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Cooke SJ, Bergman JN, Twardek WM, Piczak ML, Casselberry GA, Lutek K, Dahlmo LS, Birnie-Gauvin K, Griffin LP, Brownscombe JW, Raby GD, Standen EM, Horodysky AZ, Johnsen S, Danylchuk AJ, Furey NB, Gallagher AJ, Lédée EJI, Midwood JD, Gutowsky LFG, Jacoby DMP, Matley JK, Lennox RJ. The movement ecology of fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:756-779. [PMID: 35788929 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Movement of fishes in the aquatic realm is fundamental to their ecology and survival. Movement can be driven by a variety of biological, physiological and environmental factors occurring across all spatial and temporal scales. The intrinsic capacity of movement to impact fish individually (e.g., foraging) with potential knock-on effects throughout the ecosystem (e.g., food web dynamics) has garnered considerable interest in the field of movement ecology. The advancement of technology in recent decades, in combination with ever-growing threats to freshwater and marine systems, has further spurred empirical research and theoretical considerations. Given the rapid expansion within the field of movement ecology and its significant role in informing management and conservation efforts, a contemporary and multidisciplinary review about the various components influencing movement is outstanding. Using an established conceptual framework for movement ecology as a guide (i.e., Nathan et al., 2008: 19052), we synthesized the environmental and individual factors that affect the movement of fishes. Specifically, internal (e.g., energy acquisition, endocrinology, and homeostasis) and external (biotic and abiotic) environmental elements are discussed, as well as the different processes that influence individual-level (or population) decisions, such as navigation cues, motion capacity, propagation characteristics and group behaviours. In addition to environmental drivers and individual movement factors, we also explored how associated strategies help survival by optimizing physiological and other biological states. Next, we identified how movement ecology is increasingly being incorporated into management and conservation by highlighting the inherent benefits that spatio-temporal fish behaviour imbues into policy, regulatory, and remediation planning. Finally, we considered the future of movement ecology by evaluating ongoing technological innovations and both the challenges and opportunities that these advancements create for scientists and managers. As aquatic ecosystems continue to face alarming climate (and other human-driven) issues that impact animal movements, the comprehensive and multidisciplinary assessment of movement ecology will be instrumental in developing plans to guide research and promote sustainability measures for aquatic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and the Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordanna N Bergman
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and the Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - William M Twardek
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and the Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morgan L Piczak
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and the Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grace A Casselberry
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keegan Lutek
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lotte S Dahlmo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kim Birnie-Gauvin
- Section for Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Lucas P Griffin
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob W Brownscombe
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham D Raby
- Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily M Standen
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrij Z Horodysky
- Department of Marine and Environmental Science, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Sönke Johnsen
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Caroline, USA
| | - Andy J Danylchuk
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathan B Furey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | - Elodie J I Lédée
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jon D Midwood
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lee F G Gutowsky
- Environmental & Life Sciences Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M P Jacoby
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jordan K Matley
- Program in Aquatic Resources, St Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert J Lennox
- Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
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2
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Portner EJ, Snodgrass O, Dewar H. Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis, exhibits a flexible feeding ecology in the Southern California Bight. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272048. [PMID: 36006923 PMCID: PMC9409590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis, migrates from spawning grounds in the western Pacific Ocean to foraging grounds in the California Current System (CCS), where they are thought to specialize on high energy, surface schooling prey. However, there has been substantial variability in estimates of forage availability in the CCS over the past two decades. To examine the foraging ecology of juvenile T. orientalis in the face this variability, we quantified the diet and prey energetics of 963 individuals collected in the Southern California Bight (SCB) from 2008 to 2016. Using classification and regression tree analysis, we observed three sampling periods characterized by distinct prey. In 2008, T. orientalis diet was dominated by midwater lanternfishes and enoploteuthid squids. During 2009–2014, T. orientalis consumed diverse fishes, cephalopods, and crustaceans. Only in 2015–2016 did T. orientalis specialize on relatively high energy, surface schooling prey (e.g. anchovy, pelagic red crab). Despite containing the smallest prey, stomachs collected in 2009–2014 had the highest number of prey and similar total energetic contents to stomachs collected in 2015–2016. We demonstrate that T. orientalis is an opportunistic predator that can exhibit distinct foraging behaviors to exploit diverse forage. Expanding our understanding of T. orientalis foraging ecology will improve our ability to predict its responses to changes in resource availability as well as potential impacts on the fisheries it supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan J. Portner
- NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Owyn Snodgrass
- NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Heidi Dewar
- NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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3
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Kitagawa T, Abe TK, Kubo K, Fujioka K, Fukuda H, Tanaka Y. Rapid endothermal development of juvenile pacific bluefin tuna. Front Physiol 2022; 13:968468. [PMID: 36060676 PMCID: PMC9437213 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.968468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An important trait of Pacific bluefin tuna (PBT) is their ability to maintain their body temperature above the ambient temperature, which allows them to occupy a wider ecological niche. However, the size at which this ability in nature develops is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify this point by monitoring the body temperature and the surrounding ambient temperature as the fish grew. PBT with fork lengths (FLs) ranging from 19.5 to 28.0 cm were implanted with archival electronic tags and released into the ocean. Data from 41 fish were obtained (recorded body and water temperatures, light level, and swimming depth (pressure) at 30-s intervals) and analyzed to elucidate the development of the ability of PBT to maintain a high body temperature. Body temperature of a PBT (< FL of ca. 40 cm) decreased in response to a vertical movement down to cooler depths, but higher body temperatures were maintained as the fish grew. The body temperature was then continuously maintained above ambient temperatures and fluctuated independently when fish attained more than 40 cm FL. Estimation of the whole-body heat-transfer coefficient and heat-production rate indicated that the latter decreased slowly with growth, while the former decreased by one order of magnitude when tuna reached 52 cm FL. Additionally, in the daytime, the whole-body heat-transfer coefficient was significantly higher than that at nighttime. Unlike other fishes including other Thunnus species, inhabiting tropical/subtropical waters, PBT rapidly acquire higher thermo-conservation ability when young, allowing capture of high-quality prey abundant in temperate waters to support high growth rates during early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kitagawa
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takashi Kitagawa,
| | - Takaaki K. Abe
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Kubo
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko Fujioka
- Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromu Fukuda
- Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tanaka
- Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Shizuoka, Japan
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4
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Carroll G, Brodie S, Whitlock R, Ganong J, Bograd SJ, Hazen E, Block BA. Flexible use of a dynamic energy landscape buffers a marine predator against extreme climate variability. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210671. [PMID: 34344182 PMCID: PMC8334847 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal migrations track predictable seasonal patterns of resource availability and suitable thermal habitat. As climate change alters this ‘energy landscape’, some migratory species may struggle to adapt. We examined how climate variability influences movements, thermal habitat selection and energy intake by juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) during seasonal foraging migrations in the California Current. We tracked 242 tuna across 15 years (2002–2016) with high-resolution archival tags, estimating their daily energy intake via abdominal warming associated with digestion (the ‘heat increment of feeding’). The poleward extent of foraging migrations was flexible in response to climate variability, allowing tuna to track poleward displacements of thermal habitat where their standard metabolic rates were minimized. During a marine heatwave that saw temperature anomalies of up to +2.5°C in the California Current, spatially explicit energy intake by tuna was approximately 15% lower than average. However, by shifting their mean seasonal migration approximately 900 km poleward, tuna remained in waters within their optimal temperature range and increased their energy intake. Our findings illustrate how tradeoffs between physiology and prey availability structure migration in a highly mobile vertebrate, and suggest that flexible migration strategies can buffer animals against energetic costs associated with climate variability and change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Carroll
- Institute of Marine Science, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.,Environmental Research Division, NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Monterey, CA, USA.,School of Aquatic and Fisheries Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Environmental Defense Fund, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Brodie
- Institute of Marine Science, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.,Environmental Research Division, NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Whitlock
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Drottningholm, Sweden
| | - James Ganong
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Steven J Bograd
- Institute of Marine Science, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.,Environmental Research Division, NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Elliott Hazen
- Institute of Marine Science, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.,Environmental Research Division, NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Monterey, CA, USA.,Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Barbara A Block
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Monterey, CA, USA
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5
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Ciezarek A, Gardner L, Savolainen V, Block B. Skeletal muscle and cardiac transcriptomics of a regionally endothermic fish, the Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:642. [PMID: 32942994 PMCID: PMC7499911 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) is a regionally endothermic fish that maintains temperatures in their swimming musculature, eyes, brain and viscera above that of the ambient water. Within their skeletal muscle, a thermal gradient exists, with deep muscles, close to the backbone, operating at elevated temperatures compared to superficial muscles near the skin. Their heart, by contrast, operates at ambient temperature, which in bluefin tunas can range widely. Cardiac function in tunas reduces in cold waters, yet the heart must continue to supply blood for metabolically demanding endothermic tissues. Physiological studies indicate Pacific bluefin tuna have an elevated cardiac capacity and increased cold-tolerance compared to warm-water tuna species, primarily enabled by increased capacity for sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium cycling within the cardiac muscles. Results Here, we compare tissue-specific gene-expression profiles of different cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues in Pacific bluefin tuna. There was little difference in the overall expression of calcium-cycling and cardiac contraction pathways between atrium and ventricle. However, expression of a key sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-cycling gene, SERCA2b, which plays a key role maintaining intracellular calcium stores, was higher in atrium than ventricle. Expression of genes involved in aerobic metabolism and cardiac contraction were higher in the ventricle than atrium. The two morphologically distinct tissues that derive the ventricle, spongy and compact myocardium, had near-identical levels of gene expression. More genes had higher expression in the cool, superficial muscle than in the warm, deep muscle in both the aerobic red muscle (slow-twitch) and anaerobic white muscle (fast-twitch), suggesting thermal compensation. Conclusions We find evidence of widespread transcriptomic differences between the Pacific tuna ventricle and atrium, with potentially higher rates of calcium cycling in the atrium associated with the higher expression of SERCA2b compared to the ventricle. We find no evidence that genes associated with thermogenesis are upregulated in the deep, warm muscle compared to superficial, cool muscle. Heat generation may be enabled by by the high aerobic capacity of bluefin tuna red muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ciezarek
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK. .,Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | - Luke Gardner
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Savolainen
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Barbara Block
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
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6
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Temperature dependent pre- and postprandial activity in Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 231:131-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Díez G, Moreno G, Galaz T, Dagorn L, Murua J. Digestive activity and stomach temperature in farmed bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus measured by acoustic tag. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:2504-2511. [PMID: 28474410 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Eight farmed Atlantic bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus were tagged with temperature and depth transmitters inserted in chub mackerels Scomber colias to characterize their digestive activity, feeding physiology and behaviour in captivity. Results obtained in the experiment can be used to optimize daily T. thynnus feeding strategy in farms, reducing the early regurgitation of food and thus the environmental effects of inappropriate feeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Díez
- AZTI, Marine Research Division, Txatxarramendi z/g (48395), Sukarrieta, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - G Moreno
- International Seafood Sustainability Foundation (ISSF), 601 New Jersey Ave NW Suite 220, Washington, DC, 20001, U.S.A
| | - T Galaz
- Mediterranean Aquafarm Services S.L., Rio Bidasoa n° 6A. 30370 Playa Honda, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - L Dagorn
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR MARBEC (IRD, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS), Avenue J. Monnet, 34203, Sète Cedex, France
| | - J Murua
- AZTI, Marine Research Division, Txatxarramendi z/g (48395), Sukarrieta, Bizkaia, Spain
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8
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Thygesen UH, Sommer L, Evans K, Patterson TA. Dynamic optimal foraging theory explains vertical migrations of Bigeye tuna. Ecology 2016; 97:1852-1861. [PMID: 27859170 DOI: 10.1890/15-1130.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bigeye tuna are known for remarkable daytime vertical migrations between deep water, where food is abundant but the water is cold, and the surface, where water is warm but food is relatively scarce. Here we investigate if these dive patterns can be explained by dynamic optimal foraging theory, where the tuna maximizes its energy harvest rate. We assume that foraging efficiency increases with body temperature, so that the vertical migrations are thermoregulatory. The tuna's state is characterized by its mean body temperature and depth, and we solve the optimization problem numerically using dynamic programming. With little calibration of model parameters, our results are consistent with observed data on vertical movement: we find that small tuna should display constant-depth strategies while large tuna should display vertical migrations. The analysis supports the hypothesis that the tuna behaves such as to maximize its energy gains. The model therefore provides insight into the processes underlying observed behavioral patterns and allows generating predictions of foraging behavior in unobserved environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uffe H Thygesen
- Center for Ocean Life, National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Lene Sommer
- Center for Ocean Life, National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Karen Evans
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere National Research Flagship, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - Toby A Patterson
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere National Research Flagship, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
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9
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Klinger DH, Dale JJ, Gleiss AC, Brandt T, Estess EE, Gardner L, Machado B, Norton A, Rodriguez L, Stiltner J, Farwell C, Block BA. The effect of temperature on postprandial metabolism of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 195:32-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Cooke SJ, Brownscombe JW, Raby GD, Broell F, Hinch SG, Clark TD, Semmens JM. Remote bioenergetics measurements in wild fish: Opportunities and challenges. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 202:23-37. [PMID: 27063208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The generalized energy budget for fish (i.e., Energy Consumed=Metabolism+Waste+Growth) is as relevant today as when it was first proposed decades ago and serves as a foundational concept in fish biology. Yet, generating accurate measurements of components of the bioenergetics equation in wild fish is a major challenge. How often does a fish eat and what does it consume? How much energy is expended on locomotion? How do human-induced stressors influence energy acquisition and expenditure? Generating answers to these questions is important to fisheries management and to our understanding of adaptation and evolutionary processes. The advent of electronic tags (transmitters and data loggers) has provided biologists with improved opportunities to understand bioenergetics in wild fish. Here, we review the growing diversity of electronic tags with a focus on sensor-equipped devices that are commercially available (e.g., heart rate/electrocardiogram, electromyogram, acceleration, image capture). Next, we discuss each component of the bioenergetics model, recognizing that most research to date has focused on quantifying the activity component of metabolism, and identify ways in which the other, less studied components (e.g., consumption, specific dynamic action component of metabolism, somatic growth, reproductive investment, waste) could be estimated remotely. We conclude with a critical but forward-looking appraisal of the opportunities and challenges in using existing and emerging electronic sensor-tags for the study of fish energetics in the wild. Electronic tagging has become a central and widespread tool in fish ecology and fisheries management; the growing and increasingly affordable toolbox of sensor tags will ensure this trend continues, which will lead to major advances in our understanding of fish biology over the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Jacob W Brownscombe
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Graham D Raby
- Great Lakes Institute of Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Franziska Broell
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St., Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest & Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Timothy D Clark
- University of Tasmania and CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, 3-4 Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Jayson M Semmens
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
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11
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Whitlock RE, Hazen EL, Walli A, Farwell C, Bograd SJ, Foley DG, Castleton M, Block BA. Direct quantification of energy intake in an apex marine predator suggests physiology is a key driver of migrations. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1400270. [PMID: 26601248 PMCID: PMC4643779 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1400270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) are highly migratory apex marine predators that inhabit a broad thermal niche. The energy needed for migration must be garnered by foraging, but measuring energy intake in the marine environment is challenging. We quantified the energy intake of Pacific bluefin tuna in the California Current using a laboratory-validated model, the first such measurement in a wild marine predator. Mean daily energy intake was highest off the coast of Baja California, Mexico in summer (mean ± SD, 1034 ± 669 kcal), followed by autumn when Pacific bluefin achieve their northernmost range in waters off northern California (944 ± 579 kcal). Movements were not always consistent with maximizing energy intake: the Pacific bluefin move out of energy rich waters both in late summer and winter, coincident with rising and falling water temperatures, respectively. We hypothesize that temperature-related physiological constraints drive migration and that Pacific bluefin tuna optimize energy intake within a range of optimal aerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Whitlock
- Tuna Research and Conservation Center, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Oceanview Boulevard, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
- Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Sötvattenslaboratoriet, Stångholmsvägen 2, Drottningholm 178 93, Sweden
| | - Elliott L. Hazen
- Environmental Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 99 Pacific Street, Suite 255A, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
| | - Andreas Walli
- Tuna Research and Conservation Center, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Oceanview Boulevard, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Charles Farwell
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey Bay, CA 93940, USA
| | - Steven J. Bograd
- Environmental Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 99 Pacific Street, Suite 255A, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
| | - David G. Foley
- Environmental Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 99 Pacific Street, Suite 255A, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
| | - Michael Castleton
- Tuna Research and Conservation Center, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Oceanview Boulevard, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Barbara A. Block
- Tuna Research and Conservation Center, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Oceanview Boulevard, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
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12
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Abstract
Endothermy in vertebrates has been postulated to confer physiological and ecological advantages. In endothermic fish, niche expansion into cooler waters is correlated with specific physiological traits and is hypothesized to lead to greater foraging success and increased fitness. Using the seasonal co-occurrence of three tuna species in the eastern Pacific Ocean as a model system, we used cardiac gene expression data (as a proxy for thermal tolerance to low temperatures), archival tag data, and diet analyses to examine the vertical niche expansion hypothesis for endothermy in situ. Yellowfin, albacore, and Pacific bluefin tuna (PBFT) in the California Current system used more surface, mesopelagic, and deep waters, respectively. Expression of cardiac genes for calcium cycling increased in PBFT and coincided with broader vertical and thermal niche utilization. However, the PBFT diet was less diverse and focused on energy-rich forage fishes but did not show the greatest energy gains. Ecosystem-based management strategies for tunas should thus consider species-specific differences in physiology and foraging specialization.
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