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Yu JJ, Non AL, Heinrich EC, Gu W, Alcock J, Moya EA, Lawrence ES, Tift MS, O'Brien KA, Storz JF, Signore AV, Khudyakov JI, Milsom WK, Wilson SM, Beall CM, Villafuerte FC, Stobdan T, Julian CG, Moore LG, Fuster MM, Stokes JA, Milner R, West JB, Zhang J, Shyy JY, Childebayeva A, Vázquez-Medina JP, Pham LV, Mesarwi OA, Hall JE, Cheviron ZA, Sieker J, Blood AB, Yuan JX, Scott GR, Rana BK, Ponganis PJ, Malhotra A, Powell FL, Simonson TS. Time Domains of Hypoxia Responses and -Omics Insights. Front Physiol 2022; 13:885295. [PMID: 36035495 PMCID: PMC9400701 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.885295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to respond rapidly to changes in oxygen tension is critical for many forms of life. Challenges to oxygen homeostasis, specifically in the contexts of evolutionary biology and biomedicine, provide important insights into mechanisms of hypoxia adaptation and tolerance. Here we synthesize findings across varying time domains of hypoxia in terms of oxygen delivery, ranging from early animal to modern human evolution and examine the potential impacts of environmental and clinical challenges through emerging multi-omics approaches. We discuss how diverse animal species have adapted to hypoxic environments, how humans vary in their responses to hypoxia (i.e., in the context of high-altitude exposure, cardiopulmonary disease, and sleep apnea), and how findings from each of these fields inform the other and lead to promising new directions in basic and clinical hypoxia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Yu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Amy L. Non
- Department of Anthropology, Division of Social Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Amy L. Non, Tatum S. Simonson,
| | - Erica C. Heinrich
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Wanjun Gu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Joe Alcock
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, MX, United States
| | - Esteban A. Moya
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Elijah S. Lawrence
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael S. Tift
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States
| | - Katie A. O'Brien
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, ENG, United Kingdom
| | - Jay F. Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, IL, United States
| | - Anthony V. Signore
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, IL, United States
| | - Jane I. Khudyakov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States
| | | | - Sean M. Wilson
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Colleen G. Julian
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Lorna G. Moore
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mark M. Fuster
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Stokes
- Department of Kinesiology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX, United States
| | - Richard Milner
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - John B. West
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - John Y. Shyy
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Ainash Childebayeva
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - José Pablo Vázquez-Medina
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Luu V. Pham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Omar A. Mesarwi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - James E. Hall
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Zachary A. Cheviron
- Division of Biological Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Jeremy Sieker
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Arlin B. Blood
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Jason X. Yuan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Graham R. Scott
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Brinda K. Rana
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Paul J. Ponganis
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Atul Malhotra
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Frank L. Powell
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tatum S. Simonson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Amy L. Non, Tatum S. Simonson,
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Joyce W, Wang T. Regulation of heart rate in vertebrates during hypoxia: A comparative overview. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13779. [PMID: 34995393 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute exposure to low oxygen (hypoxia) places conflicting demands on the heart. Whilst an increase in heart rate (tachycardia) may compensate systemic oxygen delivery as arterial oxygenation falls, the heart itself is an energetically expensive organ that may benefit from slowing (bradycardia) to reduce work when oxygen is limited. Both strategies are apparent in vertebrates, with tetrapods (mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians) classically exhibiting hypoxic tachycardia and fishes displaying characteristic hypoxic bradycardia. With a richer understanding of the ontogeny and evolution of the responses, however, we see similarities in the underlying mechanisms between vertebrate groups. For example, in adult mammals, primary bradycardia results from the hypoxic stimulation of carotid body chemoreceptors that are overwhelmed by mechano-sensory feedback from the lung associated with hyperpnoea. Fish-like bradycardia prevails in the mammalian foetus (which, at this stage, is incapable of pulmonary ventilation), and in fish and foetus alike, the bradycardia ensues despite an elevation of circulating catecholamines. In both cases, the reduced heart rate may primarily serve to protect the heart. Thus, the comparative perspective offers fundamental insight into how and why different vertebrates regulate heart rate in different ways during periods of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Joyce
- Department of Biology—Zoophysiology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Tobias Wang
- Department of Biology—Zoophysiology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
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Dong S, Xu S, Zhang J, Hussain R, Lu H, Ye Y, Mehmood K, Zhang H, Shang P. First Report of Fecal Microflora of Wild Bar-Headed Goose in Tibet Plateau. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:791461. [PMID: 35083306 PMCID: PMC8785396 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.791461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The bar-headed goose (Anser indicus) has two black spots on its head. It is considered an important bird in China. It breeds in plateau lakes, especially saltwater lakes, and swamp areas. However, the intestinal flora of wild bar-headed geese in the Tibet Autonomous Region is currently not known. In this study, 16S rDNA sequencing was performed on the intestinal microbes of wild bar-headed geese. A total of 513,505 reads of raw data were obtained, and the results analyzed the average number of 128,376 ± 2,392 reads per sample. The microbiota of all samples consists of 10 main bacterial phyla, including Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Patescibacteria, Deferribacteres, Planctomy-cetes, Fusobacteria, and Tenericutes. The results indicated that Firmicutes (67.34%) was the predominant phylum, followed by Proteobacteria (29.03%) and Cyanobacteria (1.97%). In our research, we identified the intestinal flora of the wild bar-headed goose, which provides valuable information for further research on the gene function of the bar-headed goose and the intestinal flora of wild animals. These findings are also useful and valuable for genetic and high-altitude research in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiong Dong
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, China
- The Provincial and Ministerial Co-founded Collaborative Innovation Center for R & D, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Linzhi, China
| | - Shijun Xu
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, China
- The Provincial and Ministerial Co-founded Collaborative Innovation Center for R & D, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Linzhi, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, China
- The Provincial and Ministerial Co-founded Collaborative Innovation Center for R & D, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Linzhi, China
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Hong Lu
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, China
- The Provincial and Ministerial Co-founded Collaborative Innovation Center for R & D, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Linzhi, China
| | - Yourong Ye
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, China
- The Provincial and Ministerial Co-founded Collaborative Innovation Center for R & D, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Linzhi, China
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Shang
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, China
- The Provincial and Ministerial Co-founded Collaborative Innovation Center for R & D, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Linzhi, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Shang
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4
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A critique on the theory of homeostasis. Physiol Behav 2022; 247:113712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Soulsbury CD, Dobson J, Deeming DC, Minias P. Energetic Lifestyle Drives Size and Shape of Avian Erythrocytes. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 62:71-80. [PMID: 34581789 PMCID: PMC9375138 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The size and shape of red blood cells (erythrocytes) is determined by key life history strategies in vertebrates. They have a fundamental role to deliver oxygen to tissues, and their ability to do so is shaped by the tissue's need and their shape. Despite considerable interest in how other components of blood are shaped by ecology and life history, few studies have considered erythrocytes themselves. We tested how erythrocyte size and shape varied in relation to energetically demanding activities using a dataset of 631 bird species. We found that in general, birds undergoing greater activities such as long distance migration had smaller and more elongated cells, while those with greater male-male competition had smaller and rounder cells. Smaller, more elongated erythrocytes allow more rapid oxygenation/deoxygenation and support greater aerobic activity. The rounder erythrocytes found in species with strong male–male competition may stem from younger erythrocytes deriving from androgen-induced erythropoiesis rates. Finally, diving species of bird had larger erythrocytes, indicating that erythrocytes are acting as a vital oxygen store. In summary, erythrocyte size and shape in birds are driven by the need to deliver oxygen during energetically costly activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl D Soulsbury
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS
| | - Jessica Dobson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS
| | - D Charles Deeming
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS
| | - Piotr Minias
- Department of Biodiversity Studies and Bioeducation, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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6
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Flight muscle and heart phenotypes in the high-flying ruddy shelduck. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:563-573. [PMID: 33591404 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01326-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ruddy shelduck migrate from wintering grounds in lowland India and Myanmar to breeding grounds in central China and Mongolia, sustaining flight over the Himalayas, where oxygen availability is greatly reduced. We compared phenotypes of the pectoralis muscle and the ventricle of the heart from ruddy shelduck and common shelduck (a closely related low-altitude congener) that were raised in common conditions at sea level, predicting that oxidative capacity would be greater in ruddy shelduck to support high-altitude migration. Fibre-type composition of the pectoralis and the maximal activity of eight enzymes involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism in the pectoralis and heart, were compared between species. Few differences distinguished ruddy shelduck from common shelduck in the flight muscle, with the exception that ruddy shelduck had higher activities of complex II and higher ratios of complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) and complex II when expressed relative to citrate synthase activity. There were no species differences in fibre-type composition, so these changes in enzyme activity may reflect an evolved modification in the functional properties of muscle mitochondria, potentially influencing mitochondrial respiratory capacity and/or oxygen affinity. Ruddy shelduck also had higher lactate dehydrogenase activity concurrent with lower pyruvate kinase and hexokinase activity in the left ventricle, which likely reflects an increased capacity for lactate oxidation by the heart. We conclude that changes in pathways of mitochondrial energy metabolism in the muscle and heart may contribute to the ability of ruddy shelduck to fly at high altitude.
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7
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Ivy CM, Scott GR. Life-long exposure to hypoxia affects metabolism and respiratory physiology across life stages in high-altitude deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 224:jeb.237024. [PMID: 33268530 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.237024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia exposure can have distinct physiological effects between early developmental and adult life stages, but it is unclear how the effects of hypoxia may progress during continuous exposure throughout life. We examined this issue in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) from a population native to high altitude. Mice were bred in captivity in one of three treatment groups: normoxia (controls), life-long hypoxia (∼12 kPa O2 from conception to adulthood) and parental hypoxia (normoxia from conception to adulthood, but parents previously exposed to hypoxia). Metabolic, thermoregulatory and ventilatory responses to progressive stepwise hypoxia and haematology were then measured at post-natal day (P) 14 and 30 and/or in adulthood. Life-long hypoxia had consistent effects across ages on metabolism, attenuating the declines in O2 consumption rate (V̇ O2 ) and body temperature during progressive hypoxia compared with control mice. However, life-long hypoxia had age-specific effects on breathing, blunting the hypoxia-induced increases in air convection requirement (quotient of total ventilation and V̇ O2 ) at P14 and P30 only, but then shifting breathing pattern towards deeper and/or less frequent breaths at P30 and adulthood. Hypoxia exposure also increased blood-O2 affinity at P14 and P30, in association with an increase in arterial O2 saturation in hypoxia at P30. In contrast, parental hypoxia had no effects on metabolism or breathing, but it increased blood-O2 affinity and decreased red cell haemoglobin content at P14 (but not P30). Therefore, hypoxia exposure has some consistent effects across early life and adulthood, and some other effects that are unique to specific life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Ivy
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Graham R Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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Milsom WK, Scott GR, Frappell PB, McCracken KG. Different strategies for convective O 2 transport in high altitude birds: A graphical analysis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 253:110871. [PMID: 33321176 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For illustrative purposes, in this article we use "Johansen Plots" as a graphical way of simultaneously visualizing the inter-connected variables that compose the convective steps of the gas transport cascade. These plots are used to reflect on some of the physiological characteristics seen in five species of birds, four of which sojourn to, or are native to, high altitudes (the barnacle goose, bar-headed goose, Andean goose, speckled teal and ruddy duck). These species were chosen to emphasize the diversity of responses to hypoxia that can exist within a single family. This diversity likely arose for many possible reasons, including local adaptation to hypoxia, differences in flight or diving abilities, or as a result of other phylogenetically-based differences across waterfowl in physiology, behaviour, and/or life style.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Milsom
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - G R Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | | | - K G McCracken
- Department of Biology, Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
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9
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Souchet J, Bossu C, Darnet E, Le Chevalier H, Poignet M, Trochet A, Bertrand R, Calvez O, Martinez-Silvestre A, Mossoll-Torres M, Guillaume O, Clobert J, Barthe L, Pottier G, Philippe H, Gangloff EJ, Aubret F. High temperatures limit developmental resilience to high-elevation hypoxia in the snake Natrix maura (Squamata: Colubridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Climate change is generating range shifts in many organisms, notably along the altitudinal gradient. However, moving up in altitude exposes organisms to lower oxygen availability, which may negatively affect development and fitness, especially at high temperatures. To test this possibility in a potentially upward-colonizing species, we artificially incubated developing embryos of the viperine snake Natrix maura Linnaeus 1758, using a split-clutch design, in conditions of extreme high elevation or low elevation at two ecologically-relevant incubation temperatures (24 and 32 °C). Embryos at low and extreme high elevations incubated at cool temperatures did not differ in development time, hatchling phenotype or locomotor performance. However, at the warmer incubation temperature and at extreme high elevation, hatching success was reduced. Further, embryonic heart rates were lower, incubation duration longer and juveniles born smaller. Nonetheless, snakes in this treatment were faster swimmers than siblings in other treatment groups, suggesting a developmental trade-off between size and performance. Constraints on development may be offset by the maintenance of important performance metrics, thus suggesting that early life-history stages will not prevent the successful colonization of high-elevation habitat even under the dual limitations of reduced oxygen and increased temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Souchet
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5321 CNRS—Université Paul Sabatier, Moulis, France
| | - Coralie Bossu
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5321 CNRS—Université Paul Sabatier, Moulis, France
| | - Elodie Darnet
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5321 CNRS—Université Paul Sabatier, Moulis, France
| | - Hugo Le Chevalier
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5321 CNRS—Université Paul Sabatier, Moulis, France
| | - Manon Poignet
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5321 CNRS—Université Paul Sabatier, Moulis, France
| | - Audrey Trochet
- Société Herpétologique de France, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP41, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, France
| | - Romain Bertrand
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174 Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Calvez
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5321 CNRS—Université Paul Sabatier, Moulis, France
| | | | - Marc Mossoll-Torres
- Bomosa, Pl. Parc de la Mola, 10 Torre Caldea 7º, Les Escaldes, Andorra
- Pirenalia, c/ de la rectoria, 2 Casa Cintet, Encamp, Andorra
| | - Olivier Guillaume
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5321 CNRS—Université Paul Sabatier, Moulis, France
| | - Jean Clobert
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5321 CNRS—Université Paul Sabatier, Moulis, France
| | - Laurent Barthe
- Société Herpétologique de France, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP41, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, France
- Nature En Occitanie, 14 rue de Tivoli, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Hervé Philippe
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5321 CNRS—Université Paul Sabatier, Moulis, France
- Département de Biochimie, Centre Robert-Cedergren, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric J Gangloff
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5321 CNRS—Université Paul Sabatier, Moulis, France
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, 61 Sandusky Street, Delaware, Ohio, USA
| | - Fabien Aubret
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5321 CNRS—Université Paul Sabatier, Moulis, France
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Brand Drive, Bentley, WA, Australia
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10
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Souchet J, Gangloff EJ, Micheli G, Bossu C, Trochet A, Bertrand R, Clobert J, Calvez O, Martinez-Silvestre A, Darnet E, LE Chevalier H, Guillaume O, Mossoll-Torres M, Barthe L, Pottier G, Philippe H, Aubret F. High-elevation hypoxia impacts perinatal physiology and performance in a potential montane colonizer. Integr Zool 2020; 15:544-557. [PMID: 32649806 PMCID: PMC7689776 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is generating range shifts in many organisms, notably along the elevational gradient in mountainous environments. However, moving up in elevation exposes organisms to lower oxygen availability, which may reduce the successful reproduction and development of oviparous organisms. To test this possibility in an upward‐colonizing species, we artificially incubated developing embryos of the viperine snake (Natrix maura) using a split‐clutch design, in conditions of extreme high elevation (hypoxia at 2877 m above sea level; 72% sea‐level equivalent O2 availability) or low elevation (control group; i.e. normoxia at 436 m above sea level). Hatching success did not differ between the two treatments. Embryos developing at extreme high elevation had higher heart rates and hatched earlier, resulting in hatchlings that were smaller in body size and slower swimmers compared to their siblings incubated at lower elevation. Furthermore, post‐hatching reciprocal transplant of juveniles showed that snakes which developed at extreme high elevation, when transferred back to low elevation, did not recover full performance compared to their siblings from the low elevation incubation treatment. These results suggest that incubation at extreme high elevation, including the effects of hypoxia, will not prevent oviparous ectotherms from producing viable young, but may pose significant physiological challenges on developing offspring in ovo. These early‐life performance limitations imposed by extreme high elevation could have negative consequences on adult phenotypes, including on fitness‐related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Souchet
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Moulis, France
| | - Eric J Gangloff
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Moulis, France.,Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio, USA
| | - Gaëlle Micheli
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Moulis, France
| | - Coralie Bossu
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Moulis, France
| | - Audrey Trochet
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Moulis, France
| | - Romain Bertrand
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Moulis, France
| | - Jean Clobert
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Moulis, France
| | - Olivier Calvez
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Moulis, France
| | | | - Elodie Darnet
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Moulis, France
| | - Hugo LE Chevalier
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Moulis, France
| | - Olivier Guillaume
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Moulis, France
| | - Marc Mossoll-Torres
- Bomosa, Pl. Parc de la Mola, Les Escaldes, Andorra.,Pirenalia, Encamp, Andorra
| | | | | | - Hervé Philippe
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Moulis, France.,Département de Biochimie, Centre Robert-Cedergren, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Fabien Aubret
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Moulis, France
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11
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Birnie-Gauvin K, Lennox RJ, Guglielmo CG, Teffer AK, Crossin GT, Norris DR, Aarestrup K, Cooke SJ. The Value of Experimental Approaches in Migration Biology. Physiol Biochem Zool 2020; 93:210-226. [DOI: 10.1086/708455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Ivy CM, Greaves MA, Sangster ED, Robertson CE, Natarajan C, Storz JF, McClelland GB, Scott GR. Ontogenesis of evolved changes in respiratory physiology in deer mice native to high altitude. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb219360. [PMID: 32054682 PMCID: PMC7075075 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.219360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
High-altitude environments are cold and hypoxic, and many high-altitude natives have evolved changes in respiratory physiology that improve O2 uptake in hypoxia as adults. Altricial mammals undergo a dramatic metabolic transition from ectothermy to endothermy in early post-natal life, which may influence the ontogenetic development of respiratory traits at high altitude. We examined the developmental changes in respiratory and haematological traits in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) native to high altitude, comparing the respiratory responses to progressive hypoxia between highland and lowland deer mice. Among adults, highlanders exhibited higher total ventilation and a more effective breathing pattern (relatively deeper tidal volumes), for mice that were caught and tested at their native altitudes and those lab-raised in normoxia. Lab-raised progeny of each population were also tested at post-natal day (P)7, 14, 21 and 30. Highlanders developed an enhanced hypoxic ventilatory response by P21, concurrent with the full maturation of the carotid bodies, and their more effective breathing pattern arose by P14; these ages correspond to critical benchmarks in the full development of homeothermy in highlanders. However, highlanders exhibited developmental delays in ventilatory sensitivity to hypoxia, hyperplasia of type I cells in the carotid body and increases in blood haemoglobin content compared with lowland mice. Nevertheless, highlanders maintained consistently higher arterial O2 saturation in hypoxia across development, in association with increases in blood-O2 affinity that were apparent from birth. We conclude that evolved changes in respiratory physiology in high-altitude deer mice become expressed in association with the post-natal development of endothermy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Ivy
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Mary A Greaves
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Jay F Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Grant B McClelland
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Graham R Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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13
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Abstract
In the 1950s, Arthur C. Guyton removed the heart from its pedestal in cardiovascular physiology by arguing that cardiac output is primarily regulated by the peripheral vasculature. This is counterintuitive, as modulating heart rate would appear to be the most obvious means of regulating cardiac output. In this Review, we visit recent and classic advances in comparative physiology in light of this concept. Although most vertebrates increase heart rate when oxygen demands rise (e.g. during activity or warming), experimental evidence suggests that this tachycardia is neither necessary nor sufficient to drive a change in cardiac output (i.e. systemic blood flow, Q̇ sys) under most circumstances. Instead, Q̇ sys is determined by the interplay between vascular conductance (resistance) and capacitance (which is mainly determined by the venous circulation), with a limited and variable contribution from heart function (myocardial inotropy). This pattern prevails across vertebrates; however, we also highlight the unique adaptations that have evolved in certain vertebrate groups to regulate venous return during diving bradycardia (i.e. inferior caval sphincters in diving mammals and atrial smooth muscle in turtles). Going forward, future investigation of cardiovascular responses to altered metabolic rate should pay equal consideration to the factors influencing venous return and cardiac filling as to the factors dictating cardiac function and heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Joyce
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark .,Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Tobias Wang
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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14
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Lague SL, Ivy CM, York JM, Chua BA, Alza L, Cheek R, Dawson NJ, Frappell PB, Farrell AP, McCracken KG, Scott GR, Milsom WK. Cardiovascular responses to progressive hypoxia in ducks native to high altitude in the Andes. J Exp Biol 2020:jeb.211250. [PMID: 34005543 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.211250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The cardiovascular system is critical for delivering O2 to tissues. Here we examine the cardiovascular responses to progressive hypoxia in four high-altitude Andean duck species compared to four related low-altitude populations in North America, tested at their native altitude. Ducks were exposed to stepwise decreases in inspired partial pressure of O2 while we monitored heart rate, O2 consumption rate, blood O2 saturation, haematocrit (Hct), and blood haemoglobin concentration [Hb]. We calculated O2 pulse (the product of stroke volume and the arterial-venous O2 content difference), blood O2 concentration, and heart rate variability. Regardless of altitude, all eight populations maintained O2 consumption rate with minimal change in heart rate or O2 pulse, indicating that O2 consumption was maintained by either a constant arterial-venous O2 content difference (an increase in the relative O2 extracted from arterial blood) or by a combination of changes in stroke volume and the arterial-venous O2 content difference. Three high-altitude taxa (yellow-billed pintails, cinnamon teal, and speckled teal) had higher Hct and [Hb], increasing the O2 content of arterial blood, and potentially providing a greater reserve for enhancing O2 delivery during hypoxia. Hct and [Hb] between low- and high-altitude populations of ruddy duck were similar, representing a potential adaptation to diving life. Heart rate variability was generally lower in high-altitude ducks, concurrent with similar or lower heart rates than low-altitude ducks, suggesting a reduction in vagal and sympathetic tone. These unique features of the Andean ducks differ from previous observations in both Andean geese and bar-headed geese, neither of which exhibit significant elevations in Hct or [Hb] compared to their low-altitude relatives, revealing yet another avian strategy for coping with high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine L Lague
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | | | - Julia M York
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Beverly A Chua
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Luis Alza
- Department of Biology and Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, FL, USA
- Division of Ornithology, Centro de Ornitologia y Biodiversidad, Peru
- Institute of Arctic Biology and University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Rebecca Cheek
- Institute of Arctic Biology and University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Neal J Dawson
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology and Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Peter B Frappell
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Kevin G McCracken
- Department of Biology and Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, FL, USA
- Division of Ornithology, Centro de Ornitologia y Biodiversidad, Peru
- Institute of Arctic Biology and University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | | | - William K Milsom
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
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15
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Parr N, Wilkes M, Hawkes LA. Natural Climbers: Insights from Avian Physiology at High Altitude. High Alt Med Biol 2019; 20:427-437. [DOI: 10.1089/ham.2019.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Parr
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Wilkes
- Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Alice Hawkes
- Hatherly Laboratories, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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16
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Ivy CM, Lague SL, York JM, Chua BA, Alza L, Cheek R, Dawson NJ, Frappell PB, McCracken KG, Milsom WK, Scott GR. Control of breathing and respiratory gas exchange in high-altitude ducks native to the Andes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.198622. [PMID: 30846536 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.198622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined the control of breathing and respiratory gas exchange in six species of high-altitude duck that independently colonized the high Andes. We compared ducks from high-altitude populations in Peru (Lake Titicaca at ∼3800 m above sea level; Chancay River at ∼3000-4100 m) with closely related populations or species from low altitude. Hypoxic ventilatory responses were measured shortly after capture at the native altitude. In general, ducks responded to acute hypoxia with robust increases in total ventilation and pulmonary O2 extraction. O2 consumption rates were maintained or increased slightly in acute hypoxia, despite ∼1-2°C reductions in body temperature in most species. Two high-altitude taxa - yellow-billed pintail and torrent duck - exhibited higher total ventilation than their low-altitude counterparts, and yellow-billed pintail exhibited greater increases in pulmonary O2 extraction in severe hypoxia. In contrast, three other high-altitude taxa - Andean ruddy duck, Andean cinnamon teal and speckled teal - had similar or slightly reduced total ventilation and pulmonary O2 extraction compared with low-altitude relatives. Arterial O2 saturation (S aO2 ) was elevated in yellow-billed pintails at moderate levels of hypoxia, but there were no differences in S aO2 in other high-altitude taxa compared with their close relatives. This finding suggests that improvements in S aO2 in hypoxia can require increases in both breathing and haemoglobin-O2 affinity, because the yellow-billed pintail was the only high-altitude duck with concurrent increases in both traits compared with its low-altitude relative. Overall, our results suggest that distinct physiological strategies for coping with hypoxia can exist across different high-altitude lineages, even among those inhabiting very similar high-altitude habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Ivy
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Sabine L Lague
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Julia M York
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Beverly A Chua
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Luis Alza
- Department of Biology and Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.,Division of Ornithology, Centro de Ornitologia y Biodiversidad, Lima 33, Peru.,Department of Biology and Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology and University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, AK 99755, USA
| | - Rebecca Cheek
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology and University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, AK 99755, USA
| | - Neal J Dawson
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Peter B Frappell
- Zoology Department, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Kevin G McCracken
- Department of Biology and Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.,Division of Ornithology, Centro de Ornitologia y Biodiversidad, Lima 33, Peru.,Department of Biology and Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology and University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, AK 99755, USA.,Human Genetics and Genomics, University of Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - William K Milsom
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Graham R Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
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17
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Yap KN, Dick MF, Guglielmo CG, Williams TD. Effects of experimental manipulation of hematocrit on avian flight performance in high- and low-altitude conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.191056. [PMID: 30266786 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.191056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite widely held assumptions that hematocrit (Hct) is a key determinant of aerobic capacity and exercise performance, this relationship has not often been tested rigorously in birds and results to date are mixed. Migration in birds involves high-intensity exercise for long durations at various altitudes. Therefore, it provides a good model system to examine the effect of Hct on flight performance and physiological responses of exercise at high altitude. We treated yellow-rumped warblers (Setophaga coronata) with avian erythropoietin (EPO) and anti-EPO to experimentally manipulate Hct and assessed flight performance at low and high altitudes using a hypobaric wind tunnel. We showed that anti-EPO-treated birds had lower Hct than vehicle- and EPO--treated birds post-treatment. Anti-EPO-treated birds also had marginally lower exercise performance at low altitude, committing a higher number of strikes (mistakes) in the first 30 min of flight. However, anti-EPO-treated birds performed significantly better at high altitude, attaining a higher altitude in a ramped altitude challenge to 3000 m equivalent altitude, and with a longer duration of flight at high altitude. Birds exercising at high altitude showed decreased Hct, increased glucose mobilization and decreased antioxidant capacity, regardless of treatment. In summary, we provide experimental evidence that the relationship between Hct and exercise performance is dependent on altitude. Future studies should investigate whether free-living birds adaptively modulate their Hct, potentially through a combination of erythropoiesis and plasma volume regulation (i.e. hemodilution), based on the altitude they fly at during migratory flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Nian Yap
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Morag F Dick
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, 1393 Western Road, London, ON, N6G 1G9, Canada
| | - Christopher G Guglielmo
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, 1393 Western Road, London, ON, N6G 1G9, Canada
| | - Tony D Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
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18
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Jendroszek A, Malte H, Overgaard CB, Beedholm K, Natarajan C, Weber RE, Storz JF, Fago A. Allosteric mechanisms underlying the adaptive increase in hemoglobin-oxygen affinity of the bar-headed goose. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb185470. [PMID: 30026237 PMCID: PMC6176913 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.185470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The high blood-O2 affinity of the bar-headed goose (Anser indicus) is an integral component of the biochemical and physiological adaptations that allow this hypoxia-tolerant species to undertake migratory flights over the Himalayas. The high blood-O2 affinity of this species was originally attributed to a single amino acid substitution of the major hemoglobin (Hb) isoform, HbA, which was thought to destabilize the low-affinity T state, thereby shifting the T-R allosteric equilibrium towards the high-affinity R state. Surprisingly, this mechanistic hypothesis has never been addressed using native proteins purified from blood. Here, we report a detailed analysis of O2 equilibria and kinetics of native major HbA and minor HbD isoforms from bar-headed goose and greylag goose (Anser anser), a strictly lowland species, to identify and characterize the mechanistic basis for the adaptive change in Hb function. We find that HbA and HbD of bar-headed goose have consistently higher O2 affinities than those of the greylag goose. The corresponding Hb isoforms of the two species are equally responsive to physiological allosteric cofactors and have similar Bohr effects. Thermodynamic analyses of O2 equilibrium curves according to the two-state Monod-Wyman-Changeaux model revealed higher R-state O2 affinities in the bar-headed goose Hbs, associated with lower O2 dissociation rates, compared with the greylag goose. Conversely, the T state was not destabilized and the T-R allosteric equilibrium was unaltered in bar-headed goose Hbs. The physiological implication of these results is that increased R-state affinity allows for enhanced O2 saturation in the lungs during hypoxia, but without impairing O2 delivery to tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Malte
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Kristian Beedholm
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Roy E Weber
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jay F Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Angela Fago
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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19
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Ivy CM, Scott GR. Evolved changes in breathing and CO 2 sensitivity in deer mice native to high altitudes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R1027-R1037. [PMID: 30183337 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00220.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the control of breathing by O2 and CO2 in deer mice native to high altitude to help uncover the physiological specializations used to cope with hypoxia in high-altitude environments. Highland deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus) and lowland white-footed mice ( P. leucopus) were bred in captivity at sea level. The first and second generation progeny of each population was raised to adulthood and then acclimated to normoxia or hypobaric hypoxia (12 kPa O2, simulating hypoxia at ~4,300 m) for 6-8 wk. Ventilatory responses to poikilocapnic hypoxia (stepwise reductions in inspired O2) and hypercapnia (stepwise increases in inspired CO2) were then compared between groups. Both generations of lowlanders appeared to exhibit ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia (VAH), in which hypoxia acclimation enhanced the hypoxic ventilatory response and/or made the breathing pattern more effective (higher tidal volumes and lower breathing frequencies at a given total ventilation). In contrast, hypoxia acclimation had no effect on breathing in either generation of highlanders, and breathing was generally similar to hypoxia-acclimated lowlanders. Therefore, attenuation of VAH may be an evolved feature of highlanders that persists for multiple generations in captivity. Hypoxia acclimation increased CO2 sensitivity of breathing, but in this case, the effect of hypoxia acclimation was similar in highlanders and lowlanders. Our results suggest that highland deer mice have evolved high rates of alveolar ventilation that are unaltered by exposure to chronic hypoxia, but they have preserved ventilatory sensitivity to CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Ivy
- Department of Biology, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON , Canada
| | - Graham R Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON , Canada
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20
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Lague SL, Chua B, Alza L, Scott GR, Frappell PB, Zhong Y, Farrell AP, McCracken KG, Wang Y, Milsom WK. Divergent respiratory and cardiovascular responses to hypoxia in bar-headed geese and Andean birds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 220:4186-4194. [PMID: 29141880 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.168799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many high-altitude vertebrates have evolved increased capacities in their oxygen transport cascade (ventilation, pulmonary diffusion, circulation and tissue diffusion), enhancing oxygen transfer from the atmosphere to mitochondria. However, the extent of interspecies variation in the control processes that dictate hypoxia responses remains largely unknown. We compared the metabolic, cardiovascular and respiratory responses to progressive decreases in inspired oxygen levels of bar-headed geese (Anser indicus), birds that biannually migrate across the Himalayan mountains, with those of Andean geese (Chloephaga melanoptera) and crested ducks (Lophonetta specularioides), lifelong residents of the high Andes. We show that Andean geese and crested ducks have evolved fundamentally different mechanisms for maintaining oxygen supply during low oxygen (hypoxia) from those of bar-headed geese. Bar-headed geese respond to hypoxia with robust increases in ventilation and heart rate, whereas Andean species increase lung oxygen extraction and cardiac stroke volume. We propose that transient high-altitude performance has favoured the evolution of robust convective oxygen transport recruitment in hypoxia, whereas life-long high-altitude residency has favoured the evolution of structural enhancements to the lungs and heart that increase lung diffusion and stroke volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine L Lague
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Beverly Chua
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Luis Alza
- Department of Biology and Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.,Institute of Arctic Biology and University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.,Department of Ornithology, Centro de Ornitología y Biodiversidad, Lima, Peru
| | - Graham R Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Peter B Frappell
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Yang Zhong
- Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of High Altitude Medicine, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China.,School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4.,Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Kevin G McCracken
- Department of Biology and Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.,Institute of Arctic Biology and University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - William K Milsom
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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21
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Ivy CM, York JM, Lague SL, Chua BA, Alza L, McCracken KG, Milsom WK, Scott GR. Validation of a Pulse Oximetry System for High-Altitude Waterfowl by Examining the Hypoxia Responses of the Andean Goose (Chloephaga melanoptera). Physiol Biochem Zool 2018. [DOI: 10.1086/697053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Hawkes LA, Batbayar N, Butler PJ, Chua B, Frappell PB, Meir JU, Milsom WK, Natsagdorj T, Parr N, Scott GR, Takekawa JY, WikeIski M, Witt MJ, Bishop CM. Do Bar-Headed Geese Train for High Altitude Flights? Integr Comp Biol 2018; 57:240-251. [PMID: 28859401 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SYNOPSIS Exercise at high altitude is extremely challenging, largely due to hypobaric hypoxia (low oxygen levels brought about by low air pressure). In humans, the maximal rate of oxygen consumption decreases with increasing altitude, supporting progressively poorer performance. Bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) are renowned high altitude migrants and, although they appear to minimize altitude during migration where possible, they must fly over the Tibetan Plateau (mean altitude 4800 m) for much of their annual migration. This requires considerable cardiovascular effort, but no study has assessed the extent to which bar-headed geese may train prior to migration for long distances, or for high altitudes. Using implanted loggers that recorded heart rate, acceleration, pressure, and temperature, we found no evidence of training for migration in bar-headed geese. Geese showed no significant change in summed activity per day or maximal activity per day. There was also no significant change in maximum heart rate per day or minimum resting heart rate, which may be evidence of an increase in cardiac stroke volume if all other variables were to remain the same. We discuss the strategies used by bar-headed geese in the context of training undertaken by human mountaineers when preparing for high altitude, noting the differences between their respective cardiovascular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Hawkes
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10?9FE, UK
| | - Nyambayar Batbayar
- Wildlife Science and Conservation Center, Bayanzurkh District, Ulaanbataar 210351, Mongolia
| | - Patrick J Butler
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15?2TT, UK
| | - Beverley Chua
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Peter B Frappell
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | | | - William K Milsom
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | | | - Nicole Parr
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10?9FE, UK
| | - Graham R Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 3K1
| | - John Y Takekawa
- Audubon California, Richardson Bay Audubon Center and Sanctuary, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| | - Martin WikeIski
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, D-82319 Seewiesen, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz D-78457, Germany
| | - Matthew J Witt
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Environment and Sustainability Institute, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10?9FE, UK
| | - Charles M Bishop
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57?2UW, UK
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York JM, Scadeng M, McCracken KG, Milsom WK. Respiratory mechanics and morphology of Tibetan and Andean high-altitude geese with divergent life histories. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.170738. [PMID: 29180602 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.170738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
High-altitude bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) and Andean geese (Chloephaga melanoptera) have been shown to preferentially increase tidal volume over breathing frequency when increasing ventilation during exposure to hypoxia. Increasing tidal volume is a more effective breathing strategy but is also thought to be more mechanically and metabolically expensive. We asked whether there might be differences in the mechanics or morphology of the respiratory systems of high-altitude transient bar-headed geese and high-altitude resident Andean geese that could minimize the cost of breathing more deeply. We compared these two species with a low-altitude migratory species, the barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis). We ventilated anesthetized birds to measure mechanical properties of the respiratory system and used CT scans to quantify respiratory morphology. We found that the respiratory system of Andean geese was disproportionately larger than that of the other two species, allowing use of a deeper breathing strategy for the same energetic cost. The relative size of the respiratory system, especially the caudal air sacs, of bar-headed geese was also larger than that of barnacle geese. However, when normalized to respiratory system size, the mechanical cost of breathing did not differ significantly among these three species, indicating that deeper breathing is enabled by morphological but not mechanical differences between species. The metabolic cost of breathing was estimated to be <1% of basal metabolic rate at rest in normoxia. Because of differences in the magnitude of the ventilatory response, the cost of breathing was estimated to increase 7- to 10-fold in bar-headed and barnacle geese in severe hypoxia, but less than 1-fold in Andean geese exposed to the same low atmospheric PO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M York
- University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Miriam Scadeng
- University of California San Diego, Department of Radiology, Center for Functional MRI, 9500 Gilman Drive 0677, La Jolla, CA, USA 92093
| | - Kevin G McCracken
- University of Miami, Department of Biology, Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, and Human Genetics and Genomics - Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - William K Milsom
- University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Ivy CM, Scott GR. Control of breathing and ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia in deer mice native to high altitudes. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017. [PMID: 28640969 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM We compared the control of breathing and heart rate by hypoxia between high- and low-altitude populations of Peromyscus mice, to help elucidate the physiological specializations that help high-altitude natives cope with O2 limitation. METHODS Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) native to high altitude and congeneric mice native to low altitude (Peromyscus leucopus) were bred in captivity at sea level. The F1 progeny of each population were raised to adulthood and then acclimated to normoxia or hypobaric hypoxia (12 kPa, simulating hypoxia at ~4300 m) for 5 months. Responses to acute hypoxia were then measured during stepwise reductions in inspired O2 fraction. RESULTS Lowlanders exhibited ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia (VAH), in which hypoxia acclimation enhanced the hypoxic ventilatory response, made breathing pattern more effective (higher tidal volumes and lower breathing frequencies at a given total ventilation), increased arterial O2 saturation and heart rate during acute hypoxia, augmented respiratory water loss and led to significant growth of the carotid body. In contrast, highlanders did not exhibit VAH - exhibiting a fixed increase in breathing that was similar to hypoxia-acclimated lowlanders - and they maintained even higher arterial O2 saturations in hypoxia. However, the carotid bodies of highlanders were not enlarged by hypoxia acclimation and were similar in size to those of normoxic lowlanders. Highlanders also maintained consistently higher heart rates than lowlanders during acute hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that highland deer mice have evolved high rates of alveolar ventilation and respiratory O2 uptake without the significant enlargement of the carotid bodies that is typical of VAH in lowlanders, possibly to adjust the hypoxic chemoreflex for life in high-altitude hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Ivy
- Department of Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - G. R. Scott
- Department of Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
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Cordero GA, Andersson BA, Souchet J, Micheli G, Noble DW, Gangloff EJ, Uller T, Aubret F. Physiological plasticity in lizard embryos exposed to high-altitude hypoxia. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2017; 327:423-432. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeremie Souchet
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis; Moulis France
| | - Gaëlle Micheli
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis; Moulis France
| | - Daniel W.A. Noble
- Ecology & Evolution Research Centre; School of Biological; Earth and Environmental Sciences; The University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Eric J. Gangloff
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis; Moulis France
- Department of Ecology; Evolution, and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa USA
| | - Tobias Uller
- Department of Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Fabien Aubret
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis; Moulis France
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Laguë SL. High-altitude champions: birds that live and migrate at altitude. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:942-950. [PMID: 28839002 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00110.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High altitude is physiologically challenging for vertebrate life for many reasons, including hypoxia (low environmental oxygen); yet, many birds thrive at altitude. Compared with mammals, birds have additional enhancements to their oxygen transport cascade, the conceptual series of steps responsible for acquiring oxygen from the environment and transporting it to the mitochondria. These adaptations have allowed them to inhabit a number of high-altitude regions. Waterfowl are a taxon prolific at altitude. This minireview explores the physiological responses of high-altitude waterfowl (geese and ducks), comparing the strategies of lifelong high-altitude residents to those of transient high-altitude performers, providing insight into how birds champion high-altitude life. In particular, this review highlights and contrasts the physiological hypoxia responses of bar-headed geese (Anser indicus), birds that migrate biannually through the Himalayas (4,500-6,500 m), and Andean geese (Chloephaga melanoptera), lifelong residents of the Andes (4,000-5,500 m). These two species exhibit markedly different ventilatory and cardiovascular strategies for coping with hypoxia: bar-headed geese robustly increase convective oxygen transport elements (i.e., heart rate and total ventilation) whereas Andean geese rely predominantly on enhancements that are likely morphological in origin (i.e., increases in lung oxygen diffusion and cardiac stroke volume). The minireview compares the short- and long-term cardiovascular and ventilatory trade-offs of these different physiological strategies and offers hypotheses surrounding their origins. It also draws parallels to high-altitude human physiology and research, and identifies a number of areas of further research. The field of high-altitude avian physiology offers a unique and broadly applicable insight into physiological enhancements in hypoxia.
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York JM, Chua BA, Ivy CM, Alza L, Cheek R, Scott GR, McCracken KG, Frappell PB, Dawson NJ, Laguë SL, Milsom WK. Respiratory mechanics of eleven avian species resident at high and low altitude. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:1079-1089. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.151191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The metabolic cost of breathing at rest has never been successfully measured in birds, but has been hypothesized to be higher than in mammals of a similar size because of the rocking motion of the avian sternum being encumbered by the pectoral flight muscles. To measure the cost and work of breathing, and to investigate whether species resident at high altitude exhibit morphological or mechanical changes that alter the work of breathing, we studied 11 species of waterfowl: five from high altitudes (>3000 m) in Perú, and six from low altitudes in Oregon, USA. Birds were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated in sternal recumbency with known tidal volumes and breathing frequencies. The work done by the ventilator was measured, and these values were applied to the combinations of tidal volumes and breathing frequencies used by the birds to breathe at rest. We found the respiratory system of high-altitude species to be of a similar size, but consistently more compliant than that of low-altitude sister taxa, although this did not translate to a significantly reduced work of breathing. The metabolic cost of breathing was estimated to be between 1 and 3% of basal metabolic rate, as low or lower than estimates for other groups of tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M. York
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Beverly A. Chua
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Catherine M. Ivy
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 3K1
| | - Luis Alza
- Department of Biology and Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
- Division of Ornithology, Centro de Ornitología y Biodiversidad - CORBIDI, Lima 33, Peru
- Institute of Arctic Biology and University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Rebecca Cheek
- Institute of Arctic Biology and University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Graham R. Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 3K1
| | - Kevin G. McCracken
- Department of Biology and Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
- Institute of Arctic Biology and University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Peter B. Frappell
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Neal J. Dawson
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 3K1
- Department of Biology and Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Sabine L. Laguë
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - William K. Milsom
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Knight K. High-altitude bar-headed geese outperform Vancouver cousins. J Exp Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.144709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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