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Polvadore TA, Yoakum CB, Taylor PM, Holmes MA, Laird MF, Chalk-Wilayto J, Kanno CM, de Oliveira JA, Terhune CE. Ontogenetic biomechanics of tufted (Sapajus) and untufted (Cebus) capuchin mandibles. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024:e25006. [PMID: 39049552 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.25006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cortical bone geometry is commonly used to investigate biomechanical properties of primate mandibles. However, the ontogeny of these properties is less understood. Here we investigate changes in cortical bone cross-sectional properties throughout capuchin ontogeny and compare captive versus wild, semi-provisioned groups. Tufted capuchins (Sapajus spp.) are known to consume relatively hard/tough foods, while untufted capuchins (Cebus spp.) exploit less mechanically challenging foods. Previous research indicates dietary differences are present early in development and adult Sapajus mandibles can resist higher bending/shear/torsional loads. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study utilized microCT scans of 22 Cebus and 45 Sapajus from early infancy to adulthood from three sample populations: one captive Cebus, one captive Sapajus, and one semi-provisioned, free-ranging Sapajus. Mandibular cross-sectional properties were calculated at the symphysis, P3, and M1. If the tooth had not erupted, its position within the crypt was used. A series of one-way ANOVAs were performed to assess differences between and within the sample populations. RESULTS Mandible robusticity increases across ontogeny for all three sample populations. Sapajus were better able to withstand bending and torsional loading even early in ontogeny, but no difference in shear resistance was found. Semi-provisioned, free-ranging Sapajus tend to show increased abilities to resist bending and torsional loading but not shear loading compared to captive Sapajus. DISCUSSION This study helps advance our understanding of the primate masticatory system development and opens the door for further studies into adaptive plasticity in shaping the masticatory apparatus of capuchins and differences in captive versus free-ranging sample populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Polvadore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Caitlin B Yoakum
- Department of Anatomy, Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Arkansas Colleges of Health Education, Fort Smith, Arkansas, United States
| | - Parker M Taylor
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Megan A Holmes
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Myra F Laird
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Janine Chalk-Wilayto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States
| | - Cláudia Misue Kanno
- Research Center "Núcleo de Procriação de Macacos-Prego", Araçatuba Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - José Américo de Oliveira
- Research Center "Núcleo de Procriação de Macacos-Prego", Araçatuba Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Claire E Terhune
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
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Tsolakis IA, Verikokos C, Perrea D, Perlea P, Alexiou KE, Yfanti Z, Lyros I, Georgaki M, Papadopoulou E, Tsolakis AI. Effects of Diet Consistency on Rat Maxillary and Mandibular Growth within Three Generations-A Longitudinal CBCT Study. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1260. [PMID: 37759659 PMCID: PMC10526017 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, wistar rats were used to examine the impact of diet consistency on maxillary and mandibular growth over three generations. METHODS In this investigation, a breeding sample of 60 female and 8 male wistar rats was used. Measuring was only performed on female animals. The first generation's primary breeding sample consisted of 20 female wistar rats that were 30 days old and 4 male rats that were also 30 days old; two subsequent generations were created from these animals. At the age of 100 days, CBCTs were collected of all male rats. Twenty-eight craniofacial landmarks were selected for the linear measurements on stl format extracted from the DICOM files. A Bonferroni test was performed for the statistical analysis. RESULTS Means of measurements of all soft diet groups compared to corresponding measurements of the hard diet groups were significantly different. According to linear measurements, there was statistical difference on the maxillary measurements between the soft diet groups of the first and third generation, while the rest did not appear to have any statistical difference. There was significant difference for the mandibular dimensions only when the first generation soft diet group was compared with the third generation soft diet group. CONCLUSIONS Food consistency has a significant impact on the growth and development of the maxilla and mandible. Soft diet habits may result in retrognathic mandible, and narrower maxilla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A. Tsolakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-7342, USA
| | - Christos Verikokos
- Second Department of Surgery, “Laikon Hospital”, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Despoina Perrea
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Paula Perlea
- Department of Endodontics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Konstantina-Eleni Alexiou
- Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Zafeiroula Yfanti
- Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Lyros
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Georgaki
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Erofili Papadopoulou
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos I. Tsolakis
- Department of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-7342, USA
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
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Tsolakis IA, Verikokos C, Papaioannou W, Alexiou KE, Yfanti Z, Perrea D, Tsolakis AI. Long-Term Effect of Diet Consistency on Mandibular Growth within Three Generations: A Longitudinal Cephalometric Study in Rats. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040568. [PMID: 37106767 PMCID: PMC10136091 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the effect of diet consistency on mandibular growth of Wistar rats through three generations. METHODS A total breeding sample of 60 female and 8 male Wistar rats were used in this study. Measurements took place only on female animals. Twenty female Wistar rats at 30 days old and four male rats at 30 days old comprised the primary breeding sample of the first generation, and from these animals two different generations were reproduced. Lateral cephalometric X-rays were taken from all female rats at the age of 100 days. A total of 7 craniofacial landmarks were selected for the linear measurements, and 12 curves and 90 landmarks were selected for geometric morphometric analysis of the lateral X-rays. Bonferroni test and a permutation test were performed for the statistical analysis. RESULTS Means of measurements of all soft diet groups compared to hard diet groups were significantly smaller. According to linear measurements, there was a significant difference only between the first-generation soft diet with the third-generation soft diet group. According to geometric morphometric analysis, the statistical differences appeared on the condylar process and the angle of the mandible. CONCLUSIONS The soft diet could be responsible for less mandibular growth, and this information might be passing through generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Tsolakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54154 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Christos Verikokos
- Second Department of Surgery, "Laikon Hospital", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - William Papaioannou
- Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina-Eleni Alexiou
- Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Zafeiroula Yfanti
- Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Despoina Perrea
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos I Tsolakis
- Department of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Orthodontics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Dentistry, 10679 Athens, Greece
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Sylvester AD, Wescott DJ, Cunningham DL, Gleiber DS. Effects of obesity on talar micro- and macro-morphology. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:369-381. [PMID: 36707925 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The addition of information regarding obesity status to the forensic anthropological biological profile could significantly contribute to the identification of human skeletal remains since over 40% of the U.S. adult population is currently obese. This study examines the differences in talar shape and trabecular bone structure between obese and non-obese individuals. A sample of 20 obese and 20 non-obese divided evenly by sex was selected from the Texas State University Donated Skeletal Collection. Tali were imaged using x-ray computed tomography (voxel size: 28-38.7 μm). Image stacks were processed to produce binary images as well as trabecular thickness and spacing maps. Landmark-based geometric morphometric analyses were conducted to quantify shape variation. Shape coordinates were used to locate 100 geometrically homologous volumes of interest within each talus. Bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, and trabecular spacing were extracted at each volume of interest. Within each sex, a one-way ANCOVA was used to determine if significant differences exist between obese and non-obese individuals in trabecular bone after controlling for age. The size of the talus as well as subtle aspects of shape were found to distinguish the sexes. The results further indicate that bone volume fraction significantly differs between obese and non-obese males. In females, bone volume fraction is correlated with age but does not differ between obese and non-obese. The study demonstrates that bone microstructure is a promising approach to estimating body mass or body mass index category but age effects diminish the potential for the talus to be used alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Sylvester
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel J Wescott
- Department of Anthropology, Forensic Anthropology Center at Texas State, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Deborah L Cunningham
- Department of Anthropology, Forensic Anthropology Center at Texas State, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Devora S Gleiber
- Department of Anthropology, Forensic Anthropology Center at Texas State, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
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Mitchell DR, Wroe S, Ravosa MJ, Menegaz RA. More Challenging Diets Sustain Feeding Performance: Applications Toward the Captive Rearing of Wildlife. Integr Org Biol 2021; 3:obab030. [PMID: 34888486 PMCID: PMC8653637 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rescue and rehabilitation of young fauna is of substantial importance to conservation. However, it has been suggested that incongruous diets offered in captive environments may alter craniofacial morphology and hinder the success of reintroduced animals. Despite these claims, to what extent dietary variation throughout ontogeny impacts intrapopulation cranial biomechanics has not yet been tested. Here, finite element models were generated from the adult crania of 40 rats (n = 10 per group) that were reared on 4 different diet regimes and stress magnitudes compared during incisor bite simulations. The diets consisted of (1) exclusively hard pellets from weaning, (2) exclusively soft ground pellet meal from weaning, (3) a juvenile switch from pellets to meal, and (4) a juvenile switch from meal to pellets. We hypothesized that a diet of exclusively soft meal would result in the weakest adult skulls, represented by significantly greater stress magnitudes at the muzzle, palate, and zygomatic arch. Our hypothesis was supported at the muzzle and palate, indicating that a diet limited to soft food inhibits bone deposition throughout ontogeny. This finding presents a strong case for a more variable and challenging diet during development. However, rather than the "soft" diet group resulting in the weakest zygomatic arch as predicted, this region instead showed the highest stress among rats that switched as juveniles from hard pellets to soft meal. We attribute this to a potential reduction in number and activity of osteoblasts, as demonstrated in studies of sudden and prolonged disuse of bone. A shift to softer foods in captivity, during rehabilitation after injury in the wild for example, can therefore be detrimental to healthy development of the skull in some growing animals, potentially increasing the risk of injury and impacting the ability to access full ranges of wild foods upon release. We suggest captive diet plans consider not just nutritional requirements but also food mechanical properties when rearing wildlife to adulthood for reintroduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rex Mitchell
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Stephen Wroe
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Matthew J Ravosa
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, and Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rachel A Menegaz
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Oso OA, Jayeola AA. Digital morphometrics: Application of MorphoLeaf in shape visualization and species delimitation, using Cucurbitaceae leaves as a model. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2021; 9:e11448. [PMID: 34760408 PMCID: PMC8564096 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plant leaves are one of the most important organs for plant identification due to their variability across different taxonomic groups. While traditional morphometrics has contributed tremendously to reducing the problems accompanying plant identification and morphology-based species delimitation, image-analysis digital solutions have made it easy to detect more characters to complement existing leaf data sets. METHODS Here, we apply MorphoLeaf to generate a morphometric data set from 140 leaf specimens of seven Cucurbitaceae species via landmark extraction, the reparameterization of leaf contours, and data quantification and normalization. A statistical analysis was performed on the resulting data set. RESULTS A principal component analysis revealed that leaf blade area, blade perimeter, tooth area, tooth perimeter, the measure of the distance from tooth position to the tip, and the measure of the distance from tooth position to the base are important and informative landmarks that contribute to the variation within the species studied. DISCUSSION MorphoLeaf can be applied to quantitatively track leaf diversity, thereby functionally integrating morphometrics and shape visualization into the digital identification of plants. The success of digital morphometrics in leaf outline analyses presents researchers with opportunities to carry out more accurate image-based research in areas such as plant development, evolution, and phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatobi A. Oso
- Plant Anatomy Laboratory, Department of BotanyUniversity of IbadanOyo StateNigeria
- Present address:
Oluwatobi A. Oso, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Adeniyi A. Jayeola
- Plant Anatomy Laboratory, Department of BotanyUniversity of IbadanOyo StateNigeria
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Marín-García PJ, Llobat L. What Are the Keys to the Adaptive Success of European Wild Rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus) in the Iberian Peninsula? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2453. [PMID: 34438909 PMCID: PMC8388719 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) plays an important ecological role in the ecosystems of the Iberian Peninsula. Recently, rabbit populations have drastically reduced, so the species is now considered endangered. However, in some places, this animal is considered a pest. This is the conservation paradox of the 21st century: the wild rabbit is both an invasive alien and an endangered native species. The authors of this review aimed to understand the keys to the adaptive success of European rabbits, addressing all aspects of their biology in order to provide the keys to the ecological management of this species. Aspects including nutrition, genetics, immunity interactions with the environment, behaviour, and conflict with human activities were reviewed. Ultimately, rabbits are resilient and adaptable. The main adaptations that explain the rabbit's adaptive success are its nutrition (wide adaptation to food and good nutritional use of caecotrophy), immune system (powerful and developed), and other aspects related to genetics and behaviour. Rabbits' relationship with humans has led them to colonise other places where they have become pests. Despite these adaptations, populations in native places have been drastically reduced in recent years. Since it serves as a bastion of the Mediterranean ecosystem, a specific conservation program for this species must be carried out. Therefore, a study of the rabbit's response to diseases and nutrition (especially protein), as well as the interaction between them, is of special interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jesús Marín-García
- Institute for Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lola Llobat
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain
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Kraatz B, Belabbas R, Fostowicz-Frelik Ł, Ge DY, Kuznetsov AN, Lang MM, López-Torres S, Mohammadi Z, Racicot RA, Ravosa MJ, Sharp AC, Sherratt E, Silcox MT, Słowiak J, Winkler AJ, Ruf I. Lagomorpha as a Model Morphological System. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.636402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their global distribution, invasive history, and unique characteristics, European rabbits are recognizable almost anywhere on our planet. Although they are members of a much larger group of living and extinct mammals [Mammalia, Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, and pikas)], the group is often characterized by several well-known genera (e.g., Oryctolagus, Sylvilagus, Lepus, and Ochotona). This representation does not capture the extraordinary diversity of behavior and form found throughout the order. Model organisms are commonly used as exemplars for biological research, but there are a limited number of model clades or lineages that have been used to study evolutionary morphology in a more explicitly comparative way. We present this review paper to show that lagomorphs are a strong system in which to study macro- and micro-scale patterns of morphological change within a clade that offers underappreciated levels of diversity. To this end, we offer a summary of the status of relevant aspects of lagomorph biology.
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Lad SE, Anderson RJ, Cortese SA, Alvarez CE, Danison AD, Morris HM, Ravosa MJ. Bone remodeling and cyclical loading in maxillae of New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:1927-1936. [PMID: 33586861 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian feeding behaviors are altered when mechanically challenging (e.g., tough, stiff) foods require large bite forces or prolonged mastication. Bony responses to high bite forces are well-documented for the mammalian skull, but osteogenesis due to cyclical loading, caused by repetitive chewing, is more poorly understood. Previous studies demonstrate that cyclical loading results in greater bone formation in the rabbit masticatory apparatus and in substantial Haversian remodeling in primate postcrania. Here we assess the relationship between cyclical loading and remodeling in the rabbit maxilla. Twenty male New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were raised on either an overuse or control diet (10 per group) for 48 weeks, beginning at weaning onset. The control group was raised on a diet of rabbit pellets (E = 29 MPa, R = 1031 J/m2 ), whereas the overuse group ate rabbit pellets and hay, which has high stiffness (E = 3336 MPa) and toughness (R = 2760 J/m2 ) properties. Hay requires greater chewing investment (475 chews/g) and longer chewing durations (568 s/g) than pellets (161 chews/g and 173 s/g), therefore causing cyclical loading of the jaws. Remodeling was measured as osteon population density (OPD), percent Haversian bone (%HAV), and osteon cross-sectional area (On.Ar). The only significant difference found was greater On.Ar in the alveolar region of the maxilla (p < 0.001) in the overuse group. The hypothesis that cyclical loading engenders Haversian remodeling in the developing maxilla is not supported. The continuation of modeling throughout the experimental duration may negate the need for remodeling as newly laid bone tends to be more compliant and resistant to crack propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Lad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Rebecca J Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephen A Cortese
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Carmen E Alvarez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrew D Danison
- Department of Biology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Hannah M Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Matthew J Ravosa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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Panagiotopoulou O, Iriarte-Diaz J, Mehari Abraha H, Taylor AB, Wilshin S, Dechow PC, Ross CF. Biomechanics of the mandible of Macaca mulatta during the power stroke of mastication: Loading, deformation, and strain regimes and the impact of food type. J Hum Evol 2020; 147:102865. [PMID: 32905895 PMCID: PMC7541691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mandible morphology has yet to yield definitive information on primate diet, probably because of poor understanding of mandibular loading and strain regimes, and overreliance on simple beam models of mandibular mechanics. We used a finite element model of a macaque mandible to test hypotheses about mandibular loading and strain regimes and relate variation in muscle activity during chewing on different foods to variation in strain regimes. The balancing-side corpus is loaded primarily by sagittal shear forces and sagittal bending moments. On the working side, sagittal bending moments, anteroposterior twisting moments, and lateral transverse bending moments all reach similar maxima below the bite point; sagittal shear is the dominant loading regime behind the bite point; and the corpus is twisted such that the mandibular base is inverted. In the symphyseal region, the predominant loading regimes are lateral transverse bending and negative twisting about a mediolateral axis. Compared with grape and dried fruit chewing, nut chewing is associated with larger sagittal and transverse bending moments acting on balancing- and working-side mandibles, larger sagittal shear on the working side, and larger twisting moments about vertical and transverse axes in the symphyseal region. Nut chewing is also associated with higher minimum principal strain magnitudes in the balancing-side posterior ramus; higher sagittal shear strain magnitudes in the working-side buccal alveolar process and the balancing-side oblique line, recessus mandibulae, and endocondylar ridge; and higher transverse shear strains in the symphyseal region, the balancing-side medial prominence, and the balancing-side endocondylar ridge. The largest food-related differences in maximum principal and transverse shear strain magnitudes are in the transverse tori and in the balancing-side medial prominence, extramolar sulcus, oblique line, and endocondylar ridge. Food effects on the strain regime are most salient in areas not traditionally investigated, suggesting that studies seeking dietary effects on mandible morphology might be looking in the wrong places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Jose Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Biology, University of the South, Sewanee, TN, 37383, USA
| | - Hyab Mehari Abraha
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | | | - Simon Wilshin
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Herts, AL97TA, UK
| | - Paul C Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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Buvinic S, Balanta-Melo J, Kupczik K, Vásquez W, Beato C, Toro-Ibacache V. Muscle-Bone Crosstalk in the Masticatory System: From Biomechanical to Molecular Interactions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:606947. [PMID: 33732211 PMCID: PMC7959242 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.606947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The masticatory system is a complex and highly organized group of structures, including craniofacial bones (maxillae and mandible), muscles, teeth, joints, and neurovascular elements. While the musculoskeletal structures of the head and neck are known to have a different embryonic origin, morphology, biomechanical demands, and biochemical characteristics than the trunk and limbs, their particular molecular basis and cell biology have been much less explored. In the last decade, the concept of muscle-bone crosstalk has emerged, comprising both the loads generated during muscle contraction and a biochemical component through soluble molecules. Bone cells embedded in the mineralized tissue respond to the biomechanical input by releasing molecular factors that impact the homeostasis of the attaching skeletal muscle. In the same way, muscle-derived factors act as soluble signals that modulate the remodeling process of the underlying bones. This concept of muscle-bone crosstalk at a molecular level is particularly interesting in the mandible, due to its tight anatomical relationship with one of the biggest and strongest masticatory muscles, the masseter. However, despite the close physical and physiological interaction of both tissues for proper functioning, this topic has been poorly addressed. Here we present one of the most detailed reviews of the literature to date regarding the biomechanical and biochemical interaction between muscles and bones of the masticatory system, both during development and in physiological or pathological remodeling processes. Evidence related to how masticatory function shapes the craniofacial bones is discussed, and a proposal presented that the masticatory muscles and craniofacial bones serve as secretory tissues. We furthermore discuss our current findings of myokines-release from masseter muscle in physiological conditions, during functional adaptation or pathology, and their putative role as bone-modulators in the craniofacial system. Finally, we address the physiological implications of the crosstalk between muscles and bones in the masticatory system, analyzing pathologies or clinical procedures in which the alteration of one of them affects the homeostasis of the other. Unveiling the mechanisms of muscle-bone crosstalk in the masticatory system opens broad possibilities for understanding and treating temporomandibular disorders, which severely impair the quality of life, with a high cost for diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Buvinic
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies CEMC2016, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Sonja Buvinic,
| | - Julián Balanta-Melo
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Evidence-Based Practice Unit Univalle, Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Walter Vásquez
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Beato
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana Toro-Ibacache
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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