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Wang Q, Xiong F, Wu G, Wang D, Liu W, Chen J, Qi Y, Wang B, Chen Y. SMAD Proteins in TGF-β Signalling Pathway in Cancer: Regulatory Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2769. [PMID: 37685308 PMCID: PMC10487229 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13172769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of mother against decapentaplegic (SMAD) family proteins are central to one of the most versatile cytokine signalling pathways in metazoan biology, the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway. The TGF-β pathway is widely known for its dual role in cancer progression as both an inhibitor of tumour cell growth and an inducer of tumour metastasis. This is mainly mediated through SMAD proteins and their cofactors or regulators. SMAD proteins act as transcription factors, regulating the transcription of a wide range of genes, and their rich post-translational modifications are influenced by a variety of regulators and cofactors. The complex role, mechanisms, and important functions of SMAD proteins in tumours are the hot topics in current oncology research. In this paper, we summarize the recent progress on the effects and mechanisms of SMAD proteins on tumour development, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis, and provide clues for subsequent research on SMAD proteins in tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.W.); (F.X.); (G.W.); (D.W.); (W.L.); (J.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Fei Xiong
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.W.); (F.X.); (G.W.); (D.W.); (W.L.); (J.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Guanhua Wu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.W.); (F.X.); (G.W.); (D.W.); (W.L.); (J.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Da Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.W.); (F.X.); (G.W.); (D.W.); (W.L.); (J.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Wenzheng Liu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.W.); (F.X.); (G.W.); (D.W.); (W.L.); (J.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Junsheng Chen
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.W.); (F.X.); (G.W.); (D.W.); (W.L.); (J.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Yongqiang Qi
- Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China;
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.W.); (F.X.); (G.W.); (D.W.); (W.L.); (J.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.W.); (F.X.); (G.W.); (D.W.); (W.L.); (J.C.); (B.W.)
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Zhou L, Lu J, Liang ZY, Zhou WX, Wang YZ, Jiang BL, You L, Guo JC. Expression and Prognostic Value of Small Mothers Against Decapentaplegic 7, Matrix Metalloproteinase 2, and Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 in Resectable Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Pancreas 2021; 50:1195-1201. [PMID: 34714284 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thus far, expression, clinicopathologic, and prognostic implication of small mothers against decapentaplegic 7 (Smad7), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) were rarely investigated or controversial. METHODS Expression of Smad7, MMP2, and MMP9 was detected using immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays based on 322 patients with curatively resected PDAC. Their expression pattern, clinicopathologic, and prognostic relevance were further evaluated. RESULTS Smad7 expression was found to be lower in tumor than in adjacent nontumor tissues, whereas tumoral MMP2 and MMP9 staining scores were much higher than in adjacent nontumor ones. Furthermore, Smad7 was negatively associated with serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 level. Univariate survival analyses showed that patients with high Smad7 tumors had significantly better disease-specific survival (P = 0.0007), whereas MMP2 and MMP9 predicted poor disease-specific survival (P = 0.0211 and 0.0404). In multivariate Cox regression test, Smad7 was an independent prognostic indicator (P = 0.021). In addition, these 3 proteins were also prognostic in many subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Smad7 and MMP2/9 significantly predict good or poor prognosis in resectable PDAC, respectively. Therefore, the genes might serve as a tool or targets for molecular therapy in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- From the Departments of General Surgery
| | - Jun Lu
- From the Departments of General Surgery
| | - Zhi-Yong Liang
- Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Xun Zhou
- Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Lei You
- From the Departments of General Surgery
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Gough NR, Xiang X, Mishra L. TGF-β Signaling in Liver, Pancreas, and Gastrointestinal Diseases and Cancer. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:434-452.e15. [PMID: 33940008 PMCID: PMC8841117 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic alterations affecting transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling are exceptionally common in diseases and cancers of the gastrointestinal system. As a regulator of tissue renewal, TGF-β signaling and the downstream SMAD-dependent transcriptional events play complex roles in the transition from a noncancerous disease state to cancer in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and pancreas. Furthermore, this pathway also regulates the stromal cells and the immune system, which may contribute to evasion of the tumors from immune-mediated elimination. Here, we review the involvement of the TGF-β pathway mediated by the transcriptional regulators SMADs in disease progression to cancer in the digestive system. The review integrates human genomic studies with animal models that provide clues toward understanding and managing the complexity of the pathway in disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy R. Gough
- The Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research & Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Xiyan Xiang
- The Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research & Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Lopa Mishra
- The Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research & Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York; Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.
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Lactobacillus Attenuate the Progression of Pancreatic Cancer Promoted by Porphyromonas Gingivalis in K-rasG12D Transgenic Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123522. [PMID: 33255941 PMCID: PMC7760978 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer is aggressive and lethal with a five year survival rate of only 5–9%. While the exact pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer is not fully understood, oral pathogens associated with periodontitis, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), are linked to the disease. The aim of our study was to investigate the causal association between exposure to P. gingivalis and subsequent carcinogenesis, and the potential modulatory effects of probiotics. We demonstrated that oral exposure to P. gingivalis can accelerate the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in mouse models. In addition, the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway may be involved in the cancer-promoting effect of P. gingivalis and the suppressive effects of probiotics. Further understanding of the mechanisms of tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressing effects of TGF-β signaling may have potential as a treatment for pancreatic cancer. Abstract Accumulating evidence suggests that there is a link between the host microbiome and pancreatic carcinogenesis, and that Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) increases the risk of developing pancreatic cancer. The aim of the current study was to clarify the role of P. gingivalis in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer and the potential immune modulatory effects of probiotics. The six-week-old LSL-K-rasG12D; Pdx-1-cre (KC) mice smeared P. gingivalis on the gums, causing pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) after four weeks to be similar to the extent of lesions in untreated KC mice at 24 weeks. The oral inoculation of P. gingivalis of six-week-old LSL-K-rasG12D; Pdx-1-cre (KC) mice caused significantly pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) after treatment four weeks is similar to the extent of lesions in untreated KC mice at 24 weeks. The pancreas weights of P. gingivalis plus probiotic-treated mice were significantly lower than the mice treated with P. gingivalis alone (P = 0.0028). The histological expressions of Snail-1, ZEB-1, collagen fibers, Galectin-3, and PD-L1 staining in the pancreas were also notably lower. In addition, probiotic administration reduced the histological expression of Smad3 and phosphorylated Smad3 in P. gingivalis treated KC mice. We demonstrated that oral exposure to P. gingivalis can accelerate the development of PanIN lesions. Probiotics are likely to have a beneficial effect by reducing cancer cell proliferation and viability, inhibiting PanIN progression, and cancer cell metastasis (Epithelial–mesenchymal transition, EMT). The transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway may be involved in the tumor suppressive effects of probiotics.
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Weidle UH, Birzele F, Nopora A. Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: MicroRNAs Affecting Tumor Growth and Metastasis in Preclinical In Vivo Models. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2020; 16:451-464. [PMID: 31659100 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma have a dismall prognosis because at the time of diagnosis, in the vast majority of patients the tumor has already disseminated to distant organs and the therapeutic benefit of approved agents such as gemcitabine is limited. Therefore, the identification and preclinical and clinical validation of therapeutic agents covering new targets is of paramount importance. In this review we have summarized microRNAs and corresponding targets which affect growth and metastasis of pancreatic tumors in preclinical mouse in vivo models. We identified four up-regulated and 16 down-regulated miRs in PDAC in comparison to corresponding normal tissues. Three sub-categories of miRs have emerged: miRs affecting tumor growth and miRs with an impact on both, tumor growth and metastasis or metastasis only. Finally, we discuss technical and therapeutic aspects of miR-related therapeutic agents for the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich H Weidle
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Birzele
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hofman La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adam Nopora
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
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Cheng CS, Liu W, Zhou L, Tang W, Zhong A, Meng Z, Chen L, Chen Z. Prognostic Predicting Role of Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1356264. [PMID: 31886169 PMCID: PMC6899328 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1356264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) imaging is commonly used to assess pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC). However, the value of semiquantitative and quantitative assessments of CECT parameters used to predict survival in PAC remains unknown. This study aims to investigate the prognostic role of pretreatment CECT imaging in patients with locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma (LAPAC). MATERIALS AND METHODS From June 2013 to May 2017, eighty-six newly diagnosed patients with pathologically and radiologically confirmed LAPAC were retrospectively recruited. All patients were evaluated by CECT and experienced gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. The relationship between overall survival (OS) and clinical factors including age, sex, serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 value, and CECT findings (including tumour location, tumour volume, peripancreatic involvement, blood vessel involvement, tumour enhanced rate, and distance liver metastasis) was determined using Cox proportional hazard regression models, and a nomogram was constructed for the prediction of 1- and 1.5-year survival rates of patients with LAPAC. RESULTS On univariate analysis, patients who had a tumour enhanced rate (TER) less than 80.465% and those who had a TER ≥ 80.465% are with a 3.587-fold increase in OS (p < 0.001). After multivariate Cox regression, a nomogram was established based on a new model containing the predictive variables of high Ca19-9 level, higher clinical stages, larger tumour volume, the presence of peripancreatic involvement, and liver metastases. The model displayed good accuracy in predicting OS with a C-index of 0.614. The calibration plots also showed a good discrimination and calibration of the nomogram between the predicted and observed survival probabilities. CONCLUSION Our results showed that TER can be used to predict survival in LAPAC, and we developed a nomogram for determining the prognosis of patients with LAPAC. However, the purposed nomogram still requires external data verification in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-shan Cheng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liangping Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ailing Zhong
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiqiang Meng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lianyu Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Troncone E, Monteleone G. Smad7 and Colorectal Carcinogenesis: A Double-Edged Sword. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050612. [PMID: 31052449 PMCID: PMC6563107 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinogenesis is a complex process in which many immune and non-immune cells and a huge number of mediators are involved. Among these latter factors, Smad7, an inhibitor of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 signaling that has been involved in the amplification of the inflammatory process sustaining chronic intestinal inflammation, is supposed to make a valid contribution to the growth and survival of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Smad7 is over-expressed by tumoral cells in both sporadic CRC and colitis-associated CRC, where it sustains neoplastic processes through activation of either TGFβ-dependent or non-dependent pathways. Consistently, genome-wide association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms of the Smad7 gene associated with CRC and shown that either amplification or deletion of the Smad7 gene associates with a poor prognosis or better outcome, respectively. On the other hand, there is evidence that over-expression of Smad7 in immune cells infiltrating the inflamed gut of patients with inflammatory bowel disease can elicit anti-tumor responses, with the down-stream effect of attenuating CRC cell growth. Taken together, these observations suggest a double role of Smad7 in colorectal carcinogenesis, which probably depends on the cell subset and the biological context analyzed. In this review, we summarize the available evidences about the role of Smad7 in both sporadic and colitis-associated CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Troncone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
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Kaczorowski M, Biecek P, Donizy P, Pieniazek M, Matkowski R, Halon A. SMAD7 is a novel independent predictor of survival in patients with cutaneous melanoma. Transl Res 2019; 204:72-81. [PMID: 30342000 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of SMAD7-a hallmark inhibitor of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling-has been documented and related with adverse prognosis in a number of epithelial malignancies, suggesting that it may be responsible for resistance to TGFβ-induced growth arrest of cancer cells. The involvement of SMAD7 in development and progression of malignant melanoma is unclear, and its expression has not been characterized so far at the protein level in clinical melanoma tissue samples. We evaluated SMAD7 expression in 205 skin melanoma primary tumors by immunohistochemistry and correlated the findings with clinicopathological profiles of patients. Melanocytic SMAD7 was evidenced in 204 cases, and the expression pattern was predominantly nuclear. High expression of SMAD7 was positively associated with several features of tumor aggressiveness, for example, presence of ulceration (P < 0.001), higher tumor thickness (P < 0.001), and mitotic rate (P < 0.001), but not presence of regional or distant metastases. Moreover, high SMAD7 expression independently predicted unfavorable outcome: melanoma-specific survival (hazard ratio = 3.16, P < 0.001) and recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio = 2.88, P < 0.001). Taken together, our results underline the importance of TGFβ signaling in cancer and define SMAD7 as a marker of aggressive tumor behavior and adverse clinical outcomes in melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Kaczorowski
- Department of Pathomorphology and Oncological Cytology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Przemyslaw Biecek
- Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Donizy
- Department of Pathomorphology and Oncological Cytology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Pieniazek
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tadeusz Koszarowski Regional Oncology Centre, Opole, Poland
| | - Rafal Matkowski
- Department of Oncology and Division of Surgical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland; Lower Silesian Oncology Centre, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Halon
- Department of Pathomorphology and Oncological Cytology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Lian GY, Wang QM, Tang PMK, Zhou S, Huang XR, Lan HY. Combination of Asiatic Acid and Naringenin Modulates NK Cell Anti-cancer Immunity by Rebalancing Smad3/Smad7 Signaling. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2255-2266. [PMID: 30017880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) plays a promoting role in tumor growth via a mechanism associated with hyperactive Smad3 and suppressed Smad7 signaling in the tumor microenvironment. We report that retrieving the balance between Smad3 and Smad7 signaling with asiatic acid (AA, a Smad7 inducer) and naringenin (NG, a Smad3 inhibitor) effectively inhibited tumor progression in mouse models of invasive melanoma (B16F10) and lung carcinoma (LLC) by promoting natural killer (NK) cell development and cytotoxicity against cancer. Mechanistically, we found that Smad3 physically bound Id2 and IRF2 to suppress NK cell production and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against cancer. Treatment with AA and NG greatly inhibited Smad3 translation and phosphorylation while it restored Smad7 expression, and, therefore, it largely promoted NK cell differentiation, maturation, and cytotoxicity against cancer via Id2/IRF2-associated mechanisms. In contrast, silencing Id2 or IRF2 blunted the protective effects of AA and NG on NK cell-dependent anti-cancer activities. Thus, treatment with AA and NG produced an additive effect on inactivating TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling, and, therefore, it suppressed melanoma and lung carcinoma growth by promoting NK cell immunity against cancer via a mechanism associated with Id2 and IRF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yu Lian
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qing-Ming Wang
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao-Ru Huang
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Overexpression of YKL-40 Predicts Poor Prognosis in Patients Undergoing Curative Resection of Pancreatic Cancer. Pancreas 2017; 46:323-334. [PMID: 28099248 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value of YKL-40 expression in patients undergoing curative resection of pancreatic cancer. METHODS This cohort study included 234 consecutive patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma who underwent curative resection. Surgical specimens were immunohistochemically assessed for YKL-40 expression. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression were used to evaluate the prognostic impact of YKL-40 expression. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed to examine the correlation between YKL-40 expression and tumor stage. RESULTS Of the 234 patients, YKL-40 overexpression was detected in 149 (63.7%) patients. Survival curves showed that patients with YKL-40 overexpression had significantly shorter survival time than those with low YKL-40 expression (P < 0.001). Cox regression analysis indicated that YKL-40 expression was an independent prognostic factor for both overall survival (hazard ratio, 3.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.38-6.13) and progression-free survival (hazard ratio, 3.73; 95% CI, 2.33-5.99). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that YKL-40 overexpression was an independent predictor for advanced tumor stage (odds ratio 4.15; 95% CI, 1.35-12.71). CONCLUSIONS YKL-40 overexpression predicts poor prognosis and advanced tumor stage in patients undergoing curative resection of pancreatic cancer. Application of adjuvant treatment targeting the YKL-40 pathway may improve prognosis.
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Yu J, Lei R, Zhuang X, Li X, Li G, Lev S, Segura MF, Zhang X, Hu G. MicroRNA-182 targets SMAD7 to potentiate TGFβ-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of cancer cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13884. [PMID: 27996004 PMCID: PMC5187443 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathway plays critical roles during cancer cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. SMAD7 is both a transcriptional target and a negative regulator of TGFβ signalling, thus mediating a negative feedback loop that may potentially restrain TGFβ responses of cancer cells. Here, however, we show that TGFβ treatment induces SMAD7 transcription but not its protein level in a panel of cancer cells. Mechanistic studies reveal that TGFβ activates the expression of microRNA-182 (miR-182), which suppresses SMAD7 protein. miR-182 silencing leads to SMAD7 upregulation on TGFβ treatment and prevents TGFβ-induced EMT and invasion of cancer cells. Overexpression of miR-182 promotes breast tumour invasion and TGFβ-induced osteoclastogenesis for bone metastasis. Furthermore, miR-182 expression inversely correlates with SMAD7 protein in human tumour samples. Therefore, our data reveal the miR-182-mediated disruption of TGFβ self-restraint and provide a mechanism to explain the unleashed TGFβ responses in metastatic cancer cells. SMAD7 is a transcriptional target and a negative regulator of TGFβ signalling forming a negative feedback loop. Here the authors show that in cancer cells TGFβ activates the expression of microRNA-182 that suppresses SMAD7 protein, promoting TGFβ-mediated breast tumour invasion and bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Rong Lei
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xueqian Zhuang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaoxun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Gang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Sima Lev
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Miguel F Segura
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Xue Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guohong Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Overexpression of C16orf74 is involved in aggressive pancreatic cancers. Oncotarget 2016; 8:50460-50475. [PMID: 28881575 PMCID: PMC5584151 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical outcome of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has not been improved in the last three decades due to the lack of effective molecular-targeted drugs. To identify a novel therapeutic target for PDAC, we have performed genome-wide anamysis and found that Homo sapienschromosome 16 open reading frame 74 (C16orf74) was up-regulated in the vast majority of PDAC. Overexpression of C16orf74protein detected by immunohistochemical analysis was an independent prognostic factor for patients with PDAC. The knockdown of endogenous C16orf74 expression in the PDAC cell lines KLM-1 and PK-59 by vector-based small hairpin-RNA (shRNA) drastically attenuated the growth of those cells, whereas ectopic C16orf74 overexpression in HEK293T and NIH3T3 cells promoted cell growth and invasion, respectively. More importantly, the endogenous threonine 44 (T44)-phosphorylated form of C16orf74 interacted with the protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit alpha (PPP3CA) via the PDIIIT sequence in the PPP3CA-binding motif within the middle portion of C16orf74 in PDAC cells. The overexpression of mutants of C16orf74 lacking the PDIIIT sequence or T44 phosphorylation resulted in the suppression of invasive activity compared with wild-type C16orf74, indicating that their interaction should be indispensable for PDAC cell invasion. These results suggest that C16orf74 plays an important role for PDAC invasion and proliferation, and is a promising target for a specific treatment for patients with PDAC.
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MiR-519d facilitates the progression and metastasis of cervical cancer through direct targeting Smad7. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:21. [PMID: 27006642 PMCID: PMC4802873 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play pivotal roles in the development of various cancer types, including cervical cancer. Methods and results In this study, we showed that miR-519d, a miRNA within the chromosome 19 miRNA cluster, was significantly upregulated in cervical cancer tissues, compared with non-tumorous cervical samples. Suppression of miR-519d markedly attenuated the migration and invasion of HeLa and SiHa cervical cancer cells. Additionally, miR-519d inhibited the apoptosis of cervical cancer cells, and the proliferation of cervical cancer cells was also affected following transfection of miR-519d inhibitor. Moreover, we identified Smad7 to be a novel target of miR-519d in cervical cancer cells. MiR-519d matched the 3′-UTR of Smad7 mRNA. Transfection with miR-519d mimics led to apparent downregulation of Smad7 both at the mRNA and protein levels. Luciferase reporter analysis revealed that miR-519d reduced the luciferase activity of Smad7 mRNA 3′-UTR through matching site-dependent manner. And more notably, suppression of Smad7 remarkably restored the migration and invasion of miR-519d-depleted cervical cancer cells. Conclusion Taken together, these findings implicated that miR-519d promoted the progression and metastasis of cervical cancer through targeting Smad7.
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Sun L, Chua CYX, Tian W, Zhang Z, Chiao PJ, Zhang W. MicroRNA Signaling Pathway Network in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. J Genet Genomics 2015; 42:563-577. [PMID: 26554910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is considered to be the most lethal and aggressive malignancy with high mortality and poor prognosis. Their responses to current multimodal therapeutic regimens are limited. It is urgently needed to identify the molecular mechanism underlying pancreatic oncogenesis. Twelve core signaling cascades have been established critical in PDAC tumorigenesis by governing a wide variety of cellular processes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are aberrantly expressed in different types of tumors and play pivotal roles as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Here, we will describe how miRNAs regulate different signaling pathways that contribute to pancreatic oncogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhao Sun
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA; Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Corrine Ying Xuan Chua
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston 77030, USA
| | - Weijun Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Paul J Chiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston 77030, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston 77030, USA; Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
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15
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Zhu Z, Xu Y, Zhao J, Liu Q, Feng W, Fan J, Wang P. miR-367 promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and invasion of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells by targeting the Smad7-TGF-β signalling pathway. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1367-75. [PMID: 25867271 PMCID: PMC4402451 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant Smad7 expression contributes to the invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. However, the potential mechanism underlying aberrant Smad7 expression in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains largely unknown. METHODS Bioinformatic prediction programmes and luciferase reporter assay were used to identify microRNAs regulating Smad7. The association between miR-367 expression and the overall survival of PDAC patients was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The effects of miR-367 and Smad7 on the invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We found that miR-367 downregulated Smad7 expression by directly targeting its 3'-UTR in human pancreatic cancer cells. High level of miR-367 expression correlated with poor prognosis of PDAC patients. Functional studies showed that miR-367 promoted pancreatic cancer invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo through downregulating Smad7. In addition, we showed that miR-367 promoted epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by increasing transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced transcriptional activity. CONCLUSIONS The present study identified and characterised a signalling pathway, the miR-367/Smad7-TGF-β pathway, which is involved in the invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. Our results suggest that miR-367 may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of human pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhu
- 1] Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China [2] Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Y Xu
- 1] Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China [2] Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - J Zhao
- 1] Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China [2] Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Q Liu
- 1] Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China [2] Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - W Feng
- 1] Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China [2] Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - J Fan
- Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Central Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - P Wang
- 1] Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China [2] Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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16
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Qi Q, Geng Y, Sun M, Wang P, Chen Z. Clinical implications of systemic inflammatory response markers as independent prognostic factors for advanced pancreatic cancer. Pancreatology 2015; 15:145-50. [PMID: 25641673 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-associated inflammation is a key molecular feature of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. In this study, we systematically evaluated the prognostic relevance of systemic inflammatory response (SIR) markers in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. METHODS A total of 321 consecutive patients with pathologically-confirmed locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma were retrospectively recruited. The patients were divided into a test set (n = 110) and a validation set (n = 211). The associations between overall survival (OS) and clinically available SIR markers including white blood cell (WBC) count, absolute neutrophil count, absolute lymphocyte count, absolute monocyte count, platelet count, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR) were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariate Cox proportional models. RESULTS High WBC count, neutrophil count, monocyte count, NLR, PLR and low LMR were significantly associated with decreased OS in the test set. Using the validation set for confirmation, we found also in multivariate analysis an independent value of WBC count (hazard ratio (HR): 2.176, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.560-3.035, P < 0.001), neutrophil count (HR: 2.807, 95% CI: 2.000-3.940, P < 0.001), monocyte count (HR: 1.848, 95% CI: 1.315-2.598, P < 0.001), NLR (HR: 2.204, 95% CI: 1.590-3.055, P < 0.001), PLR (HR: 1.537, 95% CI: 1.114-2.122, P = 0.009) and LMR (HR: 0.569, 95% CI: 0.412-0.784, P = 0.001) for OS in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirmed that SIR markers can be used to determine optimal therapeutic strategies for individual patients and to predict pancreatic cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Qi
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Y Geng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - M Sun
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - P Wang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Neuzillet C, de Gramont A, Tijeras-Raballand A, de Mestier L, Cros J, Faivre S, Raymond E. Perspectives of TGF-β inhibition in pancreatic and hepatocellular carcinomas. Oncotarget 2014; 5:78-94. [PMID: 24393789 PMCID: PMC3960190 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are non-curable diseases with a particularly poor prognosis. Over the last decade, research has increasingly focused on the microenvironment surrounding cancer cells, and its role in tumour development and progression. PDAC and HCC differ markedly regarding their pathological features: PDAC are typically stromal-predominant, desmoplastic, poorly vascularized tumours, whereas HCC are cellular and highly vascularized. Despite these very different settings, PDAC and HCC share transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) as a common key-signalling mediator, involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and stroma-tumour dialogue. Recently, novel drugs blocking the TGF-β pathway have entered clinical evaluation demonstrating activity in patients with advanced PDAC and HCC. TGF-β signalling is complex and mediates both pro- and anti-tumoural activities in cancer cells depending on their context, in space and time, and their microenvironment. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of the role of the TGF-β pathway and its deregulation in PDAC and HCC development and progression at the cellular and microenvironment levels. We also summarize key preclinical and clinical data on the role of TGF-β as a target for therapeutic intervention in PDAC and HCC, and explore perspectives to optimize TGF-β inhibition therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Neuzillet
- INSERM U728 and U773 and Department of Medical Oncology, Beaujon University Hospital (AP-HP - PRES Paris 7 Diderot), 100 boulevard du Général Leclerc, Clichy, France
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18
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Sherman SK, Maxwell JE, Qian Q, Bellizzi AM, Braun TA, Iannettoni MD, Darbro BW, Howe JR. Esophageal cancer in a family with hamartomatous tumors and germline PTEN frameshift and SMAD7 missense mutations. Cancer Genet 2014; 208:41-6. [PMID: 25554686 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in the PTEN tumor-suppressor gene cause autosomal-dominant conditions such as Cowden and Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndromes with variable presentations, including hamartomatous gastrointestinal tumors, dermatologic abnormalities, neurologic symptoms, and elevated cancer risk. We describe a father and son with extensive hamartomatous gastrointestinal polyposis who both developed early-onset esophageal cancer. Exome sequencing identified a novel germline PTEN frameshift mutation (c.568_569insC, p.V191Sfs*11). In addition, a missense mutation of SMAD7 (c.115G>A, p.G39R) with an allele frequency of 0.3% in the Exome Variant Server was detected in both affected individuals. Fluorescence in situ hybridization for PTEN in the resected esophageal cancer specimen demonstrated no PTEN copy loss in malignant cells; however, results of an immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated a loss of PTEN protein expression. While the risks of many cancers are elevated in the PTEN hamartoma tumor syndromes, association between esophageal adenocarcinoma and these syndromes has not been previously reported. Esophageal adenocarcinoma and extensive polyposis/ganglioneuromatosis could represent less common features of these syndromes, potentially correlating with this novel PTEN frameshift and early protein termination genotype. Alternatively, because simultaneous disruption of both the PTEN and TGF-β/SMAD4 pathways is associated with development of esophageal cancer in a mouse model and because SMAD4 mutations cause gastrointestinal hamartomas in juvenile polyposis syndrome, the SMAD7 mutation may represent an additional modifier of these individuals' PTEN-mutant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Sherman
- Department of General Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jessica E Maxwell
- Department of General Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Qining Qian
- Department of Cytogenetics/Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Andrew M Bellizzi
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Terry A Braun
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mark D Iannettoni
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Benjamin W Darbro
- Department of Cytogenetics/Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - James R Howe
- Department of General Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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19
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Li Y, Li W, Ying Z, Tian H, Zhu X, Li J, Li M. Metastatic heterogeneity of breast cancer cells is associated with expression of a heterogeneous TGFβ-activating miR424-503 gene cluster. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6107-18. [PMID: 25164015 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
TGFβ signaling is known to drive metastasis in human cancer. Under physiologic conditions, the level of TGFβ activity is tightly controlled by a regulatory network involving multiple negative regulators. At metastasis, however, these inhibitory mechanisms are usually overridden so that oncogenic TGFβ signaling can be overactivated and sustained. To better understand how the TGFβ inhibitors are suppressed in metastatic breast cancer cells, we compared miRNA expression profiles between breast cancers with or without metastasis and found that the miR424-503 cluster was markedly overexpressed in metastatic breast cancer. Mechanistic studies revealed that miR424 and miR503 simultaneously suppressed Smad7 and Smurf2, two key inhibitory factors of TGFβ signaling, leading to enhanced TGFβ signaling and metastatic capability of breast cancer cells. Moreover, antagonizing miR424-503 in breast cancer cells suppressed metastasis in vivo and increased overall host survival. Interestingly, our study also found that heterogeneous expression of the miR424-503 cluster contributed to the heterogeneity of TGFβ activity levels in, and metastatic potential of, breast cancer cell subsets. Overall, our findings demonstrate a novel mechanism, mediated by elevated expression of the miR424-503 cluster, underlying TGFβ activation and metastasis of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Ying
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Han Tian
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengfeng Li
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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20
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Xiao Z, Luo G, Liu C, Wu C, Liu L, Liu Z, Ni Q, Long J, Yu X. Molecular mechanism underlying lymphatic metastasis in pancreatic cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:925845. [PMID: 24587996 PMCID: PMC3919106 DOI: 10.1155/2014/925845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As the most challenging human malignancies, pancreatic cancer is characterized by its insidious symptoms, low rate of surgical resection, high risk of local invasion, metastasis and recurrence, and overall dismal prognosis. Lymphatic metastasis, above all, is recognized as an early adverse event in progression of pancreatic cancer and has been described to be an independent poor prognostic factor. It should be noted that the occurrence of lymphatic metastasis is not a casual or stochastic but an ineluctable and designed event. Increasing evidences suggest that metastasis-initiating cells (MICs) and the microenvironments may act as a double-reed style in this crime. However, the exact mechanisms on how they function synergistically for this dismal clinical course remain largely elusive. Therefore, a better understanding of its molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in pancreatic lymphatic metastasis is urgently required. In this review, we will summarize the latest advances on lymphatic metastasis in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Xiao
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270, Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guopei Luo
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270, Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270, Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chuntao Wu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270, Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270, Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zuqiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270, Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Quanxing Ni
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270, Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiang Long
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270, Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270, Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
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Stolfi C, Marafini I, De Simone V, Pallone F, Monteleone G. The dual role of Smad7 in the control of cancer growth and metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:23774-90. [PMID: 24317436 PMCID: PMC3876077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141223774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Smad7 was initially identified as an inhibitor of Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β due mainly to its ability to bind TGF-β receptor type I and prevent TGF-β-associated Smad signaling. More recently, it has been demonstrated that Smad7 can interact with other intracellular proteins and regulate also TGF-β-independent signaling pathways thus making a valid contribution to the neoplastic processes in various organs. In particular, data emerging from experimental studies indicate that Smad7 may differently modulate the course of various tumors depending on the context analyzed. These observations, together with the demonstration that Smad7 expression is deregulated in many cancers, suggest that therapeutic interventions around Smad7 can help interfere with the development/progression of human cancers. In this article we review and discuss the available data supporting the role of Smad7 in the modulation of cancer growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Stolfi
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (C.S.); (G.M.); Tel.: +39-6-7259-6150 (G.S.); Fax: +39-6-7259-6391 (G.S.)
| | | | | | | | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (C.S.); (G.M.); Tel.: +39-6-7259-6150 (G.S.); Fax: +39-6-7259-6391 (G.S.)
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Wang P, Zhang J, Zhang L, Zhu Z, Fan J, Chen L, Zhuang L, Luo J, Chen H, Liu L, Chen Z, Meng Z. MicroRNA 23b regulates autophagy associated with radioresistance of pancreatic cancer cells. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:1133-1143.e12. [PMID: 23916944 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Tumor resistance to radiation is a challenge in the treatment of patients with pancreatic cancer. Improving our understanding of the mechanisms of radioresistance could lead to strategies to increase patients' response to therapy. We investigated the roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in radioresistance of pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS We established radioresistant pancreatic cancer cell lines and used array analysis to compare levels of different miRNAs between radioresistant cell lines and the parental cell lines from which they were derived. We transfected pancreatic cancer cells with miRNA mimics or inhibitors and evaluated their effects on cell radiosensitivity using a clonogenic survival assay. The effects of miRNA on autophagy were determined by transmission electron microscopy and immunoblot analysis. We used a luciferase reporter assay to identify messenger RNA targets of specific miRNAs. RESULTS Radioresistant pancreatic cancer cells had reduced levels of the miRNA miR-23b and increased autophagy compared with cells that were not radioresistant. Overexpression of miR-23b inhibited radiation-induced autophagy, whereas an inhibitor of miR-23b promoted autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells. Overexpression of miR-23b sensitized pancreatic cancer cells to radiation. The target of miR-23b, ATG12, was overexpressed in radioresistant cells; levels of ATG12 protein correlated with the occurrence of autophagy. Expression of miR-23b blocked radiation-induced autophagy and sensitized pancreatic cancer cells to radiation. We observed an inverse correlation between the level of miR-23b and autophagy in human pancreatic cancer tissue samples. CONCLUSIONS In pancreatic cancer cells, reduced levels of the miRNA miR-23b increase levels of ATG12 and autophagy to promote radioresistance. miR-23b might be used to increase the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Handra-Luca A, Hammel P, Sauvanet A, Ruszniewski P, Couvelard A. Tumoral epithelial and stromal expression of SMAD proteins in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2013; 20:294-302. [PMID: 22581056 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-012-0518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SMAD proteins, intracellular mediators of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta pathway, function within two axes, the SMAD1/5/8 and SMAD2/3, connected to TGF-beta and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) ligands. The SMAD proteins of these two axes dimerize with SMAD4 and translocate to the nucleus. SMAD signaling is characterized by a dichotomic functioning, with tumor-suppressive functions and with loss of normal growth inhibitory responses, depending on the carcinogenesis stage. SMAD proteins also have pro-tumor effects including abnormal extracellular matrix production. Among tumors, pancreatic cancers harbor SMAD4 inactivation the most frequently and the SMAD proteins are considered to be key factors in pancreatic carcinogenesis. METHODS Our aims were to study the expression patterns of the different types of SMAD proteins in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas treated by surgical resection (without neoadjuvant treatment) and their correlations with morphological and clinical characteristics. We examined the immunohistochemical expression of SMAD4, SMAD1/5/8, and SMAD2/3 in 99 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Antibodies directed against the activated, phosphorylated forms of proteins were used when appropriate (SMAD1/5/8, SMAD2/3). Protein expression in the epithelial tumor cells and in stromal fibroblasts was analyzed with regard to morphological and clinical data. RESULTS Epithelial tumor cells showed SMAD1/5/8, SMAD2/3, and, SMAD4 expression in 13, 93, and 45 tumors, respectively, and stromal fibroblast expression in 5, 11, and 22 tumors, respectively. Epithelial SMAD4 was associated with a low, T1 or T2, TNM stage, and with the presence of an abundant stroma (p = 0.05 and <0.01, respectively). Activated stromal fibroblast SMAD2/3 expression was correlated with the presence of a fibrotic focus (p = 0.01), whereas fibroblast SMAD4 was related to a tendency for shorter postsurgical overall survival (p = 0.07). The relationship of stromal, fibroblast SMAD4 to a worse outcome attained statistical significance in the group of patients with T1 and with N1 stage tumors (p < 0.01 and p = 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSION In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, SMAD protein expression in epithelial tumor cells or in stromal fibroblasts was related to stromal features and to a shorter postsurgical overall survival. Our results point out that the SMAD proteins play a role in the microenvironment of this highly fibrotic tumor type.
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Kapoor S. Smad7 and its evolving role as a prognostic marker in gastro-intestinal malignancies. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:2453-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jin KM, Lu M, Liu FF, Gu J, Du XJ, Xing BC. N-WASP is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and associated with poor prognosis. Surgery 2013; 153:518-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2012.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Long K, Abuelenen T, Pava L, Bastille M, Blanck G. Size matters: sequential mutations in tumorigenesis may reflect the stochastic effect of mutagen target sizes. Genes Cancer 2012; 2:927-31. [PMID: 22701759 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911436200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We tallied the number of possible mutant amino acids in proteins thought to be inactivated early in tumorigenesis and in proteins thought to be inactivated late in tumorigenesis, respectively. Proteins thought to be inactivated early in tumorigenesis, on average, have a greater number of alternative, mutant possibilities, which raises the possibility that the sequential order of mutations associated with cancer development reflects the random chance, throughout life, of a mutagen inactivating a larger versus a smaller target. The hypothesis that the temporal order of genetic changes in cancer reflects mutagen target sizes leads to novel considerations of 1) the mechanisms of the acquisition of cancer hallmarks and 2) cancer screening strategies.
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Singh P, Srinivasan R, Wig JD, Radotra BD. A study of Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7 in Surgically Resected Samples of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Their Correlation with Clinicopathological Parameters and Patient Survival. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:560. [PMID: 22195733 PMCID: PMC3268768 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smad4 is the common mediator of the tumor suppressive functions of TGF-beta. Smad6 and Smad7 are the antagonists of the TGF-beta pathway. This study investigates the differential protein expressions of Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7 in tumor as compared to normal tissue of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and compares them with clinicopathological parameters and patient survival. Results There was a significant difference in protein expressions of Smad4 (p = 0.0001), Smad6 (p = 0.0015) and Smad7 (p = 0.0005) protein in tumor as compared to paired normal samples. Loss of Smad7 expression correlated significantly with tumor size (r = 0.421, p < 0.036) and margin status (r = 0.431; p < .032). Patients with moderate to high Smad4 protein expression had a better survival (median survival = 14.600 ± 2.112 months) than patients with absent or weak Smad4 protein expression (median survival = 7.150 ± 0.662). In addition, advanced disease stage correlated significantly with poor prognosis. Conclusion Loss of Smad4 significantly correlated with poor survival of PDAC patients. In the cases where Smad4 is expressed, Smad6 inhibition is possibly a novel mechanism for Smad4 inactivation. Smad7 has a role in pathobiology of PDAC. Further investigation in the roles of Smad6 and Smad7 would help in the identification of novel therapeutic targets for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Singh
- Department of General Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Theohari I, Giannopoulou I, Magkou C, Nomikos A, Melissaris S, Nakopoulou L. Differential effect of the expression of TGF-β pathway inhibitors, Smad-7 and Ski, on invasive breast carcinomas: relation to biologic behavior. APMIS 2011; 120:92-100. [PMID: 22229264 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02814.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate the expression of Smad-7 and Ski proteins in invasive breast carcinomas, to determine their clinicopathological value and their influence on carcinomas biologic behavior. Immunohistochemistry was applied on 150 invasive breast carcinomas to detect the expression of Smad-7 and Ski. Their correlation to clinicopathologic parameters and markers of metastasis was statistically processed using chi-squared test. Overall and disease-free survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier test and log-rank statistics. Smad-7 was immunodetected in the cytoplasm of cancer cells in 60%, whereas Ski was immunodetected in the cytoplasm and nuclei in 44.5% and 17.6% of the cases, respectively. Smad-7 expression was positively correlated with tumor size, stage, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and MMP-14. Cytoplasmic Ski expression was negatively associated with tumor size, stage, and lymph node status, and its nuclear expression was negatively related to histologic grade. Cytoplasmic Ski expression was associated with longer overall and disease-free survival. It appears that two negative regulators of the transforming growth factor-β pathway, Smad-7 and Ski, behave differentially in invasive breast carcinomas. Smad-7 appears to be related with an aggressive phenotype, whereas Ski expression is related to a less aggressive behavior and positively influences patients' survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Theohari
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
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Chen HT, Cai QC, Zheng JM, Man XH, Jiang H, Song B, Jin G, Zhu W, Li ZS. High expression of delta-like ligand 4 predicts poor prognosis after curative resection for pancreatic cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 19 Suppl 3:S464-74. [PMID: 21822553 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-1968-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4)-Notch signaling plays a key role in tumor angiogenesis, but its prognostic value in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains unclear. Our aim was to determine whether high DLL4 expression is correlated with poor prognosis after curative resection for PDAC. METHODS Surgical specimens obtained from 89 patients with PDAC were immunohistochemically assessed for DLL4 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) expression. Prognostic significance of DLL4 expression was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression. The correlations of DLL4 expression with VEGFR-2 expression, tumor stage, and lymph node metastasis were examined by chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS There were 38 (42.7%) and 51 patients who showed high and low DLL4 expression, respectively. Survival curves showed that patients with low DLL4 expression had a significantly better survival than those with high DLL4 expression (P < .001). Multivariate survival analysis demonstrated that high DLL4 expression was independently associated with both reduced overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] 2.24; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.14-4.38) and reduced progression-free survival (HR 2.37; 95% CI 1.22-4.60). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that high DLL4 expression was independently associated with both advanced tumor stage (odds ratio [OR] 6.84; 95% CI 2.42-9.36) and lymph node metastasis (OR 3.27; 95% CI 1.04-10.34). We also found a positive correlation between DLL4 and VEGFR-2 expression (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS High DLL4 expression is significantly associated with poor prognosis for surgically resected PDAC, advanced tumor stage, and lymph node metastasis. Application of adjuvant therapy targeting DLL4-Notch signaling may improve prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Chen
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Ansari D, Rosendahl A, Elebro J, Andersson R. Systematic review of immunohistochemical biomarkers to identify prognostic subgroups of patients with pancreatic cancer. Br J Surg 2011; 98:1041-55. [PMID: 21644238 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.7574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) carries a dismal prognosis. There is a need to identify prognostic subtypes of PDAC to predict clinical and therapeutic outcomes accurately, and define novel therapeutic targets. The purpose of this review was to provide a systematic summary and review of available data on immunohistochemical (IHC) prognostic and predictive markers in patients with PDAC. METHODS Relevant articles in English published between January 1990 and June 2010 were obtained from PubMed searches. Other articles identified from cross-checking references and additional sources were reviewed. The inclusion was limited to studies evaluating IHC markers in a multivariable setting. RESULTS Database searches identified 76 independent prognostic and predictive molecular markers implicated in pancreatic tumour growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion and resistance to chemotherapy. Of these, 11 markers (Ki-67, p27, p53, transforming growth factor β1, Bcl-2, survivin, vascular endothelial growth factor, cyclo-oxygenase 2, CD34, S100A4 and human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1) provided independent prognostic or predictive information in two or more separate studies. CONCLUSION None of the molecular markers described can be recommended for routine clinical use as they were identified in small cohorts and there were inconsistencies between studies. Their prognostic and predictive values need to be validated further in prospective multicentre studies in larger patient populations. A panel of molecular markers may become useful in predicting individual patient outcome and directing novel types of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ansari
- Department of Surgery, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden
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Jamieson NB, Carter CR, McKay CJ, Oien KA. Tissue biomarkers for prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:3316-31. [PMID: 21444679 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-3284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The management of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) continues to present a great challenge particularly with regard to prediction of outcome following pancreaticoduodenectomy. Molecular markers have been extensively investigated by numerous groups with the aim of enhancing prognostication; however, despite hundreds of studies that have sought to assess the potential prognostic value of molecular markers in predicting the clinical course following resection of PDAC, at this time, no molecular marker assay forms part of recommended clinical practice. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature for immunohistochemistry-based biomarkers of PDAC outcome. A dual search strategy was applied to the PubMed database on January 6, 2010, to identify cohort studies that reported associations between immunohistochemical biomarker expression and survival outcomes in PDAC, and conformed to the REMARK (REporting recommendations for tumor MARKer prognostic studies) criteria. RESULTS A total of 103 distinct proteins met all inclusion criteria. Promising markers that emerged for the prediction of overall survival included BAX (HR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.71-0.56), Bcl-2 (HR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.27-0.63), survivin (HR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.29-0.73), Ki-67: (HR = 2.42, 95% CI: 1.87-3.14), COX-2 (HR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.13-1.71), E-cadherin (HR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.33-2.42), and S100 calcium-binding proteins, in particular S100A2 (HR = 3.23, 95% CI: 1.58-6.62). CONCLUSIONS We noted that that there was incomplete adherence to the REMARK guidelines with inadequate methodology reporting as well as failure to perform multivariate analysis. Addressing the persistent incomplete adoption of these criteria may eventually result in the incorporation of molecular marker assessment within PDAC management algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel B Jamieson
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit and Department of Pathology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Alexandra Parade, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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K-ras mutational status predicts poor prognosis in unresectable pancreatic cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2010; 36:657-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Cortactin overexpression correlates with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Chin J Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-010-0112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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