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Dial TR, Collins LA, Liao JC, Tobalske BW. Body length determines flow refuging for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) behind wing dams. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247829. [PMID: 39022908 PMCID: PMC11418164 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Complex hydrodynamics abound in natural streams, yet the selective pressures these impose upon different size classes of fish are not well understood. Attached vortices are produced by relatively large objects that block freestream flow, which fish routinely utilize for flow refuging. To test how flow refuging and the potential harvesting of energy (as seen in Kármán gaiting) vary across size classes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; fingerling, 8 cm; parr, 14 cm; adult, 22 cm; n=4 per size class), we used a water flume (4100 l; freestream flow at 65 cm s-1) and created vortices using 45 deg wing dams of varying size (small, 15 cm; medium, 31 cm; large, 48 cm). We monitored microhabitat selection and swimming kinematics of individual trout and measured the flow field in the wake of wing dams using time-resolved particle image velocimetry (PIV). Trout of each size class preferentially swam in vortices rather than the freestream, but the capacity to flow refuge varied according to the ratio of vortex width to fish length (WV:LF). Consistent refuging behavior was exhibited when WV:LF≥1.5. All size classes exhibited increased wavelength and Strouhal number and decreased tailbeat frequency within vortices compared with freestream, suggesting that swimming in vortices requires less power output. In 17% of the trials, fish preferentially swam in a manner that suggests energy harvesting from the shear layer. Our results can inform efforts toward riparian restoration and fishway design to improve salmonid conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry R. Dial
- Field Research Station at Fort Missoula, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Utah State University Moab, Moab, UT 84532, USA
| | - Laura A. Collins
- Field Research Station at Fort Missoula, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - James C. Liao
- Department of Biology, The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Bret W. Tobalske
- Field Research Station at Fort Missoula, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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Qiu J, Zhang C, Lv Z, Zhang Z, Chu Y, Shang D, Chen Y, Chen C. Analysis of changes in nutrient salts and other water quality indexes in the pond water for largemouth bass (micropterus salmoides) farming. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24996. [PMID: 38322958 PMCID: PMC10844109 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
To explore the changes in nitrite nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, phosphates, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and water temperature over time and the correlations and mutual influences between these indexes in the traditional farming of largemouth bass, this study selected three ponds in Lizigu Farm in Baodi District of Tianjin, China as research objects. From May to October 2021, nutrient salts and other water quality indexes in the ponds were measured, and water samples were collected at different depths for repetition, Water is collected from the ponds using Plexiglas samplers and sent back to the lab for determination of water quality indexes using our national laboratory standards. According to the analysis of the measurement results, in traditional farming, nitrite nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, phosphates, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and water temperature in the ponds for largemouth bass all change significantly over time, with different changing trends and certain correlations with each other. In particular, nutrient salts indexes in ponds are influenced by other water quality indexes, human activities, and phytoplankton. During the breeding process, strengthening the dynamic monitoring of nutrient salts and other water quality indexes in the ponds and adjusting the nitrogen, phosphorus, and ammonia levels in the ponds artificially play an important role in preventing eutrophication in the water and promoting the green and sustainable production of pond ecosystems, in particular, allowing better quality growth of the largemouth bass, as well as ensuring the production and economic efficiency. This study provides a theoretical basis and data support for further optimization of traditional pond aquaculture in similar regions, in order to provide aquatic products with better quality and achieve higher economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University School, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University School, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Zhaojun Lv
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University School, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University School, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Yuxuan Chu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University School, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Dongwei Shang
- Tianjin Jiahe Tianyuan Ornamental Fish Culture Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 301823, China
| | - Yibo Chen
- Tianjin Jiahe Tianyuan Ornamental Fish Culture Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 301823, China
| | - Chengxun Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University School, Tianjin, 300384, China
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Wall CE, Hanna JB, O'Neill MC, Toler M, Laird MF. Energetic costs of feeding in 12 species of small-bodied primates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220553. [PMID: 37839441 PMCID: PMC10577031 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no comparative, empirical studies of the energetic costs of feeding in mammals. As a result, we lack physiological data to better understand the selection pressures on the mammalian feeding apparatus and the influence of variables such as food geometric and material properties. This study investigates interspecific scaling of the net energetic costs of feeding in relation to body size, jaw-adductor muscle mass and food properties in a sample of 12 non-human primate species ranging in size from 0.08 to 4.2 kg. Net energetic costs during feeding were measured by indirect calorimetry for a variety of pre-cut and whole raw foods varying in geometric and material properties. Net feeding costs were determined in two ways: by subtracting either the initial metabolic rate prior to feeding or subtracting the postprandial metabolic rate. Interspecific scaling relationships were evaluated using pGLS and OLS regression. Net feeding costs scale negatively relative to both body mass and jaw-adductor mass. Large animals incur relatively lower feeding costs indicating that small and large animals experience and solve mechanical challenges in relation to energetics in different ways. This article is part of the theme issue 'Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Wall
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Duke Lemur Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Jandy B. Hanna
- Duke Lemur Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | | | - Maxx Toler
- Jerry M. Wallace School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA
| | - Myra F. Laird
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Nelson TR, Michel CJ, Gary MP, Lehman BM, Demetras NJ, Dudley PN, Hammen JJ, Horn MJ. Riverine fish density, predator–prey interactions, and their relationships with artificial light at night. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. Reid Nelson
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center—Fisheries Ecology Division National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Santa Cruz California USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy George Mason University Fairfax Virginia USA
| | - Cyril J. Michel
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center—Fisheries Ecology Division National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Meagan P. Gary
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center—Fisheries Ecology Division National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Brendan M. Lehman
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center—Fisheries Ecology Division National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Nicholas J. Demetras
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center—Fisheries Ecology Division National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Peter N. Dudley
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center—Fisheries Ecology Division National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Jeremy J. Hammen
- Fisheries and Wildlife Resources Group United States Bureau of Reclamation Denver Colorado USA
| | - Michael J. Horn
- Fisheries and Wildlife Resources Group United States Bureau of Reclamation Denver Colorado USA
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Ferry LA, Higham TE. Ecomechanics and the Rules of Life: a Critical Conduit Between the Physical and Natural Sciences. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac114. [PMID: 35878412 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature provides the parameters, or boundaries, within which organisms must cope in order to survive. Therefore, ecological conditions have an unequivocal influence on the ability of organisms to perform the necessary functions for survival. Biomechanics brings together physics and biology to understand how an organism will function under a suite of conditions. Despite a relatively rich recent history linking physiology and morphology with ecology, less attention has been paid to the linkage between biomechanics and ecology. This linkage, however, could provide key insights into patterns and processes of evolution. Ecomechanics, also known as ecological biomechanics or mechanical ecology, is not necessarily new, but has received far less attention than ecophysiology or ecomorphology. Here, we briefly review the history of ecomechanics, and then identify what we believe are grand challenges for the discipline and how they can inform some of the most pressing questions in science today, such as how organisms will cope with global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara A Ferry
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Timothy E Higham
- University of California Riverside, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Riverside, CA, USA
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Ishikawa K, Wu H, Mitarai S, Genin A. Effects of prey density and flow speed on plankton feeding by garden eels: A flume study. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274794. [PMID: 35315487 PMCID: PMC9124482 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Feeding by zooplanktivorous fish depends on their foraging movements and the flux of prey to which they are exposed. While prey flux is a linear function of zooplankton density and flow speed, those two factors are expected to contribute differently to fish movements. Our objective was to determine the effects of these factors for garden eels, stationary fish that feed while anchored to the sandy bottom by keeping the posterior parts of their bodies inside a burrow. Using a custom-made flume with a sandy bottom, we quantified the effects of prey density and flow speed on feeding rates by spotted garden eels (Heteroconger hassi). Feeding rates increased linearly with prey density. However, feeding rates did not show a linear relationship with flow speed and decreased at 0.25 m s−1. Using label-free tracking of body points and 3D movement analysis, we found that the reduction in feeding rates was related to modulation of the eel's movements, whereby the expected increase in energy expenditure was avoided by reducing exposure and drag. No effects of flow speed on strike speed, reactive distance or vectorial dynamic body acceleration (VeDBA) were found. A foraging model based on the body length extended from the burrow showed correspondence with observations. These findings suggest that as a result of their unique foraging mode, garden eels can occupy self-made burrows in exposed shelter-free sandy bottoms where they can effectively feed on drifting zooplankton. Summary: Analysis of feeding by anchored garden eels in a flume shows their unique strategies, modulating dependence on burrows and foraging movements, to enable effective feeding at a wide range of flow speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Ishikawa
- Marine Biophysics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Heng Wu
- Marine Biophysics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mitarai
- Marine Biophysics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Amatzia Genin
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat and Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Eilat, Israel
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Miles J, Vowles AS, Kemp PS. The response of common minnows, Phoxinus phoxinus, to visual cues under flowing and static water conditions. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Williams HJ, Safi K. Certainty and integration of options in animal movement. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:990-999. [PMID: 34303526 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Physical energy defines the energy landscape and determines the species-specific cost of movement, thus influencing movement decisions. In unpredictable and dynamic environments, observing the locomotion of others increases individual certainty in the distribution of physical energy to increase movement efficiency. Beyond the physical energy landscape, social sampling increases certainty in all ecological landscapes that influence animal movement (including fear and resource landscapes), and individuals use energy to express each of these. We call for the development of an 'optimal movement theory' (OMT) that integrates the multidimensional reality of movement decisions by combining ecological landscapes according to a single expectation of energy cost-benefit, where social sampling provides up-to-date information under uncertain conditions. This mechanistic framework has implications for predicting individual movement patterns and for investigating the emergence of aggregations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Williams
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany; University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany; Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Kamran Safi
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany; University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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Knight K. Surfing behind rocks costs trout dear when feeding. J Exp Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.230086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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