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Regmi P, Young M, Minigo G, Milic N, Gyawali P. Photoperiod and metabolic health: evidence, mechanism, and implications. Metabolism 2024; 152:155770. [PMID: 38160935 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are evolutionarily programmed biological rhythms that are primarily entrained by the light cycle. Disruption of circadian rhythms is an important risk factor for several metabolic disorders. Photoperiod is defined as total duration of light exposure in a day. With the extended use of indoor/outdoor light, smartphones, television, computers, and social jetlag people are exposed to excessive artificial light at night increasing their photoperiod. Importantly long photoperiod is not limited to any geographical region, season, age, or socioeconomic group, it is pervasive. Long photoperiod is an established disrupter of the circadian rhythm and can induce a range of chronic health conditions including adiposity, altered hormonal signaling and metabolism, premature ageing, and poor psychological health. This review discusses the impact of exposure to long photoperiod on circadian rhythms, metabolic and mental health, hormonal signaling, and ageing and provides a perspective on possible preventive and therapeutic approaches for this pervasive challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Regmi
- Faculty of Health, Charles Darwin University, Australia.
| | - Morag Young
- Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia
| | | | - Natalie Milic
- Faculty of Health, Charles Darwin University, Australia
| | - Prajwal Gyawali
- Centre of Health Research and School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
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Melum VJ, Sáenz de Miera C, Markussen FAF, Cázarez-Márquez F, Jaeger C, Sandve SR, Simonneaux V, Hazlerigg DG, Wood SH. Hypothalamic tanycytes as mediators of maternally programmed seasonal plasticity. Curr Biol 2024; 34:632-640.e6. [PMID: 38218183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
In mammals, maternal photoperiodic programming (MPP) provides a means whereby juvenile development can be matched to forthcoming seasonal environmental conditions.1,2,3,4 This phenomenon is driven by in utero effects of maternal melatonin5,6,7 on the production of thyrotropin (TSH) in the fetal pars tuberalis (PT) and consequent TSH receptor-mediated effects on tanycytes lining the 3rd ventricle of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH).8,9,10 Here we use LASER capture microdissection and transcriptomic profiling to show that TSH-dependent MPP controls the attributes of the ependymal region of the MBH in juvenile animals. In Siberian hamster pups gestated and raised on a long photoperiod (LP) and thereby committed to a fast trajectory for growth and reproductive maturation, the ependymal region is enriched for tanycytes bearing sensory cilia and receptors implicated in metabolic sensing. Contrastingly, in pups gestated and raised on short photoperiod (SP) and therefore following an over-wintering developmental trajectory with delayed sexual maturation, the ependymal region has fewer sensory tanycytes. Post-weaning transfer of SP-gestated pups to an intermediate photoperiod (IP), which accelerates reproductive maturation, results in a pronounced shift toward a ciliated tanycytic profile and formation of tanycytic processes. We suggest that tanycytic plasticity constitutes a mechanism to tailor metabolic development for extended survival in variable overwintering environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vebjørn J Melum
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Arctic Chronobiology and Physiology Research Group, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway; University of Strasbourg, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Cristina Sáenz de Miera
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Fredrik A F Markussen
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Arctic Chronobiology and Physiology Research Group, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Fernando Cázarez-Márquez
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Arctic Chronobiology and Physiology Research Group, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Catherine Jaeger
- University of Strasbourg, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Simen R Sandve
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Valérie Simonneaux
- University of Strasbourg, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - David G Hazlerigg
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Arctic Chronobiology and Physiology Research Group, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Shona H Wood
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Arctic Chronobiology and Physiology Research Group, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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Dardente H, Simonneaux V. GnRH and the photoperiodic control of seasonal reproduction: Delegating the task to kisspeptin and RFRP-3. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13124. [PMID: 35384117 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Synchronization of mammalian breeding activity to the annual change of photoperiod and environmental conditions is of the utmost importance for individual survival and species perpetuation. Subsequent to the early 1960s, when the central role of melatonin in this adaptive process was demonstrated, our comprehension of the mechanisms through which light regulates gonadal activity has increased considerably. The current model for the photoperiodic neuroendocrine system points to pivotal roles for the melatonin-sensitive pars tuberalis (PT) and its seasonally-regulated production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), as well as for TSH-sensitive hypothalamic tanycytes, radial glia-like cells located in the basal part of the third ventricle. Tanycytes respond to TSH through increased expression of thyroid hormone (TH) deiodinase 2 (Dio2), which leads to heightened production of intrahypothalamic triiodothyronine (T3) during longer days of spring and summer. There is strong evidence that this local, long-day driven, increase in T3 links melatonin input at the PT to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) output, to align breeding with the seasons. The mechanism(s) through which T3 impinges upon GnRH remain(s) unclear. However, two distinct neuronal populations of the medio-basal hypothalamus, which express the (Arg)(Phe)-amide peptides kisspeptin and RFamide-related peptide-3, appear to be well-positioned to relay this seasonal T3 message towards GnRH neurons. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the cellular, molecular and neuroendocrine players, which keep track of photoperiod and ultimately govern GnRH output and seasonal breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Dardente
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly, France
| | - Valérie Simonneaux
- Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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van Rosmalen L, van Dalum J, Hazlerigg DG, Hut RA. Gonads or body? Differences in gonadal and somatic photoperiodic growth response in two vole species. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb230987. [PMID: 32917818 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.230987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To optimally time reproduction, seasonal mammals use a photoperiodic neuroendocrine system (PNES) that measures photoperiod and subsequently drives reproduction. To adapt to late spring arrival at northern latitudes, a lower photoperiodic sensitivity and therefore a higher critical photoperiod for reproductive onset is necessary in northern species to arrest reproductive development until spring onset. Temperature-photoperiod relationships, and hence food availability-photoperiod relationships, are highly latitude dependent. Therefore, we predict PNES sensitivity characteristics to be latitude dependent. Here, we investigated photoperiodic responses at different times during development in northern (tundra or root vole, Microtus oeconomus) and southern vole species (common vole, Microtus arvalis) exposed to constant short (SP) or long photoperiod (LP). Although the tundra vole grows faster under LP, no photoperiodic effect on somatic growth is observed in the common vole. In contrast, gonadal growth is more sensitive to photoperiod in the common vole, suggesting that photoperiodic responses in somatic and gonadal growth can be plastic, and might be regulated through different mechanisms. In both species, thyroid-stimulating hormone β-subunit (Tshβ) and iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (Dio2) expression is highly increased under LP, whereas Tshr and Dio3 decrease under LP. High Tshr levels in voles raised under SP may lead to increased sensitivity to increasing photoperiods later in life. The higher photoperiodic-induced Tshr response in tundra voles suggests that the northern vole species might be more sensitive to thyroid-stimulating hormone when raised under SP. In conclusion, species differences in developmental programming of the PNES, which is dependent on photoperiod early in development, may form different breeding strategies as part of latitudinal adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura van Rosmalen
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jayme van Dalum
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - David G Hazlerigg
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Roelof A Hut
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Quignon C, Beymer M, Gauthier K, Gauer F, Simonneaux V. Thyroid hormone receptors are required for the melatonin-dependent control of Rfrp gene expression in mice. FASEB J 2020; 34:12072-12082. [PMID: 32776612 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000961r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammals adapt to seasons using a neuroendocrine calendar defined by the photoperiodic change in the nighttime melatonin production. Under short photoperiod, melatonin inhibits the pars tuberalis production of TSHβ, which, in turn, acts on tanycytes to regulate the deiodinase 2/3 balance resulting in a finely tuned seasonal control of the intra-hypothalamic thyroid hormone T3. Despite the pivotal role of this T3 signaling for synchronizing reproduction with the seasons, T3 cellular targets remain unknown. One candidate is a population of hypothalamic neurons expressing Rfrp, the gene encoding the RFRP-3 peptide, thought to be integral for modulating rodent's seasonal reproduction. Here we show that nighttime melatonin supplementation in the drinking water of melatonin-deficient C57BL/6J mice mimics photoperiodic variations in the expression of the genes Tshb, Dio2, Dio3, and Rfrp, as observed in melatonin-proficient mammals. Notably, we report that this melatonin regulation of Rfrp expression is no longer observed in mice carrying a global mutation of the T3 receptor, TRα, but is conserved in mice with a selective neuronal mutation of TRα. In line with this observation, we find that TRα is widely expressed in the tanycytes. Altogether, our data demonstrate that the melatonin-driven T3 signal regulates RFRP-3 neurons through non-neuronal, possibly tanycytic, TRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Quignon
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (CNRS UPR 3212), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Matthew Beymer
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (CNRS UPR 3212), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karine Gauthier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - François Gauer
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (CNRS UPR 3212), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Simonneaux
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (CNRS UPR 3212), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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