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Gibbons M, Pasquini E, Kowalewska A, Read E, Gibson S, Crump A, Solvi C, Versace E, Chittka L. Noxious stimulation induces self-protective behavior in bumblebees. iScience 2024; 27:110440. [PMID: 39104408 PMCID: PMC11298632 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been widely stated that insects do not show self-protective behavior toward noxiously-stimulated body parts, but this claim has never been empirically tested. Here, we tested whether an insect species displays a type of self-protective behavior: self-grooming a noxiously-stimulated site. We touched bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) on an antenna with a noxiously heated (65°C) probe and found that, in the first 2 min after this stimulus, bees groomed their touched antenna more than their untouched antenna, and more than bees that were touched with an unheated probe or not touched at all did. Our results present evidence that bumblebees display self-protective behavior. We discuss the potential neural mechanisms of this behavior and the implications for whether insects feel pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Gibbons
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- School of Biological and Behavioral Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Elisa Pasquini
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto 38068, Italy
| | - Amelia Kowalewska
- School of Biological and Behavioral Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
- Academic Training Team, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Eva Read
- Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method, London School of Economics, London WC2A 2AE, UK
| | - Sam Gibson
- Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method, London School of Economics, London WC2A 2AE, UK
| | - Andrew Crump
- Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method, London School of Economics, London WC2A 2AE, UK
- Department of Pathobiology & Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Cwyn Solvi
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Elisabetta Versace
- School of Biological and Behavioral Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Lars Chittka
- School of Biological and Behavioral Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
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2
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Valcarce DG, Sellés-Egea A, Riesco MF, De Garnica MG, Martínez-Fernández B, Herráez MP, Robles V. Early stress exposure on zebrafish development: effects on survival, malformations and molecular alterations. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:1545-1562. [PMID: 38743196 PMCID: PMC11286684 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01355-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The effects of stress during early vertebrate development can be especially harmful. Avoiding stressors in fish larvae is essential to ensure the health of adult fish and their reproductive performance and overall production. We examined the consequences of direct exposure to successive acute stressors during early development, including their effects on miR-29a and its targets, survival, hatching and malformation rates, larval behaviour and cartilage and eye development. Our aim was to shed light on the pleiotropic effects of early-induced stress in this vertebrate model species. Our results showed that direct exposure to successive acute stressors during early development significantly upregulated miR-29a and downregulated essential collagen transcripts col2a1a, col6a2 and col11a1a, decreased survival and increased malformation rates (swim bladder, otoliths, cardiac oedema and ocular malformations), promoting higher rates of immobility in larvae. Our results revealed that stress in early stages can induce different eye tissular architecture and cranioencephalic cartilage development alterations. Our research contributes to the understanding of the impact of stressful conditions during the early stages of zebrafish development, serving as a valuable model for vertebrate research. This holds paramount significance in the fields of developmental biology and aquaculture and also highlights miR-29a as a potential molecular marker for assessing novel larval rearing programmes in teleost species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Valcarce
- Cell Biology Area, Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Alba Sellés-Egea
- Cell Biology Area, Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Marta F Riesco
- Cell Biology Area, Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | | | | | - María Paz Herráez
- Cell Biology Area, Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Vanesa Robles
- Cell Biology Area, Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain.
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3
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Pietsch C, Konrad J, Wernicke von Siebenthal E, Pawlak P. Multiple faces of stress in the zebrafish ( Danio rerio) brain. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1373234. [PMID: 38711953 PMCID: PMC11070943 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1373234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The changing expressions of certain genes as a consequence of exposure to stressors has not been studied in detail in the fish brain. Therefore, a stress trial with zebrafish was conducted, aiming at identifying relevant gene regulation pathways in different regions of the brain. As acute stressors within this trial, feed rewarding, feed restriction, and air exposure have been used. The gene expression data from the experimental fish brains have been analyzed by means of principal component analyses (PCAs), whereby the individual genes have been compiled according to the regulation pathways in the brain. The results did not indicate a mutual response across the treatment and gender groups. To evaluate whether a similar sample structure belonging to a large sample size would have allowed the classification of the gene expression patterns according to the treatments, the data have been bootstrapped and used for building random forest models. These revealed a high accuracy of the classifications, but different genes in the female and male zebrafish were found to have contributed to the classification algorithms the most. These analyses showed that less than eight genes are, in most cases, sufficient for an accurate classification. Moreover, mainly genes belonging to the stress axis, to the isotocin regulation pathways, or to the serotonergic pathways had the strongest influence on the outcome of the classification models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Pietsch
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (HAFL), University of Applied Sciences Bern (BFH), Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Konrad
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (HAFL), University of Applied Sciences Bern (BFH), Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Elena Wernicke von Siebenthal
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (HAFL), University of Applied Sciences Bern (BFH), Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Paulina Pawlak
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (HAFL), University of Applied Sciences Bern (BFH), Zollikofen, Switzerland
- Division of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Audira G, Huang JC, Chen KHC, Kurnia KA, Vasquez RD, Roldan MJM, Lai YH, Hsiao CD, Yen CY. A comprehensive painkillers screening by assessing zebrafish behaviors after caudal fin amputation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115641. [PMID: 37806085 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the usage of zebrafish for pain studies has increased in the past years, especially due to its robust pain-stimulated behaviors. Fin amputation has been demonstrated to induce a noxious response in zebrafish. However, based on the prior study, although lidocaine, the most used painkiller in zebrafish, has been shown to ameliorate amputated zebrafish behaviors, it still causes some prolonged effects. Therefore, alternative painkillers are always needed to improve the treatment quality of fin-amputated zebrafish. Here, the effects of several analgesics in recovering zebrafish behaviors post-fin amputation were evaluated. From the results, five painkillers were found to have potentially beneficial effects on amputated fish behaviors. Overall, these results aligned with their binding energy level to target proteins of COX-1 and COX-2. Later, based on their sub-chronic effects on zebrafish survivability, indomethacin, and diclofenac were further studied. This combination showed a prominent effect in recovering zebrafish behaviors when administered orally or through waterborne exposure, even with lower concentrations. Next, based on the ELISA in zebrafish brain tissue, although some changes were found in the treated group, no statistical differences were observed in most of the tested biomarkers. However, since heatmap clustering showed a similar pattern between biochemical and behavior endpoints, the minor changes in each biomarker may be sufficient in changing the fish behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Audira
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Chin Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 90003, Taiwan
| | - Kelvin H-C Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 90003, Taiwan
| | - Kevin Adi Kurnia
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 90003, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Ross D Vasquez
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Marri Jmelou M Roldan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Yu-Heng Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; Research Center for Aquatic Toxicology and Pharmacology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Yo Yen
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, No.1, E-Da Road, Yan-Chau District, 824, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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5
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Gallas-Lopes M, Bastos LM, Benvenutti R, Panzenhagen AC, Piato A, Herrmann AP. Systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 years of unpredictable chronic stress in zebrafish. Lab Anim (NY) 2023; 52:229-246. [PMID: 37709998 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-023-01239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a model animal that is being increasingly used in neuroscience research. A decade ago, the first study on unpredictable chronic stress (UCS) in zebrafish was published, inspired by protocols established for rodents in the early 1980s. Since then, several studies have been published by different groups, in some cases with conflicting results. Here we conducted a systematic review to identify studies evaluating the effects of UCS in zebrafish and meta-analytically synthetized the data of neurobehavioral outcomes and relevant biomarkers. Literature searches were performed in three databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) with a two-step screening process based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. The included studies underwent extraction of qualitative and quantitative data, as well as risk-of-bias assessment. Outcomes of included studies (n = 38) were grouped into anxiety/fear-related behavior, locomotor function, social behavior or cortisol level domains. UCS increased anxiety/fear-related behavior and cortisol levels while decreasing locomotor function, but a significant summary effect was not observed for social behavior. Despite including a substantial number of studies, the high heterogeneity and the methodological and reporting problems evidenced in the risk-of-bias analysis made it difficult to assess the internal validity of most studies and the overall validity of the model. Our review thus evidences the need to conduct well-designed experiments to better evaluate the effects of UCS on diverse behavioral patterns displayed by zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Gallas-Lopes
- Brazilian Reproducibility Initiative in Preclinical Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (BRISA) Collaboration, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Psicofarmacologia Experimental (PsychoLab), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Psicofarmacologia e Comportamento (LAPCOM), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo M Bastos
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Psicofarmacologia Experimental (PsychoLab), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Psicofarmacologia e Comportamento (LAPCOM), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Radharani Benvenutti
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alana C Panzenhagen
- Brazilian Reproducibility Initiative in Preclinical Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (BRISA) Collaboration, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Angelo Piato
- Laboratório de Psicofarmacologia e Comportamento (LAPCOM), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana P Herrmann
- Brazilian Reproducibility Initiative in Preclinical Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (BRISA) Collaboration, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Psicofarmacologia Experimental (PsychoLab), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Grimm H, Biller-Andorno N, Buch T, Dahlhoff M, Davies G, Cederroth CR, Maissen O, Lukas W, Passini E, Törnqvist E, Olsson IAS, Sandström J. Advancing the 3Rs: innovation, implementation, ethics and society. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1185706. [PMID: 37396988 PMCID: PMC10310538 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1185706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The 3Rs principle of replacing, reducing and refining the use of animals in science has been gaining widespread support in the international research community and appears in transnational legislation such as the European Directive 2010/63/EU, a number of national legislative frameworks like in Switzerland and the UK, and other rules and guidance in place in countries around the world. At the same time, progress in technical and biomedical research, along with the changing status of animals in many societies, challenges the view of the 3Rs principle as a sufficient and effective approach to the moral challenges set by animal use in research. Given this growing awareness of our moral responsibilities to animals, the aim of this paper is to address the question: Can the 3Rs, as a policy instrument for science and research, still guide the morally acceptable use of animals for scientific purposes, and if so, how? The fact that the increased availability of alternatives to animal models has not correlated inversely with a decrease in the number of animals used in research has led to public and political calls for more radical action. However, a focus on the simple measure of total animal numbers distracts from the need for a more nuanced understanding of how the 3Rs principle can have a genuine influence as a guiding instrument in research and testing. Hence, we focus on three core dimensions of the 3Rs in contemporary research: (1) What scientific innovations are needed to advance the goals of the 3Rs? (2) What can be done to facilitate the implementation of existing and new 3R methods? (3) Do the 3Rs still offer an adequate ethical framework given the increasing social awareness of animal needs and human moral responsibilities? By answering these questions, we will identify core perspectives in the debate over the advancement of the 3Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herwig Grimm
- Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikola Biller-Andorno
- Institute of Biomedical Ethics and History of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maik Dahlhoff
- Institute of in vivo and in vitro Models, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gail Davies
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Otto Maissen
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Animal Welfare Division, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wilma Lukas
- Innosuisse - Swiss Innovation Agency, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Passini
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, United Kingdom
| | - Elin Törnqvist
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - I. Anna S. Olsson
- Laboratory Animal Science, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Gaffney LP, Lavery JM, Schiestl M, Trevarthen A, Schukraft J, Miller R, Schnell AK, Fischer B. A theoretical approach to improving interspecies welfare comparisons. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.1062458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of animals bred, raised, and slaughtered each year is on the rise, resulting in increasing impacts to welfare. Farmed animals are also becoming more diverse, ranging from pigs to bees. The diversity and number of species farmed invite questions about how best to allocate currently limited resources towards safeguarding and improving welfare. This is of the utmost concern to animal welfare funders and effective altruism advocates, who are responsible for targeting the areas most likely to cause harm. For example, is tail docking worse for pigs than beak trimming is for chickens in terms of their pain, suffering, and general experience? Or are the welfare impacts equal? Answering these questions requires making an interspecies welfare comparison; a judgment about how good or bad different species fare relative to one another. Here, we outline and discuss an empirical methodology that aims to improve our ability to make interspecies welfare comparisons by investigating welfare range, which refers to how good or bad animals can fare. Beginning with a theory of welfare, we operationalize that theory by identifying metrics that are defensible proxies for measuring welfare, including cognitive, affective, behavioral, and neuro-biological measures. Differential weights are assigned to those proxies that reflect their evidential value for the determinants of welfare, such as the Delphi structured deliberation method with a panel of experts. The evidence should then be reviewed and its quality scored to ascertain whether particular taxa may possess the proxies in question to construct a taxon-level welfare range profile. Finally, using a Monte Carlo simulation, an overall estimate of comparative welfare range relative to a hypothetical index species can be generated. Interspecies welfare comparisons will help facilitate empirically informed decision-making to streamline the allocation of resources and ultimately better prioritize and improve animal welfare.
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Sneddon LU, Roques JAC. Pain Recognition in Fish. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:1-10. [PMID: 36402476 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Empirical evidence has demonstrated that fish experience pain, and so to ensure their good welfare, it is vital that we can recognize and assess pain. A range of general, behavioral, and physiologic indicators can be used when assessing pain in fish. Many of these can be used at the tank side and are termed operational welfare indicators, whereas some require further computer or laboratory analysis. Behavioral indicators are valid and have been shown to profoundly differ between nonpainful and painful treatments in fish. However, these are not universal, and species-specific differences exist in behavioral responses to pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne U Sneddon
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicineragatan 18A, Gothenburg 413 90, Sweden.
| | - Jonathan A C Roques
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicineragatan 18A, Gothenburg 413 90, Sweden; SWEMARC, the Swedish Mariculture Research Center, University of Gothenburg, 18A, Gothenburg 413 90, Sweden
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9
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Garratt JK, McCulloch SP. Wild Fish Welfare in UK Commercial Sea Fisheries: Qualitative Analysis of Stakeholder Views. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202756. [PMID: 36290143 PMCID: PMC9597750 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 1.5-2.7 billion wild fish are caught by UK commercial sea fishing fleets annually. Most are subjected to severe stressors during capture; stunning is rare and gutting alive is common practice. Fish are recognised in UK law as sentient beings, but commercially caught wild fish are excluded from welfare protections. Animal welfare impacts in wild capture sea fisheries are therefore on a massive scale, with major potential for legislative and market-based reforms. Interviews were conducted with 18 experts working within the fishing and seafood industry, fisheries management, scientific research and animal/fish advocacy organisations. The findings reveal a significant welfare gap between societally acceptable ways to treat sentient animals and the reality of capture fisheries. The participants pointed to harms caused to fish throughout different stages of the capture process caused by combinations of variables from fishing gear and methods to biological, environmental and other factors, noting that all require mitigation. Interviews revealed that the nature of harms may be exacerbated by conservative attitudes towards brutal practices in the industry, driven by profit and efficiency and free from legal restraint. To address the welfare gap, stakeholders favour engagement with the industry to improve understanding of harms and to identify mutually beneficial and shared objectives through alleviating stressors to fish in the capture process. This empirical research is focused on UK wild capture sea fisheries. However, given the dearth of welfare legislation globally, it has significance for fishing nations and the many billions of wild sea fish captured each year around the world.
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10
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Acute and Chronic Effects of Fin Amputation on Behavior Performance of Adult Zebrafish in 3D Locomotion Test Assessed with Fractal Dimension and Entropy Analyses and Their Relationship to Fin Regeneration. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11070969. [PMID: 36101350 PMCID: PMC9312171 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Fin amputation is a routinely conducted procedure for various experiments, especially in zebrafish. However, no study compares the acute and chronic effects of the amputation of each fin on their behaviors. In addition, although some analgesics have been applied after the fin amputation procedure, the long-term effects of these drugs in have not been evaluated yet. In this study, we found that amputation in the caudal fin resulted in the most pronounced behavior alterations and their behavior was fully recovered before the caudal fin was fully regenerated, indicating that these behavioral changes came from pain elicited from the fin amputation. Finally, while lidocaine treatment could ameliorate the behavioral effects after the amputation procedure, it did not accelerate the behavior recovery process; instead, it caused the fish to display some slight side effects. Abstract The fin is known to play an important role in swimming for many adult fish, including zebrafish. Zebrafish fins consist of paired pectoral and pelvic with unpaired dorsal, anal, and caudal tail fins with specific functions in fish locomotion. However, there was no study comparing the behavior effects caused by the absence of each fin. We amputated each fin of zebrafish and evaluated their behavior performance in the 3D locomotion test using fractal dimension and entropy analyses. Afterward, the behavior recovery after the tail fin amputation was also evaluated, together with the fin regeneration process to study their relationship. Finally, we conducted a further study to confirm whether the observed behavior alterations were from pain elicited by fin amputation procedure or not by using lidocaine, a pain-relieving drug. Amputation in the caudal fin resulted in the most pronounced behavior alterations, especially in their movement complexity. Furthermore, we also found that their behavior was fully recovered before the caudal fin was fully regenerated, indicating that these behavioral changes were not majorly due to a mechanical change in tail length; instead, they may come from pain elicited from the fin amputation, since treatment with lidocaine could ameliorate the behavioral effects after the amputation procedure. However, lidocaine did not accelerate the behavior recovery process; instead, it caused the fishes to display some slight side effects. This study highlights the potential moderate severity of fin amputation in zebrafish and the importance of analgesia usage. However, side effects may occur and need to be considered since fin amputation is routinely conducted for various research, especially genomic screening.
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Abstract
This paper is the forty-third consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2020 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonists and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (1), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (2) and humans (3), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (4), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (5), stress and social status (6), learning and memory (7), eating and drinking (8), drug abuse and alcohol (9), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (10), mental illness and mood (11), seizures and neurologic disorders (12), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (13), general activity and locomotion (14), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (15), cardiovascular responses (16), respiration and thermoregulation (17), and immunological responses (18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, 11367, United States.
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12
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Pietrzykowski T, Smilowska K. Kinds of Harm: Animal Law Language from a Scientific Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12050557. [PMID: 35268124 PMCID: PMC8908821 DOI: 10.3390/ani12050557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Clarity and consistency of legal language are essential qualities of the law. Without a sufficient level of those, legal acts are often hardly capable of determining legal duties appropriately. The review of rules governing the protection of animals reveals that the current language remains far from satisfactory. Therefore, the paper discusses the most sensitive notions relevant for defining animal harm and argues for action to make the legal language of respective legal regulations more scientifically accurate and adequate to the actual needs of animal protection. Abstract The current language of animal welfare laws is inconsistent and unclear in the basic terms pertaining to animal sensations and potential harms. In the case of law, the exact language often plays an essential role in determining legal duties and establishing their scope. Thus, for further progress in animal law, a coherent and unified basic conceptual framework is needed. To establish such a framework, the relevant legal terminology should be discussed in a prescriptive rather than interpretive manner while drawing on the medical sciences. Here, we propose a way to clarify the relevant terms to prevent misconceptions and improve the consistency of animal law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Pietrzykowski
- Research Centre for Public Policy and Regulatory Governance, Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Silesia, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarzyna Smilowska
- Department of Neurology, Regional Specialist Hospital im. Św. Barbary, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
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Yang YG, Shang GZ, Wu XQ, Chen HQ, Wu Y, Cao YF, Bian JH. Effects of parasites and predators on nociception: decreases analgesia reduces overwinter survival in root voles (Rodentia: Cricetidae). ZOOLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/zoologia.38.e67845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that parasite-infected prey is more vulnerable to predation. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is obscure. In small mammals, analgesia induced by environmental stressors is a fundamental component of the defensive repertoire, promoting defensive responses. Thus, the reduced analgesia may impair the defensive ability of prey and increase their predation risk. This study aimed to determine whether coccidia infection increases the vulnerability to predation in root voles, Microtus oeconomus (Pallas, 1776), by decreased analgesia. Herein, a predator stimulus and parasitic infection were simulated in the laboratory via a two-level factorial experiment, then, the vole nociceptive responses to an aversive thermal stimulus were evaluated. Further, a field experiment was performed to determine the overwinter survival of voles with different nociceptive responses via repeated live trapping. The coccidia-infected voles demonstrated reduced predator-induced analgesia following exposure to predator odor. Meanwhile, pain-sensitive voles had lower overwinter survival than pain-inhibited voles in enclosed populations throughout the duration of the experiment. Our findings suggest that coccidia infection attenuates predator-induced analgesia, resulting in an increased vulnerability to predation.
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