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Riede T, Kobrina A, Pasch B. Anatomy and mechanisms of vocal production in harvest mice. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246553. [PMID: 38269528 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Characterizing mechanisms of vocal production provides important insight into the ecology of acoustic divergence. In this study, we characterized production mechanisms of two types of vocalizations emitted by western harvest mice (Reithrodontomys megalotis), a species uniquely positioned to inform trait evolution because it is a sister taxon to peromyscines (Peromyscus and Onychomys spp.), which use vocal fold vibrations to produce long-distance calls, but more ecologically and acoustically similar to baiomyines (Baiomys and Scotinomys spp.), which employ a whistle mechanism. We found that long-distance calls (∼10 kHz) were produced by airflow-induced vocal fold vibrations, whereas high-frequency quavers used in close-distance social interactions (∼80 kHz) were generated by a whistle mechanism. Both production mechanisms were facilitated by a characteristic laryngeal morphology. Our findings indicate that the use of vocal fold vibrations for long-distance communication is widespread in reithrodontomyines (Onychomys, Peromyscus, Reithrodontomys spp.) despite overlap in frequency content that characterizes baiomyine whistled vocalizations. The results illustrate how different production mechanisms shape acoustic variation in rodents and contribute to ecologically relevant communication distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Riede
- Department of Physiology, Midwestern University Glendale, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Anastasiya Kobrina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Bret Pasch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Wildlife Conservation and Management, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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2
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de Framond L, Beleyur T, Lewanzik D, Goerlitz HR. Calibrated microphone array recordings reveal that a gleaning bat emits low-intensity echolocation calls even in open-space habitat. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245801. [PMID: 37655585 PMCID: PMC10560550 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Echolocating bats use ultrasound for orientation and prey capture in darkness. Ultrasound is strongly attenuated in air. Consequently, aerial-hawking bats generally emit very intense echolocation calls to maximize detection range. However, call levels vary more than tenfold (>20 dB) between species and are tightly linked to the foraging strategy. The brown long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus) is a primarily gleaning, low-amplitude species that may occasionally hawk airborne prey. We used state-of-the-art calibrated acoustic 3D-localization and automated call analysis to measure P. auritus' source levels. Plecotus auritus emits echolocation calls of low amplitude (92 dB rmsSPL re. 20 µPa at 10 cm) even while flying in open-space. While P. auritus thus probably benefits from delayed evasive manoeuvres of eared insects, we propose that low-amplitude echolocation did not evolve as an adaptive countermeasure, but is limited by morphological constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léna de Framond
- Acoustic and Functional Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Thejasvi Beleyur
- Acoustic and Functional Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Daniel Lewanzik
- Acoustic and Functional Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Holger R. Goerlitz
- Acoustic and Functional Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
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3
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Stidsholt L, Hubancheva A, Greif S, Goerlitz HR, Johnson M, Yovel Y, Madsen PT. Echolocating bats prefer a high risk-high gain foraging strategy to increase prey profitability. eLife 2023; 12:e84190. [PMID: 37070239 PMCID: PMC10112884 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Predators that target multiple prey types are predicted to switch foraging modes according to prey profitability to increase energy returns in dynamic environments. Here, we use bat-borne tags and DNA metabarcoding of feces to test the hypothesis that greater mouse-eared bats make immediate foraging decisions based on prey profitability and changes in the environment. We show that these bats use two foraging strategies with similar average nightly captures of 25 small, aerial insects and 29 large, ground-dwelling insects per bat, but with much higher capture success in the air (76%) vs ground (30%). However, owing to the 3-20 times larger ground prey, 85% of the nightly food acquisition comes from ground prey despite the 2.5 times higher failure rates. We find that most bats use the same foraging strategy on a given night suggesting that bats adapt their hunting behavior to weather and ground conditions. We conclude that these bats use high risk-high gain gleaning of ground prey as a primary foraging tactic, but switch to aerial hunting when environmental changes reduce the profitability of ground prey, showing that prey switching matched to environmental dynamics plays a key role in covering the energy intake even in specialized predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stidsholt
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Antoniya Hubancheva
- Acoustic and Functional Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Biological IntelligenceSeewiesenGermany
- Department of Animal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of SciencesSofiaBulgaria
| | - Stefan Greif
- Acoustic and Functional Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Biological IntelligenceSeewiesenGermany
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Holger R Goerlitz
- Acoustic and Functional Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Biological IntelligenceSeewiesenGermany
| | - Mark Johnson
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Yossi Yovel
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Peter T Madsen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
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Breviglieri CPB, da Silva FR. Substrate gleaning: Plasticity in the foraging and echolocation behavior of the bat Molossus molossus. Ecology 2023; 104:e3849. [PMID: 36326129 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Rodrigues da Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia Teórica: Integrando Tempo, Biologia e Espaço (LET.IT.BE), Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Maucieri D, Ashbaugh A, Theodor J. Sexual dimorphism in bat wing morphology — variation among foraging styles. CAN J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2021-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism can lead to differences in foraging style among conspecifics due to morphological differences. Within bats, maneuverability and speed of flight are influenced by wing shape and size, which may differ between sexes. Female bats gain about 30% of their body mass during pregnancy, affecting their agility and flight efficiency. To fill the same foraging niche as males, pregnant female bats would require wing size and (or) shape modifications to maintain maneuverability. We investigated sexual dimorphism in bat wing morphology and how it varies among foraging guilds. Wing photos of male and female adult bats (19 species) in Canada, Belize, and Dominica were analyzed using two-dimensional geometric morphometrics, wing loading, and aspect ratios. Nonpregnant female bats had higher wing loading than males, suggesting that they are less maneuverable than males. Additionally, mass increases during pregnancy may not permit female bats to forage as male conspecifics do. Wing shape differed minimally among foraging guilds with only frugivores differing significantly from all other guilds. Further studies should investigate how female bats forage during their reproductive cycle and determine how frugivore wings differ and whether there are individual differences in wing shape that are not consistent among bat species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.G. Maucieri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - A.J. Ashbaugh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - J.M. Theodor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Page RA, Bernal XE. The challenge of detecting prey: Private and social information use in predatory bats. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ximena E. Bernal
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Panamá
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana
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Gordon R, Ivens S, Ammerman LK, Fenton MB, Littlefair JE, Ratcliffe JM, Clare EL. Molecular diet analysis finds an insectivorous desert bat community dominated by resource sharing despite diverse echolocation and foraging strategies. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3117-3129. [PMID: 30962885 PMCID: PMC6434550 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interspecific differences in traits can alter the relative niche use of species within the same environment. Bats provide an excellent model to study niche use because they use a wide variety of behavioral, acoustic, and morphological traits that may lead to multi-species, functional groups. Predatory bats have been classified by their foraging location (edge, clutter, open space), ability to use aerial hawking or substrate gleaning and echolocation call design and flexibility, all of which may dictate their prey use. For example, high frequency, broadband calls do not travel far but offer high object resolution while high intensity, low frequency calls travel further but provide lower resolution. Because these behaviors can be flexible, four behavioral categories have been proposed: (a) gleaning, (b) behaviorally flexible (gleaning and hawking), (c) clutter-tolerant hawking, and (d) open space hawking. Many recent studies of diet in bats use molecular tools to identify prey but mainly focus on one or two species in isolation; few studies provide evidence for substantial differences in prey use despite the many behavioral, acoustic, and morphological differences. Here, we analyze the diet of 17 sympatric species in the Chihuahuan desert and test the hypothesis that peak echolocation frequency and behavioral categories are linked to differences in diet. We find no significant correlation between dietary richness and echolocation peak frequency though it spanned close to 100 kHz across species. Our data, however, suggest that bats which use both gleaning and hawking strategies have the broadest diets and are most differentiated from clutter-tolerant aerial hawking species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena Gordon
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Sally Ivens
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - M. Brock Fenton
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Joanne E. Littlefair
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - John M. Ratcliffe
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Toronto MississaugaMississaugaOntarioCanada
| | - Elizabeth L. Clare
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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Razak K. Adaptations for Substrate Gleaning in Bats: The Pallid Bat as a Case Study. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2018; 91:97-108. [DOI: 10.1159/000488873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Substrate gleaning is a foraging strategy in which bats use a mixture of echolocation, prey-generated sounds, and vision to localize and hunt surface-dwelling prey. Many substrate-gleaning species depend primarily on prey-generated noise to hunt. Use of echolocation is limited to general orientation and obstacle avoidance. This foraging strategy involves a different set of selective pressures on morphology, behavior, and auditory system organization of bats compared to the use of echolocation for both hunting and navigation. Gleaning likely evolved to hunt in cluttered environments and/or as a counterstrategy to reduce detection by eared prey. Gleaning bats simultaneously receive streams of echoes from obstacles and prey-generated noise, and have to segregate these acoustic streams to attend to one or both. Not only do these bats have to be exquisitely sensitive to the soft, low frequency sounds produced by walking/rustling prey, they also have to precisely localize these sounds. Gleaners typically use low intensity echolocation calls. Such stealth echolocation requires a nervous system that is attuned to low intensity sound processing. In addition, landing on the ground to hunt may bring gleaners in close proximity to venomous prey. In fact, at least 2 gleaning bat species are known to hunt highly venomous scorpions. While a number of studies have addressed adaptations for echolocation in bats that hunt in the air, very little is known about the morphological, behavioral, and neural specializations for gleaning in bats. This review highlights the novel insights gleaning bats provide into bat evolution, particularly auditory pathway organization and ion channel structure/function relationships. Gleaning bats are found in multiple families, suggesting convergent evolution of specializations for gleaning as a foraging strategy. However, most of this review is based on recent work on a single species – the pallid bat (Antrozous palli dus) – symptomatic of the fact that more comparative work is needed to identify the mechanisms that facilitate gleaning behavior.
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Russo D, Ancillotto L, Jones G. Bats are still not birds in the digital era: echolocation call variation and why it matters for bat species identification. CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2017-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The recording and analysis of echolocation calls are fundamental methods used to study bat distribution, ecology, and behavior. However, the goal of identifying bats in flight from their echolocation calls is not always possible. Unlike bird songs, bat calls show large variation that often makes identification challenging. The problem has not been fully overcome by modern digital-based hardware and software for bat call recording and analysis. Besides providing fundamental insights into bat physiology, ecology, and behavior, a better understanding of call variation is therefore crucial to best recognize limits and perspectives of call classification. We provide a comprehensive overview of sources of interspecific and intraspecific echolocation call variations, illustrating its adaptive significance and highlighting gaps in knowledge. We remark that further research is needed to better comprehend call variation and control for it more effectively in sound analysis. Despite the state-of-art technology in this field, combining acoustic surveys with capture and roost search, as well as limiting identification to species with distinctive calls, still represent the safest way of conducting bat surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Russo
- Wildlife Research Unit, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo Ancillotto
- Wildlife Research Unit, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Gareth Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
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Holderied MW, Thomas LA, Korine C. Ultrasound avoidance by flying antlions (Myrmeleontidae). J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.189308. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.189308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The acoustic arms race between insectivorous bats and their invertebrate prey has led to the convergent evolution of ultrasound hearing in seven orders of nocturnal insects. Upon hearing the echolocation calls of an approaching bat such insects take defensive action. Here we document an unknown sense of ultrasound hearing and phonotactic flight behaviour in the neuropteran family Myrmeleontidae (antlions). The antlion Myrmeleon hyalinus was presented with sound pulses at ultrasonic frequencies used by echolocating bats and its response thresholds in tethered flight determined. Behaviours included abdominal twitches, wing-flicks, brief pauses in flight and flight cessation. Such behaviours create erratic evasive flight manoeuvres in other eared insects, particularly mantids and lacewings. Antlions responded best to ultrasound between 60-80 kHz (75 dB peSPL at 80 kHz) showing response thresholds similar to the related lacewings (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae). Yet at lower ultrasonic frequencies (20-50 kHz) antlions were far less sensitive than lacewings. Based on calculated response distances we conclude that antlions respond only after having been detected by bats rather than using early evasive flights. We argue that the high response threshold for low frequency ultrasound is adaptive for an insect that is mainly active close to and within vegetation, because a behavioural response to the lower ultrasonic frequencies used by high-flying bats would result in evasive action in the absence of actual predation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc W. Holderied
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Liam A. Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Carmi Korine
- The Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
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Predator counteradaptations: stealth echolocation overcomes insect sonar-jamming and evasive-manoeuvring defences. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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ter Hofstede H, Voigt-Heucke S, Lang A, Römer H, Page R, Faure P, Dechmann D. Revisiting adaptations of neotropical katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) to gleaning bat predation. NEOTROPICAL BIODIVERSITY 2017; 3:41-49. [PMID: 28261664 PMCID: PMC5312797 DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2016.1272314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
All animals have defenses against predators, but assessing the effectiveness of such traits is challenging. Neotropical katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) are an abundant, ubiquitous, and diverse group of large insects eaten by a variety of predators, including substrate-gleaning bats. Gleaning bats capture food from surfaces and usually use prey-generated sounds to detect and locate prey. A number of Neotropical katydid signaling traits, such as the emission of ultrasonic frequencies, substrate vibration communication, infrequent calling, and ultrasound-evoked song cessation are thought to have evolved as defenses against substrate-gleaning bats. We collected insect remains from hairy big-eared bat (Micronycteris hirsuta) roosts in Panama. We identified insect remains to order, species, or genus and quantified the proportion of prey with defenses against predatory bats based on defenses described in the literature. Most remains were from katydids and half of those were from species with documented defenses against substrate-gleaning bats. Many culled remains were from insects that do not emit mate-calling songs (e.g. beetles, dragonflies, cockroaches, and female katydids), indicating that eavesdropping on prey signals is not the only prey-finding strategy used by this bat. Our results show that substrate-gleaning bats can occasionally overcome katydid defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silke Voigt-Heucke
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Rachel Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Panama
| | - Paul Faure
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Dina Dechmann
- Department of Biology, Universitat Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Zamora‐Gutierrez V, Lopez‐Gonzalez C, MacSwiney Gonzalez MC, Fenton B, Jones G, Kalko EKV, Puechmaille SJ, Stathopoulos V, Jones KE. Acoustic identification of Mexican bats based on taxonomic and ecological constraints on call design. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Zamora‐Gutierrez
- Conservation Science Group Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EJ UK
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Celia Lopez‐Gonzalez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR) Unidad Durango Instituto Politécnico Nacional Calle Sigma 119, Fraccionamiento 20 de Noviembre II Durango 34220 Mexico
| | - M. Cristina MacSwiney Gonzalez
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales Universidad Veracruzana Casco de la ExHacienda Lucas Martin, Privada de Araucarias Col. Periodistas Xalapa 91019 Mexico
| | - Brock Fenton
- Department of Biology Western University London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Gareth Jones
- School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol 24 Tyndall Avenue Bristol BS8 1TQ UK
| | - Elisabeth K. V. Kalko
- Institute of Experimental Ecology University of Ulm Albert‐Einstein‐Allee 11 Ulm 89069 Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Panama
| | - Sebastien J. Puechmaille
- Zoology Institute Ernst‐Moritz‐Arndt University Greifswald D‐17489 Germany
- School of Biology and Environmental Science University College Dublin Dublin 4 Ireland
| | | | - Kate E. Jones
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
- Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London Regent's Park London NW1 4RY UK
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14
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To Scream or to Listen? Prey Detection and Discrimination in Animal-Eating Bats. BAT BIOACOUSTICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3527-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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