH, Key PB. The sensitivity of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, embryos to organophosphate pesticide induced acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Aquat Toxicol 2000; 48:127-134. [PMID: 10686320 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(99)00053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, are common inhabitants of salt marshes along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America. Grass shrimp embryos are brooded externally on the abdomen of adult females for about 2 weeks prior to hatching. In South Carolina, the spring spawning period for grass shrimp coincides with the period of peak pesticide application on crops grown along the South Carolina coast. Thus, grass shrimp of all developmental stages are at risk of exposure to pesticides present in nonpoint source agricultural runoff. Organophosphate (OP) insecticides are commonly applied agricultural chemicals which produce toxicity by inhibiting the nervous system enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The purpose of this study was to examine the development of AChE activity in grass shrimp embryos and to assess their sensitivity to OP-induced AChE inhibition. Embryos were exposed for 24 h to either chlorpyrifos or malathion. All exposure concentrations were nominal and ranged from 0 to 2.00 µg l(-1) for chlorpyrifos and from 0 to 120.00 µg l(-1) for malathion. Quantifiable levels of AChE activity first appeared at Stage V of development and increased as embryonic development progressed. AChE inhibition by the OPs was assessed in Stage VI and Stage VII embryos. Both stages of embryos were more sensitive to chlorpyrifos than malathion. The 24-h Effective Concentration (EC(50)) values for chlorpyrifos were 0.49 µg l(-1) (95% C.I.=0.33-0.77 µg l(-1)) and 0.36 µg l(-1) (95% C.I.=0.33-0.38 µg l(-1)) for Stage VI and Stage VII embryos, respectively. In comparison, malathion 24-h EC(50) values were 55.53 µg l(-1) (95% C.I.=22.08-80.73 µg l(-1)) for Stage VI embryos and 29.93 µg l(-1) (95% C.I.=25.22-44.22 µg l(-1)) for Stage VII embryos. For both OPs, there were no significant differences in the EC(50) values calculated for Stage VI and Stage VII embryos; however, AChE inhibition was significantly (P</=0.05) greater in Stage VII embryos at the two highest exposure concentrations for each insecticide. A comparison of the results of these embryo tests with those found for adult and larval toxicity tests indicated that embryos were at least as sensitive to both the OPs as larval and adult grass shrimp. Embryo bioassays provide a number of important advantages over traditional laboratory toxicity tests including reduced laboratory space requirements, large numbers of embryos from a few ovigerous females, and small volumes of waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- SA Lund
- NOAA National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research at Charleston, 219 Ft. Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, USA
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Scott GI, Fulton MH, Moore DW, Wirth EF, Chandler GT, Key PB, Daugomah JW, Strozier ED, Devane J, Clark JR, Lewis MA, Finley DB, Ellenberg W, Karnaky KJ. Assessment of risk reduction strategies for the management of agricultural nonpoint source pesticide runoff in estuarine ecosystems. Toxicol Ind Health 1999; 15:200-13. [PMID: 10188203 DOI: 10.1191/074823399678846673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) runoff may result in significant discharges of pesticides, suspended sediments, and fertilizers into estuarine habitats adjacent to agricultural areas or downstream from agricultural watersheds. Exposure of estuarine fin fish and shellfish to toxic levels of pesticides may occur, resulting in significant declines in field populations. Integrated pest management (IPM), best management practices (BMP), and retention ponds (RP) are risk management tools that have been proposed to reduce the contaminant risk from agricultural NPS runoff into estuarine ecosystems. Field studies were conducted at three sites within coastal estuarine ecosystems of South Carolina (SC) from 1985 to 1990 that varied in terms of the amount and degree of risk reduction strategies employed. An intensively managed (IPM, BMP, and RP) agricultural treatment site (TRT) was studied for pesticide runoff impacts. From 1985 to 1987, there were minimal (some IPM and BMP) management activities at TRT, but from 1988 to 1990, TRT was managed using an intensive risk reduction strategy. A second unmanaged agricultural growing area, Kiawah (KWA), was also studied and compared with TRT in terms of pesticide runoff and the resulting impacts on grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus). A third, non-agricultural, reference site (CTL) was used for comparing results from the managed and unmanaged agricultural sites. In situ toxicity tests and field samples of the grass shrimp populations were conducted at each site and compared in terms of survival and the effectiveness of current risk reduction strategies. Significant runoff of insecticides (azinphosmethyl, endosulfan, and fenvalerate) along with several fish kills were observed at TRT prior to the implementation of rigorous risk reduction methods. A significant reduction of in stream pesticide concentrations (up to 90%) was observed at TRT following the implementation of strict NPS runoff controls, which greatly reduced impacts on estuarine fish and shellfish. At the unmanaged KWA, continued impacts due to the runoff of these insecticides were observed, along with several fish kills. Additional monitoring indicated that gravid female grass shrimp populations from KWA had elevated levels of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a multidrug resistance protein, which may transport various pesticides across cellular membranes. Comparison of field results with laboratory toxicity tests established that pesticide exposure was the primary cause of observed field impacts at each site. These findings clearly indicate the value of an integrated risk reduction strategy (BMP, IPM, and RP) for minimizing impacts from NPS agricultural pesticide runoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- G I Scott
- United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, Charleston Laboratory, SC 29412, USA.
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Wirth EF, Fulton MH, Chandler GT, Key PB, Scott GI. Toxicity of sediment associated PAHs to the estuarine crustaceans, Palaemonetes pugio and Amphiascus tenuiremis. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1998; 61:637-644. [PMID: 9841724 DOI: 10.1007/s001289900808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E F Wirth
- USDC, NOAA, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research at Charleston, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
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Key PB, Fulton MH, Layman SL, Scott GI. Azinphosmethyl exposure to grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) life stages with emphasis on larval acetylcholinesterase activity. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1998; 60:645-650. [PMID: 9557206 DOI: 10.1007/s001289900675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P B Key
- National Ocean Service, Charleston Laboratory, SC 29412-9110, USA
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Key PB, Scott GI. Lethal and sublethal effects of chlorine, phenol, and chlorine-phenol mixtures on the mud crab, Panopeus herbstii. Environ Health Perspect 1986; 69:307-312. [PMID: 3816734 PMCID: PMC1474318 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8669307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The mud crab, Panopeus herbstii, was acutely exposed (96-hr) to chlorine-produced oxidants (CPO), phenol, and a CPO-phenolic mixture (1:1) to determine lethal and sublethal effects. The 96-hr (LC50) values were determined for each individual compound and mixture. Additionally, whole-animal respiration rates were measured following acute exposure to sublethal concentrations of each compound or mixture. Phenol uptake/depuration rates were measured in the phenol and CPO-phenol mixture concentrations. Results indicated 96-hr LC50 values of 1.06 mg/L for CPO (fiducial limits (FL) = 0.53-2.01 mg/L), 52.8 mg/L for phenol (FL = 45.6-64.5 mg/L), and 184.7 mg/L total toxicant units (TTU) for the CPO-phenol mixture (FL = 143.7-250.2 mg/L TTU). Statistical analysis indicated that the acute toxicity of the CPO-phenol mixture was less than additive. Sublethal studies indicated that only acute exposure to sublethal concentrations of CPO caused altered respiration rates. After 96-hr depuration, metabolic rates in all CPO-exposure crabs generally returned to control rates. Uptake/depuration rate studies indicated significantly lower phenol uptake rates in crabs exposed to the CPO-phenol mixture. These findings suggest that the less-than-additive toxicity of the CPO-phenol mixture may result from lowered uptake/depuration rate kinetics and indicate that the discharge of chlorinated-phenolic waste may not result in additive and/or synergistic interactions, but rather in less-than-additive effects on decapod aquatic species.
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