1
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Morgenroth D, McArley T, Khan J, Sandblom E. Mechanisms of enhanced cardiorespiratory performance under hyperoxia differ with exposure duration in yellowtail kingfish. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232557. [PMID: 38889794 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperoxia has been shown to expand the aerobic capacity of some fishes, although there have been very few studies examining the underlying mechanisms and how they vary across different exposure durations. Here, we investigated the cardiorespiratory function of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) acutely (~20 h) and chronically (3-5 weeks) acclimated to hyperoxia (~200% air saturation). Our results show that the aerobic performance of kingfish is limited in normoxia and increases with environmental hyperoxia. The aerobic scope was elevated in both hyperoxia treatments driven by a ~33% increase in maximum O2 uptake (MO2max), although the mechanisms differed across treatments. Fish acutely transferred to hyperoxia primarily elevated tissue O2 extraction, while increased stroke volume-mediated maximum cardiac output was the main driving factor in chronically acclimated fish. Still, an improved O2 delivery to the heart in chronic hyperoxia was not the only explanatory factor as such. Here, maximum cardiac output only increased in chronic hyperoxia compared with normoxia when plastic ventricular growth occurred, as increased stroke volume was partly enabled by an ~8%-12% larger relative ventricular mass. Our findings suggest that hyperoxia may be used long term to boost cardiorespiratory function potentially rendering fish more resilient to metabolically challenging events and stages in their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Morgenroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Tristan McArley
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Javed Khan
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Northland Marine Research Centre, PO Box 147, Ruakaka 0151, New Zealand
- CH4 Global, 48 Greys Avenue, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Erik Sandblom
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
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2
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Castro SA, Leite CAC, Wang T. The reduction in arterial pH with increased temperature is not affected by hyperoxia in toads (Rhinella marina) and pythons (Python molurus). J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb246547. [PMID: 38009047 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that arterial pH decreases with increased temperature in amphibians and reptiles through an elevation of arterial PCO2, but the underlying regulation remains controversial. The alphastat hypothesis ascribes the pH fall to a ventilatory regulation of protein ionisation, but the pH reduction with temperature is lower than predicted by the pKa change of the imidazole group on histidine. We hypothesised that arterial pH decreases at high, but not at low, temperatures when toads (Rhinella marina) and snakes (Python molurus) are exposed to hyperoxia. In toads, hyperoxia caused similar elevations of arterial PCO2 at 20 and 30°C, indicative of a temperature-independent oxygen-mediated drive to breathing, whereas PCO2 was unaffected by hyperoxia in snakes at 25 and 35°C. These findings do not support our hypothesis of an increased oxygen-mediated drive to breathing as body temperature increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Aparecida Castro
- Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Tobias Wang
- Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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3
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Harford AR, Devaux JBL, Hickey AJR. Dynamic defence? Intertidal triplefin species show better maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential than subtidal species at low oxygen pressures. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245926. [PMID: 37498237 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen is essential for most eukaryotic lifeforms, as it supports mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to supply ∼90% of cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Fluctuations in O2 present a major stressor, with hypoxia leading to a cascade of detrimental physiological changes that alter cell operations and ultimately induce death. Nonetheless, some species episodically tolerate near-anoxic environments, and have evolved mechanisms to sustain function even during extended hypoxic periods. While mitochondria are pivotal in central metabolism, their role in hypoxia tolerance remains ill defined. Given the vulnerability of the brain to hypoxia, mitochondrial function was tested in brain homogenates of three closely related triplefin species with varying degrees of hypoxia tolerance (Bellapiscis medius, Forsterygion lapillum and Forsterygion varium). High-resolution respirometry coupled with fluorometric measurements of mitochondrial membrane potential (mtMP) permitted assessment of differences in mitochondrial function and integrity in response to intermittent hypoxia and anoxia. Traditional steady-state measures of respiratory flux and mtMP showed no differences among species. However, in the transition into anoxia, the tolerant species B. medius and F. lapillum maintained mtMP at O2 pressures 7- and 4.4-fold lower, respectively, than that of the hypoxia-sensitive F. varium and exhibited slower rates of membrane depolarisation. The results indicate that dynamic oxic-hypoxic mitochondria transitions underlie hypoxia tolerance in these intertidal fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice R Harford
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jules B L Devaux
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J R Hickey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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4
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Bowering LR, McArley TJ, Devaux JBL, Hickey AJR, Herbert NA. Metabolic resilience of the Australasian snapper ( Chrysophrys auratus) to marine heatwaves and hypoxia. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1215442. [PMID: 37528894 PMCID: PMC10387550 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1215442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms are under threat from a simultaneous combination of climate change stressors, including warming sea surface temperatures (SST), marine heatwave (MHW) episodes, and hypoxic events. This study sought to investigate the impacts of these stressors on the Australasian snapper (C. auratus) - a finfish species of high commercial and recreational importance, from the largest snapper fishery in Aotearoa New Zealand (SNA1). A MHW scenario was simulated from 21°C (current February SST average for north-eastern New Zealand) to a future predicted level of 25°C, with the whole-animal and mitochondrial metabolic performance of snapper in response to hypoxia and elevated temperature tested after 1-, 10-, and 30-days of thermal challenge. It was hypothesised that key indicators of snapper metabolic performance would decline after 1-day of MHW stress, but that partial recovery might arise as result of thermal plasticity after chronic (e.g., 30-day) exposures. In contrast to this hypothesis, snapper performance remained high throughout the MHW: 1) Aerobic metabolic scope increased after 1-day of 25°C exposure and remained high. 2) Hypoxia tolerance, measured as the critical O2 pressure and O2 pressure where loss of equilibrium occurred, declined after 1-day of warm-acclimation, but recovered quickly with no observable difference from the 21°C control following 30-days at 25°C. 3) The performance of snapper mitochondria was also maintained, with oxidative phosphorylation respiration and proton leak flux across the inner mitochondrial membrane of the heart remaining mostly unaffected. Collectively, the results suggest that heart mitochondria displayed resilience, or plasticity, in snapper chronically exposed to 25°C. Therefore, contrary to the notion of climate change having adverse metabolic effects, future temperatures approaching 25°C may be tolerated by C. auratus in Northern New Zealand. Even in conjunction with supplementary hypoxia, 25°C appears to represent a metabolically optimal temperature for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyvia R. Bowering
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Leigh, New Zealand
| | | | - Jules B. L. Devaux
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Neill A. Herbert
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Leigh, New Zealand
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5
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Devaux JBL, Hedges CP, Birch N, Herbert N, Renshaw GMC, Hickey AJR. Electron transfer and ROS production in brain mitochondria of intertidal and subtidal triplefin fish (Tripterygiidae). J Comp Physiol B 2023:10.1007/s00360-023-01495-4. [PMID: 37145369 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
While oxygen is essential for oxidative phosphorylation, O2 can form reactive species (ROS) when interacting with electrons of mitochondrial electron transport system. ROS is dependent on O2 pressure (PO2) and has traditionally been assessed in O2 saturated media, PO2 at which mitochondria do not typically function in vivo. Mitochondrial ROS can be significantly elevated by the respiratory complex II substrate succinate, which can accumulate within hypoxic tissues, and this is exacerbated further with reoxygenation. Intertidal species are repetitively exposed to extreme O2 fluctuations, and have likely evolved strategies to avoid excess ROS production. We evaluated mitochondrial electron leakage and ROS production in permeabilized brain of intertidal and subtidal triplefin fish species from hyperoxia to anoxia, and assessed the effect of anoxia reoxygenation and the influence of increasing succinate concentrations. At typical intracellular PO2, net ROS production was similar among all species; however at elevated PO2, brain tissues of the intertidal triplefin fish released less ROS than subtidal species. In addition, following in vitro anoxia reoxygenation, electron transfer mediated by succinate titration was better directed to respiration, and not to ROS production for intertidal species. Overall, these data indicate that intertidal triplefin fish species better manage electrons within the ETS, from hypoxic-hyperoxic transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules B L Devaux
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Chris P Hedges
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nigel Birch
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Neill Herbert
- Institute of Marine Science, The University Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Gillian M C Renshaw
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Anthony J R Hickey
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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6
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Skeeles MR, Scheuffele H, Clark TD. Chronic experimental hyperoxia elevates aerobic scope: a valid method to test for physiological oxygen limitations in fish. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:1595-1600. [PMID: 36069991 PMCID: PMC10087569 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Experimental hyperoxia has been shown to enhance the maximum oxygen uptake capacity of fishes under acute conditions, potentially offering an avenue to test prominent physiological hypotheses attempting to explain impacts of climate warming on fish populations (e.g., gill-oxygen limitation driving declines in fish size). Such benefits of experimental hyperoxia must persist under chronic conditions if it is to provide a valid manipulation to test the relevant hypotheses, yet the long-term benefits of experimental hyperoxia to oxygen uptake capacity have not been examined. Here, the authors measured aerobic metabolic performance of Galaxias maculatus upon acute exposure to hyperoxia (150% air saturation) and after 5 months of acclimation, at both 15°C and 20°C. Acute hyperoxia elevated aerobic scope by 74%-94% relative to normoxic controls, and an elevation of 58%-73% persisted after 5 months of hyperoxia acclimation. When hyperoxia-acclimated fish were acutely transitioned back to normoxia, they maintained superior aerobic performance compared with normoxic controls, suggesting an acclimation of the underlying metabolic structures/processes. In demonstrating the long-term benefits of experimental hyperoxia on the aerobic performance of a fish, the authors encourage the use of such approaches to disentangle the role of oxygen in driving the responses of fish populations to climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Skeeles
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Hanna Scheuffele
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Timothy D. Clark
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
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7
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McArley TJ, Morgenroth D, Zena LA, Ekström AT, Sandblom E. Experimental hyperoxia (O
2
supersaturation) reveals a gill diffusion limitation of maximum aerobic performance in fish. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220401. [DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that hyperoxia increases the maximal O
2
consumption rate (ṀO
2max
) in fish, but exactly how this occurs remains to be explained. Here, we tested the hypothesis that hyperoxia improves arterial oxygenation in rainbow trout during exhaustive exercise. We demonstrate a 35% higher ṀO
2max
in hyperoxia (200% air saturation) relative to normoxia, which was achieved through a combined 15% increase in cardiac output due to elevated peak heart rate, and a 19% increase of the arterial–venous (A-V) O
2
content difference. While arterial O
2
partial pressure (PaO
2
) and O
2
saturation of haemoglobin declined post-exhaustive exercise in normoxia, this did not occur in hyperoxia. This protective effect of hyperoxia on arterial oxygenation led to a 22% higher arterial O
2
content post-exhaustive exercise, thereby allowing a higher A-V O
2
content difference. These findings indicate that ṀO
2max
is gill diffusion limited in exhaustively exercised rainbow trout. Moreover, as previous studies in salmonids have demonstrated collapsing PaO
2
in normoxia at maximal swimming speed and at acutely high temperatures, a diffusion limitation may constrain ṀO
2
in other situations eliciting peak metabolic demand. These findings, along with the fact that hyperoxia increases ṀO
2max
in several other fishes, suggest that gill diffusion limitations of ṀO
2max
may be widespread in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. J. McArley
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - D. Morgenroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - L. A. Zena
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A. T. Ekström
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E. Sandblom
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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8
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Brain dysfunction during warming is linked to oxygen limitation in larval zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2207052119. [PMID: 36122217 PMCID: PMC9522358 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2207052119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the physiological mechanisms that limit animal thermal tolerance is crucial in predicting how animals will respond to increasingly severe heat waves. Despite their importance for understanding climate change impacts, these mechanisms underlying the upper thermal tolerance limits of animals are largely unknown. It has been hypothesized that the upper thermal tolerance in fish is limited by the thermal tolerance of the brain and is ultimately caused by a global brain depolarization. In this study, we developed methods for measuring the upper thermal limit (CTmax) in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) with simultaneous recordings of brain activity using GCaMP6s calcium imaging in both free-swimming and agar-embedded fish. We discovered that during warming, CTmax precedes, and is therefore not caused by, a global brain depolarization. Instead, the CTmax coincides with a decline in spontaneous neural activity and a loss of neural response to visual stimuli. By manipulating water oxygen levels both up and down, we found that oxygen availability during heating affects locomotor-related neural activity, the neural response to visual stimuli, and CTmax. Our results suggest that the mechanism limiting the upper thermal tolerance in zebrafish larvae is insufficient oxygen availability causing impaired brain function.
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9
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McArley TJ, Morgenroth D, Zena LA, Ekström AT, Sandblom E. Prevalence and mechanisms of environmental hyperoxia-induced thermal tolerance in fishes. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220840. [PMID: 35975439 PMCID: PMC9382203 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has suggested environmental hyperoxia (O2 supersaturation) can boost cardiorespiratory performance in aquatic ectotherms, thereby increasing resilience to extreme heat waves associated with climate change. Here, using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a model species, we analysed whether improved cardiorespiratory performance can explain the increased thermal tolerance of fish in hyperoxia (200% air saturation). Moreover, we collated available literature data to assess the prevalence and magnitude of hyperoxia-induced thermal tolerance across fish species. During acute warming, O2 consumption rate was substantially elevated under hyperoxia relative to normoxia beyond 23°C. This was partly driven by higher cardiac output resulting from improved cardiac contractility. Notably, hyperoxia mitigated the rise in plasma lactate at temperatures approaching upper limits and elevated the critical thermal maximum (+0.87°C). Together, these findings show, at least in rainbow trout, that hyperoxia-induced thermal tolerance results from expanded tissue O2 supply capacity driven by enhanced cardiac performance. We show 50% of the fishes so far examined have increased critical thermal limits in hyperoxia (range: 0.4-1.8°C). This finding indicates environmental hyperoxia could improve the ability of a large number of fishes to cope with extreme acute warming, thereby increasing resilience to extreme heat wave events resulting from climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. J. McArley
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - D. Morgenroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - L. A. Zena
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A. T. Ekström
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E. Sandblom
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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10
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Montero-Taboada R, Sotil G, Dionicio-Acedo J, Rosado-Salazar M, Aguirre-Velarde A. Tolerance of juvenile Peruvian rock seabass (Paralabrax humeralis Valenciennes, 1828) and Peruvian grunt (Anisotremus scapularis Tschudi, 1846) to low-oxygen conditions. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 100:1497-1509. [PMID: 35398900 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is currently one of the greatest threats to coastal ecosystems worldwide, generating massive mortality of marine organisms, loss of benthic ecosystems and a decrease in fishery production. We evaluated and compared the tolerance to hypoxia of two species from different habitats of the Peruvian coast, the Peruvian rock seabass Paralabrax humeralis and the Peruvian grunt Anisotremus scapularis. The effect of hypoxia was measured as a function of the exposure time (progressive and chronic) on the behavioural and physiological responses of the two species, as well as on the enzymatic activity associated with the oxidative stress response of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP). The ventilatory frequency was measured at two different temperatures (16 and 22°C) under progressive hypoxia conditions to determine the ventilatory critical point (Vcp). A. scapularis showed a higher Vcp than P. humeralis, which was positively affected by temperature. The median lethal time of A. scapularis was 36 min at 60% of oxygen saturation, while P. humeralis showed no mortality after 31 days of exposure at 5% oxygen saturation. Different enzymatic activity (P < 0.05) between species under hypoxia was recorded, in SOD (gill and muscle) and AKP (blood). A general tendency, under hypoxia, to slightly increase LDH activity (except for blood in A. scapularis, P < 0.05) and SOD activity (mainly in muscle of A. scapularis, P < 0.05), and decrease AKP activity (mainly in liver of P. humeralis, P < 0.05) was observed. The response of P. humeralis to hypoxia goes through a reduction in activity and metabolism, so this species can be considered hypoxia-tolerant, allowing it to face hypoxia events during prolonged periods. On the other hand, A. scapularis response to hypoxia prioritizes avoidance mechanisms and, together with other adaptations, makes it especially vulnerable to hypoxia and able to be considered hypoxia-intolerant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Montero-Taboada
- Universidad Científica del Sur, Carretera Panamerica Sur Km 19, Lima, Peru
- Instituto del Mar del Perú, Esquina General Valle y Gamarra S/N, Callao, Peru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Giovanna Sotil
- Instituto del Mar del Perú, Esquina General Valle y Gamarra S/N, Callao, Peru
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima, Peru
| | - Jhon Dionicio-Acedo
- Instituto del Mar del Perú, Esquina General Valle y Gamarra S/N, Callao, Peru
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11
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Bouyoucos IA, Trujillo JE, Weideli OC, Nakamura N, Mourier J, Planes S, Simpfendorfer CA, Rummer JL. Investigating links between thermal tolerance and oxygen supply capacity in shark neonates from a hyperoxic tropical environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 782:146854. [PMID: 33853007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Temperature and oxygen limit the distribution of marine ectotherms. Haematological traits underlying blood-oxygen carrying capacity are thought to be correlated with thermal tolerance in certain fishes, and this relationship is hypothesised to be explained by oxygen supply capacity. We tested this hypothesis using reef shark neonates as experimental models because they live near their upper thermal limits and are physiologically sensitive to low oxygen conditions. We first described in situ associations between temperature and oxygen at the study site (Moorea, French Polynesia) and found that the habitats for reef shark neonates (Carcharhinus melanopterus and Negaprion acutidens) were hyperoxic at the maximum recorded temperatures. Next, we tested for in situ associations between thermal habitat characteristics and haematological traits of neonates. Contrary to predictions, we only demonstrated a negative association between haemoglobin concentration and maximum habitat temperatures in C. melanopterus. Next, we tested for ex situ associations between critical thermal maximum (CTMax) and haematological traits, but only demonstrated a negative association between haematocrit and CTMax in C. melanopterus. Finally, we measured critical oxygen tension (pcrit) ex situ and estimated its temperature sensitivity to predict oxygen-dependent values of CTMax. Estimated temperature sensitivity of pcrit was similar to reported values for sharks and skates, and predicted values for CTMax equalled maximum habitat temperatures. These data demonstrate unique associations between haematological traits and thermal tolerance in a reef shark that are likely not explained by oxygen supply capacity. However, a relationship between oxygen supply capacity and thermal tolerance remains to be demonstrated empirically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Bouyoucos
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France.
| | - José E Trujillo
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Ornella C Weideli
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Nao Nakamura
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Johann Mourier
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD, CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia; Université de Corse Pasquale Paoli, UMS 3514 Plateforme Marine Stella Mare, 20620 Biguglia, France
| | - Serge Planes
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD, CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Colin A Simpfendorfer
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture & College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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12
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McArley TJ, Morgenroth D, Zena LA, Ekström AT, Sandblom E. Normoxic limitation of maximal oxygen consumption rate, aerobic scope and cardiac performance in exhaustively exercised rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Exp Biol 2021; 224:271087. [PMID: 34323276 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In fish, maximum O2 consumption rate (ṀO2,max) and aerobic scope can be expanded following exhaustive exercise in hyperoxia; however, the mechanisms explaining this are yet to be identified. Here, in exhaustively exercised rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), we assessed the influence of hyperoxia on ṀO2,max, aerobic scope, cardiac function and blood parameters to address this knowledge gap. Relative to normoxia, ṀO2,max was 33% higher under hyperoxia, and this drove a similar increase in aerobic scope. Cardiac output was significantly elevated under hyperoxia at ṀO2,max because of increased stroke volume, indicating that hyperoxia released a constraint on cardiac contractility apparent with normoxia. Thus, hyperoxia improved maximal cardiac performance, thereby enhancing tissue O2 delivery and allowing a higher ṀO2,max. Venous blood O2 partial pressure (PvO2) was elevated in hyperoxia at ṀO2,max, suggesting a contribution of improved luminal O2 supply in enhanced cardiac contractility. Additionally, despite reduced haemoglobin and higher PvO2, hyperoxia treated fish retained a higher arterio-venous O2 content difference at ṀO2,max. This may have been possible because of hyperoxia offsetting declines in arterial oxygenation that are known to occur following exhaustive exercise in normoxia. If this occurs, increased contractility at ṀO2,max with hyperoxia may also relate to an improved O2 supply to the compact myocardium via the coronary artery. Our findings show ṀO2,max and aerobic scope may be limited in normoxia following exhaustive exercise as a result of constrained maximal cardiac performance and highlight the need to further examine whether or not exhaustive exercise protocols are suitable for eliciting ṀO2,max and estimating aerobic scope in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan J McArley
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Morgenroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lucas A Zena
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas T Ekström
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Sandblom
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Thermally tolerant intertidal triplefin fish (Tripterygiidae) sustain ATP dynamics better than subtidal species under acute heat stress. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11074. [PMID: 34040122 PMCID: PMC8155050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90575-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is a key factor that affects all levels of organization. Minute shifts away from thermal optima result in detrimental effects that impact growth, reproduction and survival. Metabolic rates of ectotherms are especially sensitive to temperature and for organisms exposed to high acute temperature changes, in particular intertidal species, energetic processes are often negatively impacted. Previous investigations exploring acute heat stress have implicated cardiac mitochondrial function in determining thermal tolerance. The brain, however, is by weight, one of the most metabolically active and arguably the most temperature sensitive organ. It is essentially aerobic and entirely reliant on oxidative phosphorylation to meet energetic demands, and as temperatures rise, mitochondria become less efficient at synthesising the amount of ATP required to meet the increasing demands. This leads to an energetic crisis. Here we used brain homogenate of three closely related triplefin fish species (Bellapiscis medius, Forsterygion lapillum, and Forsterygion varium) and measured respiration and ATP dynamics at three temperatures (15, 25 and 30 °C). We found that the intertidal B. medius and F. lapillum were able to maintain rates of ATP production above rates of ATP hydrolysis at high temperatures, compared to the subtidal F. varium, which showed no difference in rates at 30 °C. These results showed that brain mitochondria became less efficient at temperatures below their respective species thermal limits, and that energetic surplus of ATP synthesis over hydrolysis narrows. In subtidal species synthesis matches hydrolysis, leaving no scope to elevate ATP supply.
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14
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Lefevre S, Wang T, McKenzie DJ. The role of mechanistic physiology in investigating impacts of global warming on fishes. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:224/Suppl_1/jeb238840. [PMID: 33627469 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Warming of aquatic environments as a result of climate change is already having measurable impacts on fishes, manifested as changes in phenology, range shifts and reductions in body size. Understanding the physiological mechanisms underlying these seemingly universal patterns is crucial if we are to reliably predict the fate of fish populations with future warming. This includes an understanding of mechanisms for acute thermal tolerance, as extreme heatwaves may be a major driver of observed effects. The hypothesis of gill oxygen limitation (GOL) is claimed to explain asymptotic fish growth, and why some fish species are decreasing in size with warming; but its underlying assumptions conflict with established knowledge and direct mechanistic evidence is lacking. The hypothesis of oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) has stimulated a wave of research into the role of oxygen supply capacity and thermal performance curves for aerobic scope, but results vary greatly between species, indicating that it is unlikely to be a universal mechanism. As thermal performance curves remain important for incorporating physiological tolerance into models, we discuss potentially fruitful alternatives to aerobic scope, notably specific dynamic action and growth rate. We consider the limitations of estimating acute thermal tolerance by a single rapid measure whose mechanism of action is not known. We emphasise the continued importance of experimental physiology, particularly in advancing our understanding of underlying mechanisms, but also the challenge of making this knowledge relevant to the more complex reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjannie Lefevre
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tobias Wang
- Department of Biology - Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - David J McKenzie
- Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
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15
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Ern R, Chung D, Frieder CA, Madsen N, Speers-Roesch B. Oxygen-dependence of upper thermal limits in crustaceans from different thermal habitats. J Therm Biol 2020; 93:102732. [PMID: 33077143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The critical thermal maximum (CTMAX) is the temperature at which animals exhibit loss of motor response because of a temperature-induced collapse of vital physiological systems. A central mechanism hypothesised to underlie the CTMAX of water-breathing ectotherms is insufficient tissue oxygen supply for vital maintenance functions because of a temperature-induced collapse of the cardiorespiratory system. The CTMAX of species conforming to this hypothesis should decrease with declining water oxygen tension (PO2) because they have oxygen-dependent upper thermal limits. However, recent studies have identified a number of fishes and crustaceans with oxygen-independent upper thermal limits, their CTMAX unchanged in progressive aquatic hypoxia. The previous studies, which were performed separately on cold-water, temperate and tropical species, suggest the oxygen-dependence of upper thermal limits and the acute thermal sensitivity of the cardiorespiratory system increases with decreasing habitat temperature. Here we directly test this hypothesis by assessing the oxygen-dependence of CTMAX in the polar Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), as well as the temperate Baltic prawn (Palaemon adspersus) and brown shrimp (Crangon crangon). We found that P. adspersus and C. crangon maintain CTMAX in progressive hypoxia down to 40 mmHg, and that only E. superba have oxygen-dependent upper thermal limits at normoxia. In E. superba, the observed decline in CTMAX with water PO2 is further supported by heart-rate measurements showing a plateauing, and subsequent decline and collapse of heart performance at CTMAX. Our results support the hypothesis that the oxygen-dependence of upper thermal limits in water-breathing ectotherms and the acute thermal sensitivity of their cardiorespiratory system increases with decreasing habitat temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Ern
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Denmark.
| | - Dillon Chung
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States
| | - Christina A Frieder
- University of Southern California, Department of Biological Sciences, United States
| | - Niels Madsen
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Denmark
| | - Ben Speers-Roesch
- University of New Brunswick, Saint John, Department of Biological Sciences, Canada
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16
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Bouyoucos IA, Morrison PR, Weideli OC, Jacquesson E, Planes S, Simpfendorfer CA, Brauner CJ, Rummer JL. Thermal tolerance and hypoxia tolerance are associated in blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) neonates. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:223/14/jeb221937. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.221937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Thermal dependence of growth and metabolism can influence thermal preference and tolerance in marine ectotherms, including threatened and data-deficient species. Here, we quantified the thermal dependence of physiological performance in neonates of a tropical shark species (blacktip reef shark, Carcharhinus melanopterus) from shallow, nearshore habitats. We measured minimum and maximum oxygen uptake rates (ṀO2), calculated aerobic scope, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and recovery from exercise, and measured critical thermal maxima (CTmax), thermal safety margins, hypoxia tolerance, specific growth rates, body condition and food conversion efficiencies at two ecologically relevant acclimation temperatures (28 and 31°C). Owing to high post-exercise mortality, a third acclimation temperature (33°C) was not investigated further. Acclimation temperature did not affect ṀO2 or growth, but CTmax and hypoxia tolerance were greatest at 31°C and positively associated. We also quantified in vitro temperature (25, 30 and 35°C) and pH effects on haemoglobin–oxygen (Hb–O2) affinity of wild-caught, non-acclimated sharks. As expected, Hb–O2 affinity decreased with increasing temperatures, but pH effects observed at 30°C were absent at 25 and 35°C. Finally, we logged body temperatures of free-ranging sharks and determined that C. melanopterus neonates avoided 31°C in situ. We conclude that C. melanopterus neonates demonstrate minimal thermal dependence of whole-organism physiological performance across a seasonal temperature range and may use behaviour to avoid unfavourable environmental temperatures. The association between thermal tolerance and hypoxia tolerance suggests a common mechanism warranting further investigation. Future research should explore the consequences of ocean warming, especially in nearshore, tropical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Bouyoucos
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Phillip R. Morrison
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ornella C. Weideli
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Eva Jacquesson
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Serge Planes
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence ‘CORAIL’, EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD, CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Colin A. Simpfendorfer
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture & College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Colin J. Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jodie L. Rummer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
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McArley TJ, Hickey AJR, Herbert NA. Acute high temperature exposure impairs hypoxia tolerance in an intertidal fish. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231091. [PMID: 32240240 PMCID: PMC7117701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute heat shock has previously been shown to improve subsequent low O2 (hypoxia) tolerance in an intertidal fish species, a process known as cross-tolerance, but it is not known whether this is a widespread phenomenon. This study examined whether a rock pool specialist, the triplefin fish Bellapiscis medius, exhibits heat shock induced cross-tolerance to hypoxia, i.e., longer time to loss of equilibrium (LOE) and lower critical O2 saturation (Scrit) after recovering from an acute heat challenge. Non-heat shock controls had a median time to loss of equilibrium (LOE50) of 54.4 min under severe hypoxia (7% of air saturation) and a Scrit of 15.8% air saturation. Contrary to expectations, however, treatments that received an 8 or 10°C heat shock showed a significantly shorter LOE50 in hypoxia (+8°C = 41.5 min; +10°C = 28.7 min) and no significant change in Scrit (+8°C = 17.0% air saturation; +10°C = 18.3% of air saturation). Thus, there was no evidence of heat shock induced cross-tolerance to hypoxia in B. medius because exposure to acute heat shock impaired hypoxia tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan J. McArley
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Leigh, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Neill A. Herbert
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Leigh, New Zealand
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18
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Mazumder SK, Ghaffar MA, Tomiyama T, Das SK. Effects of acclimation temperatures on the respiration physiology and thermal coefficient of Malabar blood snapper. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 268:103253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Jerde CL, Kraskura K, Eliason EJ, Csik SR, Stier AC, Taper ML. Strong Evidence for an Intraspecific Metabolic Scaling Coefficient Near 0.89 in Fish. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1166. [PMID: 31616308 PMCID: PMC6763608 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As an example of applying the evidential approach to statistical inference, we address one of the longest standing controversies in ecology, the evidence for, or against, a universal metabolic scaling relationship between metabolic rate and body mass. Using fish as our study taxa, we curated 25 studies with measurements of standard metabolic rate, temperature, and mass, with 55 independent trials and across 16 fish species and confronted this data with flexible random effects models. To quantify the body mass - metabolic rate relationship, we perform model selection using the Schwarz Information Criteria (ΔSIC), an established evidence function. Further, we formulate and justify the use of ΔSIC intervals to delineate the values of the metabolic scaling relationship that should be retained for further consideration. We found strong evidence for a metabolic scaling coefficient of 0.89 with a ΔSIC interval spanning 0.82 to 0.99, implying that mechanistically derived coefficients of 0.67, 0.75, and 1, are not supported by the data. Model selection supports the use of a random intercepts and random slopes by species, consistent with the idea that other factors, such as taxonomy or ecological or lifestyle characteristics, may be critical for discerning the underlying process giving rise to the data. The evidentialist framework applied here, allows for further refinement given additional data and more complex models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Jerde
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Krista Kraskura
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Erika J. Eliason
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Samantha R. Csik
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Adrian C. Stier
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Mark L. Taper
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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20
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Temperature and oxygen related ecophysiological traits of snow trout (Schizothorax richardsonii) are sensitive to seasonal changes in a Himalayan stream environment. J Therm Biol 2019; 83:22-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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21
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Knight K. Algal oxygen boost could help hot rock pool dwellers on sunny days. J Exp Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.193649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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