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Mackrill JJ, Shiels HA. Evolution of Excitation-Contraction Coupling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1131:281-320. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12457-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ding Z, Yuan J, Liang Y, Wu J, Gong H, Ye Y, Jiang G, Yin P, Li Y, Zhang G, Yang C, Guo J, Chen Z, Wang X, Weng L, Zou Y. Ryanodine Receptor Type 2 Plays a Role in the Development of Cardiac Fibrosis under Mechanical Stretch Through TGFβ-1. Int Heart J 2017; 58:957-961. [PMID: 29162778 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.16-572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR-2), the main Ca2+ release channel from sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiomyocytes, plays a vital role in the regulation ofmyocardial contractile function and cardiac hypertrophy. However, the role of RyR-2 in cardiac fibrosis during the development of cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear.In this study, we examined whether RyR-2 regulates TGFβ1, which is secreted from cardiomyocytes and exerts on cardiac fibrosis using cultured cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts of neonatal rats. The expression of RyR-2 was found only in cardiomyocytesbut not in cardiac fibroblasts. Mechanical stretch induced upregulation of TGFβ1 in cardiomyocytes and RyR-2 knockdown significantly suppressed the upregulation of TGFβ1 expression. The transcript levels of collagen genes were also decreased in fibroblasts compare with wild type, although the expression of both two kinds was higher than those in stationary cardiomyocytes (non-stretch). With the inhibition of the TGFβ1-neutralizing antibody, the expression of collagen genes has no significant difference between the mechanically stretched cardiomyocytes and non-stretchedones. These results indicate that RyR-2 regulated TGFβ1 expression in mechanically stretched cardiomyocytes and TGFβ1 promoted collagen formation of cardiac fibroblasts by a paracrine mechanism.RyR-2 in mechanical stretch could promote the development of cardiac fibrosis involving TGFβ1-dependent paracrine mechanism. Our findings provided more insight into comprehensively understanding the molecular role of RyR-2 in regulating cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Jie Yuan
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Yanyan Liang
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Jian Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Hui Gong
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Yong Ye
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Guoliang Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Peipei Yin
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Yang Li
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Chunjie Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Junjie Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University.,Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University
| | - Zhidan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Xingxu Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Liqing Weng
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
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Mis K, Grubic Z, Lorenzon P, Sciancalepore M, Mars T, Pirkmajer S. In Vitro Innervation as an Experimental Model to Study the Expression and Functions of Acetylcholinesterase and Agrin in Human Skeletal Muscle. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091418. [PMID: 28846617 PMCID: PMC6151842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and agrin, a heparan-sulfate proteoglycan, reside in the basal lamina of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and play key roles in cholinergic transmission and synaptogenesis. Unlike most NMJ components, AChE and agrin are expressed in skeletal muscle and α-motor neurons. AChE and agrin are also expressed in various other types of cells, where they have important alternative functions that are not related to their classical roles in NMJ. In this review, we first focus on co-cultures of embryonic rat spinal cord explants with human skeletal muscle cells as an experimental model to study functional innervation in vitro. We describe how this heterologous rat-human model, which enables experimentation on highly developed contracting human myotubes, offers unique opportunities for AChE and agrin research. We then highlight innovative approaches that were used to address salient questions regarding expression and alternative functions of AChE and agrin in developing human skeletal muscle. Results obtained in co-cultures are compared with those obtained in other models in the context of general advances in the field of AChE and agrin neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Mis
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Zoran Grubic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Paola Lorenzon
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via A. Fleming 22, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Marina Sciancalepore
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via A. Fleming 22, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Tomaz Mars
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via A. Fleming 22, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Sergej Pirkmajer
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Pirkmajer S, Kirchner H, Lundell LS, Zelenin PV, Zierath JR, Makarova KS, Wolf YI, Chibalin AV. Early vertebrate origin and diversification of small transmembrane regulators of cellular ion transport. J Physiol 2017; 595:4611-4630. [PMID: 28436536 DOI: 10.1113/jp274254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Small transmembrane proteins such as FXYDs, which interact with Na+ ,K+ -ATPase, and the micropeptides that interact with sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase play fundamental roles in regulation of ion transport in vertebrates. Uncertain evolutionary origins and phylogenetic relationships among these regulators of ion transport have led to inconsistencies in their classification across vertebrate species, thus hampering comparative studies of their functions. We discovered the first FXYD homologue in sea lamprey, a basal jawless vertebrate, which suggests small transmembrane regulators of ion transport emerged early in the vertebrate lineage. We also identified 13 gene subfamilies of FXYDs and propose a revised, phylogeny-based FXYD classification that is consistent across vertebrate species. These findings provide an improved framework for investigating physiological and pathophysiological functions of small transmembrane regulators of ion transport. ABSTRACT Small transmembrane proteins are important for regulation of cellular ion transport. The most prominent among these are members of the FXYD family (FXYD1-12), which regulate Na+ ,K+ -ATPase, and phospholamban, sarcolipin, myoregulin and DWORF, which regulate the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase (SERCA). FXYDs and regulators of SERCA are present in fishes, as well as terrestrial vertebrates; however, their evolutionary origins and phylogenetic relationships are obscure, thus hampering comparative physiological studies. Here we discovered that sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), a representative of extant jawless vertebrates (Cyclostomata), expresses an FXYD homologue, which strongly suggests that FXYDs predate the emergence of fishes and other jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata). Using a combination of sequence-based phylogenetic analysis and conservation of local chromosome context, we determined that FXYDs markedly diversified in the lineages leading to cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) and bony vertebrates (Euteleostomi). Diversification of SERCA regulators was much less extensive, indicating they operate under different evolutionary constraints. Finally, we found that FXYDs in extant vertebrates can be classified into 13 gene subfamilies, which do not always correspond to the established FXYD classification. We therefore propose a revised classification that is based on evolutionary history of FXYDs and that is consistent across vertebrate species. Collectively, our findings provide an improved framework for investigating the function of ion transport in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Pirkmajer
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Henriette Kirchner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leonidas S Lundell
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pavel V Zelenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kira S Makarova
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Yuri I Wolf
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Alexander V Chibalin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ding Z, Peng J, Liang Y, Yang C, Jiang G, Ren J, Zou Y. Evolution of Vertebrate Ryanodine Receptors Family in Relation to Functional Divergence and Conservation. Int Heart J 2017; 58:969-977. [DOI: 10.1536/ihj.16-558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Juan Peng
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Yanyan Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Chunjie Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Guoliang Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Jun Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
- University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
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Schrötter K, Dayal A, Grabner M. The mammalian skeletal muscle DHPR has larger Ca 2+ conductance and is phylogenetically ancient to the early ray-finned fish sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). Cell Calcium 2016; 61:22-31. [PMID: 27793347 PMCID: PMC5538450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The L-type Ca2+ channel or dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) in vertebrate skeletal muscle is responsible for sensing sarcolemmal depolarizations and transducing this signal to the sarcoplasmic Ca2+ release channel RyR1 via conformational coupling to initiate muscle contraction. During this excitation-contraction (EC) coupling process there is a slow Ca2+ current through the mammalian DHPR which is fully missing in euteleost fishes. In contrast to ancestral evolutionary stages where skeletal muscle EC coupling is still depended on Ca2+-induced Ca2+-release (CICR), it is possible that the DHPR Ca2+ conductivity during mammalian (conformational) EC coupling was retained as an evolutionary remnant (vestigiality). Here, we wanted to test the hypothesis that due to the lack of evolutionary pressure in post-CICR species skeletal muscle DHPR Ca2+ conductivity gradually reduced as evolution progressed. Interestingly, we identified that the DHPR of the early ray-finned fish sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) is phylogenetically positioned above the mammalian rabbit DHPR which retained robust Ca2+ conductivity, but below the euteleost zebrafish DHPR which completely lost Ca2+ conductivity. Remarkably, our results revealed that sterlet DHPR still retained the Ca2+ conductivity but currents are significantly reduced compared to rabbit. This decrease is due to lower DHPR membrane expression similar to zebrafish, as well as due to reduced channel open probability (Po). In both these fish species the lower DHPR expression density is partially compensated by higher efficacy of DHPR-RyR1 coupling. The complete loss of Po in zebrafish and other euteleost species was presumably based on the teleost specific 3rd round of genome duplication (Ts3R). Ts3R headed into the appearance of two skeletal muscle DHPR isoforms which finally, together with the radiation of the euteleost clade, fully lost the Po.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Schrötter
- Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter Mayr Strasse 1, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anamika Dayal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter Mayr Strasse 1, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Grabner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter Mayr Strasse 1, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Non-Ca2+-conducting Ca2+ channels in fish skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:5658-63. [PMID: 20212109 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912153107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During skeletal muscle excitation-contraction (EC) coupling, membrane depolarizations activate the sarcolemmal voltage-gated L-type Ca(2+) channel (Ca(V)1.1). Ca(V)1.1 in turn triggers opening of the sarcoplasmic Ca(2+) release channel (RyR1) via interchannel protein-protein interaction to release Ca(2+) for myofibril contraction. Simultaneously to this EC coupling process, a small and slowly activating Ca(2+) inward current through Ca(V)1.1 is found in mammalian skeletal myotubes. The role of this Ca(2+) influx, which is not immediately required for EC coupling, is still enigmatic. Interestingly, whole-cell patch clamp experiments on freshly dissociated skeletal muscle myotubes from zebrafish larvae revealed the lack of such Ca(2+) currents. We identified two distinct isoforms of the pore-forming Ca(V)1.1alpha(1S) subunit in zebrafish that are differentially expressed in superficial slow and deep fast musculature. Both do not conduct Ca(2+) but merely act as voltage sensors to trigger opening of two likewise tissue-specific isoforms of RyR1. We further show that non-Ca(2+) conductivity of both Ca(V)1.1alpha(1S) isoforms is a common trait of all higher teleosts. This non-Ca(2+) conductivity of Ca(V)1.1 positions teleosts at the most-derived position of an evolutionary trajectory. Though EC coupling in early chordate muscles is activated by the influx of extracellular Ca(2+), it evolved toward Ca(V)1.1-RyR1 protein-protein interaction with a relatively small and slow influx of external Ca(2+) in tetrapods. Finally, the Ca(V)1.1 Ca(2+) influx was completely eliminated in higher teleost fishes.
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Darbandi S, Franck JPC. A comparative study of ryanodine receptor (RyR) gene expression levels in a basal ray-finned fish, bichir (Polypterus ornatipinnis) and the derived euteleost zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 154:443-8. [PMID: 19755169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are large homotetrameric protein complexes that mediate the release of intracellular stores of calcium. Mammals possess three gene copies, RyR1, RyR2, and RyR3 that are expressed in a variety of tissue types. Teleost fish express RyR1a and RyR1b genes that are expressed in slow twitch skeletal muscle and fast twitch skeletal muscles respectively. Here we report the results of a survey of the genome of bichir (Polypterus ornatipinnis), considered the most basal ray-finned fish, for its RyR genes. The bichir genome encodes four RyR genes, RyR1a, RyR1b, RyR2, and RyR3 that phylogenetically cluster with their vertebrate orthologs. Quantitative real time PCR shows fibre type-specific expression of the RyR1a and RyR1b genes. The RyR3 gene, however, is down regulated in bichir in contrast to derived teleosts including zebrafish in which the RyR1 and RyR3 genes are co-expressed at equivalent levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Darbandi
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada MB R3B 2E9
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Di Biase V, Franzini-Armstrong C. Evolution of skeletal type e-c coupling: a novel means of controlling calcium delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 171:695-704. [PMID: 16286507 PMCID: PMC2171569 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200503077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The functional separation between skeletal and cardiac muscles, which occurs at the threshold between vertebrates and invertebrates, involves the evolution of separate contractile and control proteins for the two types of striated muscles, as well as separate mechanisms of contractile activation. The functional link between electrical excitation of the surface membrane and activation of the contractile material (known as excitation–contraction [e–c] coupling) requires the interaction between a voltage sensor in the surface membrane, the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR), and a calcium release channel in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the ryanodine receptor (RyR). Skeletal and cardiac muscles have different isoforms of the two proteins and present two structurally and functionally distinct modes of interaction. We use structural clues to trace the evolution of the dichotomy from a single, generic type of e–c coupling to a diversified system involving a novel mechanism for skeletal muscle activation. Our results show that a significant structural transition marks the protochordate to the Craniate evolutionary step, with the appearance of skeletal muscle–specific RyR and DHPR isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Biase
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
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