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Bernal XE, Page RA. Tactics of evasion: strategies used by signallers to deter eavesdropping enemies from exploiting communication systems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:222-242. [PMID: 36176190 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Eavesdropping predators, parasites and parasitoids exploit signals emitted by their prey and hosts for detection, assessment, localization and attack, and in the process impose strong selective pressures on the communication systems of the organisms they exploit. Signallers have evolved numerous anti-eavesdropper strategies to mitigate the trade-off between the costs imposed from signal exploitation and the need for conspecific communication. Eavesdropper strategies fall along a continuum from opportunistic to highly specialized, and the tightness of the eavesdropper-signaller relationship results in differential pressures on communication systems. A wide variety of anti-eavesdropper strategies mitigate the trade-off between eavesdropper exploitation and conspecific communication. Antagonistic selection from eavesdroppers can result in diverse outcomes including modulation of signalling displays, signal structure, and evolutionary loss or gain of a signal from a population. These strategies often result in reduced signal conspicuousness and in decreased signal ornamentation. Eavesdropping enemies, however, can also promote signal ornamentation. While less common, this alternative outcome offers a unique opportunity to dissect the factors that may lead to different evolutionary pathways. In addition, contrary to traditional assumptions, no sensory modality is completely 'safe' as eavesdroppers are ubiquitous and have a broad array of sensory filters that allow opportunity for signal exploitation. We discuss how anthropogenic change affects interactions between eavesdropping enemies and their victims as it rapidly modifies signalling environments and community composition. Drawing on diverse research from a range of taxa and sensory modalities, we synthesize current knowledge on anti-eavesdropper strategies, discuss challenges in this field and highlight fruitful new directions for future research. Ultimately, this review offers a conceptual framework to understand the diverse strategies used by signallers to communicate under the pressure imposed by their eavesdropping enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena E Bernal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Rachel A Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
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2
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Virant-Doberlet M, Stritih-Peljhan N, Žunič-Kosi A, Polajnar J. Functional Diversity of Vibrational Signaling Systems in Insects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:191-210. [PMID: 36198397 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-095459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Communication by substrate-borne mechanical waves is widespread in insects. The specifics of vibrational communication are related to heterogeneous natural substrates that strongly influence signal transmission. Insects generate vibrational signals primarily by tremulation, drumming, stridulation, and tymbalation, most commonly during sexual behavior but also in agonistic, social, and mutualistic as well as defense interactions and as part of foraging strategies. Vibrational signals are often part of multimodal communication. Sensilla and organs detecting substrate vibration show great diversity and primarily occur in insect legs to optimize sensitivity and directionality. In the natural environment, signals from heterospecifics, as well as social and enemy interactions within vibrational communication networks, influence signaling and behavioral strategies. The exploitation of substrate-borne vibrational signaling offers a promising application for behavioral manipulation in pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meta Virant-Doberlet
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Nataša Stritih-Peljhan
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Alenka Žunič-Kosi
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Jernej Polajnar
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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3
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Kernan CE, Jones JS, Robillard T, Schöneich S, ter Hofstede HM. Efficacy constraints on female directional preference stabilize a male call component in a multimodal cricket duet. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Caorsi V, Cornara D, Wells KE, Moser D, Berardo A, Miselli R, Torriani M, Pugno NM, Tasin M, Maistrello L, Mazzoni V. Design of ideal vibrational signals for stinkbug male attraction through vibrotaxis experiments. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:5498-5508. [PMID: 34357680 PMCID: PMC9292951 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many groups of insects utilize substrate-borne vibrations for intraspecific communication. This characteristic makes them a suitable model for exploring the use of vibrations as a tool for pest control as an alternative to the use of chemicals. Detailed knowledge of species communication is a prerequisite to select the best signals to use. This study explored the use of substrate-borne vibrations for pest control of the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys Stål (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). For this purpose, we first identified the spectral and temporal characteristics that best elicit male responsiveness. Bioassays were conducted with artificial signals that mimicked the natural female calling signal. Second, we used the acquired knowledge to synthesize new signals endowed with different degrees of attractiveness in single- and two-choice bioassays using a wooden custom-made T stand. RESULTS The results from this study showed that males were attracted to female signals along a high range of amplitudes, especially starting from a threshold of 100 μm s-1 , a high pulse repetition time (1 s) and frequency peak corresponding to the first harmonic (76 Hz). This resulted in an "optimal" signal for use to attract males, while the choice test in the T arena showed that this signal elicits searching behavior and attracts BMSB males towards a stimulation point. CONCLUSION We confirm the use of vibrational signals as a strong tool for behavioral manipulation of male BMSB and suggest its possible use in the development of field traps and further management of this pest. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Caorsi
- Research and Innovation CentreFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
- C3A Centro Agricoltura, Alimenti e AmbienteUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Daniele Cornara
- International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies – Institute of Bari (CIHEAM‐Bari)ValenzanoItaly
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and ManagementUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Karen E Wells
- Research and Innovation CentreFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
| | - Damiano Moser
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | - Alice Berardo
- Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired, Bionic, Nano, Meta Materials & Mechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
- Present address:
Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural EngineeringUniversity of PadovaPaduaItaly
| | - Roberto Miselli
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Michele Torriani
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Nicola M Pugno
- Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired, Bionic, Nano, Meta Materials & Mechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
- School of Engineering and Materials ScienceQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Marco Tasin
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | - Lara Maistrello
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Valerio Mazzoni
- Research and Innovation CentreFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
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5
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Brito VLG, Nunes CEP, Resende CR, Montealegre-Zapata F, Vallejo-Marín M. Biomechanical properties of a buzz-pollinated flower. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:201010. [PMID: 33047057 PMCID: PMC7540744 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Approximately half of all bee species use vibrations to remove pollen from plants with diverse floral morphologies. In many buzz-pollinated flowers, these mechanical vibrations generated by bees are transmitted through floral tissues, principally pollen-containing anthers, causing pollen to be ejected from small openings (pores or slits) at the tip of the stamen. Despite the importance of substrate-borne vibrations for both bees and plants, few studies to date have characterized the transmission properties of floral vibrations. In this study, we use contactless laser vibrometry to evaluate the transmission of vibrations in the corolla and anthers of buzz-pollinated flowers of Solanum rostratum, and measure vibrations in three spatial axes. We found that floral vibrations conserve their dominant frequency (300 Hz) as they are transmitted throughout the flower. We also found that vibration amplitude at anthers and petals can be up to greater than 400% higher than input amplitude applied at the receptacle at the base of the flower, and that anthers vibrate with a higher amplitude velocity than petals. Together, these results suggest that vibrations travel differently through floral structures and across different spatial axes. As pollen release is a function of vibration amplitude, we conjecture that bees might benefit from applying vibrations in the axes associated with higher vibration amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caique Rocha Resende
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG 38405-315Brazil
| | | | - Mario Vallejo-Marín
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, StirlingFK9 4LA, UK
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6
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Leaf vibrations produced by chewing provide a consistent acoustic target for plant recognition of herbivores. Oecologia 2020; 194:1-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04672-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Leith NT, Jocson DI, Fowler‐Finn KD. Temperature‐related breakdowns in the coordination of mating in
Enchenopa binotata
treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae). Ethology 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah T. Leith
- Department of Biology Saint Louis University St. Louis MO USA
| | - Dowen I. Jocson
- Department of Biology Saint Louis University St. Louis MO USA
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8
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Vallejo-Marín M. Buzz pollination: studying bee vibrations on flowers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1068-1074. [PMID: 30585638 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 6% of flowering plant species possess flowers with anthers that open through small pores or slits. Extracting pollen from this type of specialised flower is achieved most efficiently by vibrating the anthers, a behaviour that has evolved repeatedly among bees. Here I provide a brief overview of the study of vibrations produced by bees and their effects on pollen release. I discuss how bee morphology and behaviour affect the mechanical properties of vibrations, and how floral traits may influence the transmission of those vibrations from the bee to the anther, thus mediating pollen release, and ultimately bee and plant fitness. I suggest that understanding the evolution of buzz pollination requires a study of the biomechanics of bee vibrations and their transmission on flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Vallejo-Marín
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
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9
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Transmission of the frequency components of the vibrational signal of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis, within and between grapevines. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2019; 205:783-791. [PMID: 31444613 PMCID: PMC6726837 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01366-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The agricultural pest, Homalodisca vitripennis, relies on vibrational communication through plants for species identification, location, and courtship. Their vibrational signal exhibits a dominant frequency between 80 and 120 Hz, with higher frequency, lower intensity harmonics occurring approximately every 100 Hz. However, previous research revealed that not all harmonics are recorded in every signal. Therefore, how the female H. vitripennis vibrational signal changes as it travels through the plant was investigated. Results confirmed that transmission was a bending wave, with decreased signal intensity for increasing distance from the source; moreover, at distances of 50 cm, higher frequencies traveled faster than lower frequencies, suggesting that dispersion of H. vitripennis signal components may enable signaling partners to encode distance. Finally, H. vitripennis generates no detectable airborne signal (pressure wave), yet their low vibrational frequency components are detectable in neighboring plants as a result of leaf-to-air-to-leaf propagation. For instance, with isolated key female signal frequencies, 100 Hz was detected at a 10 cm gap between leaves, whereas 600 Hz was detectable only with a 0.1 cm gap. Together, these results highlight the complexity of vibration propagation in plants and suggest the possibility of the animals using the harmonic content to determine distance to the signaling H. vitripennis source.
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Virant-Doberlet M, Kuhelj A, Polajnar J, Šturm R. Predator-Prey Interactions and Eavesdropping in Vibrational Communication Networks. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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Ge J, Wei J, Zhang D, Hu C, Zheng D, Kang L. Pea leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) uses vibrational duets for efficient sexual communication. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:510-522. [PMID: 29676516 PMCID: PMC7379950 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The pea leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis) is a notorious pest of vegetables and ornamental plants worldwide. Despite a large number of studies on its biology and ecology, the courtship behavior and sexual communication of this species remain unclear. Here, we studied vibrational communication in the sexual interaction of the pea leafminer. On host plant leaves, females and males behaviorally displayed the bobbing-quivering alternation, which finally led to copulation. Moreover, records of laser vibrometry revealed three-signal duets underlying the behavioral alternation. Sexually mature males spontaneously emitted calls (MCs) to initiate the duets. The females rapidly responded to MCs by emitting replies (FRs) that are longer in duration. The FRs further triggered male replies (MRs) in their search for potential partners. Leafminer-produced vibrational signals convey efficient information to partners and generate pair formation on stretched substrates, such as plant leaves and nylon mesh, but cannot elicit responses on dense substrates, such as glass and plastic. Vibrational playbacks of both MCs and FRs can elicit replies in females and males, respectively. This study completely characterizes substrate-borne vibrational duets in a dipteran insect. The discovery of vibrational sex signals in the pea leafminer provides new insights for the development of novel approaches to control the pest and its relative species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jia‐Ning Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ding‐Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chun Hu
- School of Instrumentation Science & Optoelectronics EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijingChina
| | - De‐Zhi Zheng
- School of Instrumentation Science & Optoelectronics EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institutes of Life ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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12
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Hager FA, Krausa K. Acacia Ants Respond to Plant-Borne Vibrations Caused by Mammalian Browsers. Curr Biol 2019; 29:717-725.e3. [PMID: 30773363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Living in the African savanna is dangerous, especially for plants. Many plants therefore engage in mutualism with ants, in which plants provide food and shelter in exchange for protection against herbivores. Ants become alarmed when the plant takes on some sort of damage. They immediately emerge from their plant shelter and aggressively defend the plant. Mammalian herbivores can have devastating effects on trees by browsing, breaking tree branches, stripping bark, and pushing over entire trees. However, mutualistic ants substantially reduce the amount of damage. To efficiently protect the tree, ants need to rapidly react together when the tree is under attack. Here, we show that the acacia ant Crematogaster mimosae defends its host tree by exploiting plant-borne vibrations caused by browsers feeding on the tree. Experiments with controlled vibrations show that ants discriminate browser-induced vibrations from those induced by wind, become alarmed, and patrol on the branches. Browser-induced vibrations serve as a long-distance alarm cue. The vibrations propagate through the whole acacia tree and trigger ants' defensive behavior, even on the other side of the tree. Furthermore, the ants make use of tropotactic directional vibration sensing to orient to the attacked part of the tree and fight back the attacker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix A Hager
- Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, Bochum 44780, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Krausa
- Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, Bochum 44780, Germany
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Arroyo-Correa B, Beattie C, Vallejo-Marín M. Bee and floral traits affect the characteristics of the vibrations experienced by flowers during buzz pollination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.198176. [PMID: 30760551 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.198176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During buzz pollination, bees use their indirect flight muscles to produce vibrations that are transmitted to the flowers and result in pollen release. Although buzz pollination has been known for >100 years, we are still in the early stages of understanding how bee and floral characteristics affect the production and transmission of floral vibrations. Here, we analysed floral vibrations produced by four closely related bumblebee taxa (Bombus spp.) on two buzz-pollinated plants species (Solanum spp.). We measured floral vibrations transmitted to the flower to establish the extent to which the mechanical properties of floral vibrations depend on bee and plant characteristics. By comparing four bee taxa visiting the same plant species, we found that peak acceleration, root mean-squared acceleration (RMS) and frequency vary between bee taxa, but that neither bee size (intertegular distance) nor flower biomass (dry mass) affects peak acceleration, RMS or frequency. A comparison of floral vibrations of two bee taxa visiting flowers of two plant species showed that, while bee species affects peak acceleration, RMS and frequency, plant species only affects acceleration (peak acceleration and RMS), not frequency. When accounting for differences in the transmission of vibrations across the two types of flower, using a species-specific 'coupling factor', we found that RMS acceleration and peak displacement do not differ between plant species. This suggests that bees produce the same initial acceleration in different plants but that transmission of these vibrations through the flower is affected by floral characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Arroyo-Correa
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.,Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), 21760 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ceit Beattie
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Mario Vallejo-Marín
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
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14
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On the spot: utilization of directional cues in vibrational communication of a stink bug. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5418. [PMID: 29615688 PMCID: PMC5882921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23710-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vibrational signalling is among the most ancient and common forms of communication, many fundamental aspects of this communication channel are still poorly understood. Here, we studied mechanisms underlying orientation towards the source of vibrational signals in the stink bug Nezara viridula (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae), where female vibrational song enables male to locate her on the bean plant. At the junction between the main stem and the leaf stalks, male placed his legs on different sides of the branching and orientation at the branching point was not random. Analyses of signal transmission revealed that only a time delay between the arrival of vibrational wave to receptors located in the legs stretched across the branching was a reliable directional cue underlying orientation, since, unexpectedly, the signal amplitude at the branching point was often higher on the stalk away from the female. The plant and the position of the vibrational source on the plant were the most important factors influencing the unpredictability of the amplitude cue. Determined time delays as short as 0.5 ms resulted in marked changes in interneuron activity and the decision model suggests that the behavioural threshold is in the range between 0.3 and 0.5 ms.
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