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Cheng WY, Shen CC, Liang YJ, Chiao MT, Yang YC, Hsieh WY, Lin CH, Chen JP. Polymorphism at codon 31 of CDKN1A (p21) as a predictive factor for bevacizumab therapy in glioblastoma multiforme. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:886. [PMID: 37730565 PMCID: PMC10510274 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), a prevalent and malignant brain tumor, poses a challenge in surgical resection due to its invasive nature within the brain parenchyma. CDKN1A (p21, Waf-1), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, plays a pivotal role in regulating cell growth arrest, terminal differentiation, and apoptosis. The existence of natural variants of CDKN1A has been associated with specific cancer types. In this retrospective study, our objective was to identify polymorphic variants of CDKN1A, specifically c.93C > A (codon 31 Ser31Arg), and investigate its potential impact within the scope of bevacizumab therapy for glioblastoma multiforme. This study involved a cohort of 139 unrelated adult Chinese GBM patients in Taiwan. Genomic DNA extracted from tumor samples was utilized for genotyping using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism method (PCR-RFLP analysis). Through unconditional logistic regression analysis, odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Our findings unveiled that among these GBM patients, the distribution of codon 31 polymorphisms was as follows: 23.02% were Serine homozygotes (Ser/Ser), 27.34% were Arginine homozygotes (Arg/Arg), and 49.64% were Serine/Arginine heterozygotes (Ser/Arg). While CDKN1A c.93C > A polymorphisms did not exhibit a direct association with overall survival in GBM patients, noteworthy survival benefits emerged among individuals with Arg/Arg and Arg/Ser genotypes who received combined concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and bevacizumab treatment compared to those who underwent CCRT alone. Our findings indicate a significant involvement of the CDKN1A c.93C > A polymorphism in the development and onset of GBM, offering potential implications for the early prognostication of bevacizumab therapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Cheng
- Department of Minimally Invasive Skull Base Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung city, Taiwan.
- Department of Physical Therapy, Hung Kuang University, Taichung city, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung city, Taiwan.
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung city, Taiwan.
| | - Chiung-Chyi Shen
- Department of Minimally Invasive Skull Base Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung city, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Hung Kuang University, Taichung city, Taiwan
- Basic Medical Education, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung city, Taiwan
| | - Yea-Jiuen Liang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Skull Base Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung city, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Chiao
- Department of Minimally Invasive Skull Base Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung city, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chin Yang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Skull Base Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung city, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yu Hsieh
- Department of Minimally Invasive Skull Base Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung city, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hui Lin
- Department of Minimally Invasive Skull Base Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung city, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Peng Chen
- Biostatistics Task Force, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung city, Taiwan
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Kreis NN, Louwen F, Yuan J. The Multifaceted p21 (Cip1/Waf1/ CDKN1A) in Cell Differentiation, Migration and Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091220. [PMID: 31438587 PMCID: PMC6770903 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of cell cycle control is characteristic of tumorigenesis. The protein p21 is the founding member of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and an important versatile cell cycle protein. p21 is transcriptionally controlled by p53 and p53-independent pathways. Its expression is increased in response to various intra- and extracellular stimuli to arrest the cell cycle ensuring genomic stability. Apart from its roles in cell cycle regulation including mitosis, p21 is involved in differentiation, cell migration, cytoskeletal dynamics, apoptosis, transcription, DNA repair, reprogramming of induced pluripotent stem cells, autophagy and the onset of senescence. p21 acts either as a tumor suppressor or as an oncogene depending largely on the cellular context, its subcellular localization and posttranslational modifications. In the present review, we briefly mention the general functions of p21 and summarize its roles in differentiation, migration and invasion in detail. Finally, regarding its dual role as tumor suppressor and oncogene, we highlight the potential, difficulties and risks of using p21 as a biomarker as well as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina-Naomi Kreis
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Frank Louwen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juping Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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Yang W, Li Y, Ning T, Cai H, Chen Z, Dong Y, Ke Y. Polymorphisms in the 5' upstream regulatory region of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and susceptibility to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22564. [PMID: 26932598 PMCID: PMC4773838 DOI: 10.1038/srep22564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to scan the 5'-upstream regulatory region of the p21 gene to identify all putative functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and to evaluate the contribution of p21 variants to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in the Chinese Han population. Common SNPs were identified, and both locus-based and haplotype-based association tests were used to evaluate the potential risk of these p21 gene polymorphisms for ESCC. Immunohistochemistry assay was further performed to detect the P21 protein expression in ESCC specimens. Twenty three SNPs were identified and seven Tagging SNPs were chosen to represent all 23 SNPs. Univariate analysis indicated that the rs3829963 C and the rs2395655 G alleles increased susceptibility to ESCC (OR = 1.606 and OR = 1.572, respectively). The rs3829963 C and rs2395655 G alleles, combined with cigarette smoking, could further increase the risk for ESCC (OR = 2.657 and OR = 2.828, respectively). Additionally, the rs2395655 G allele appeared to elevate the positive rate of P21 expression in ESCC tissues, as compared to the A allele. This report demonstrates for the first time that rs3829963 and rs2395655, in the promoter of the p21 gene are potentially functional, modulating susceptibility to ESCC among the high-risk cigarette-smoking Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Genetics, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance (Ministry of Education), Cancer Institute of the General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Genetics, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P. R. China.,Department of Laboratory Animal, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P. R. China
| | - Tao Ning
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Genetics, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P. R. China
| | - Hong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Genetics, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Radiology Department of General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Ying Dong
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance (Ministry of Education), Cancer Institute of the General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Yang Ke
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Genetics, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P. R. China
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Dong Y, Wang X, Ye X, Wang G, Li Y, Wang N, Yang Y, Chen Z, Yang W. Association Between p21 Ser31Arg Polymorphism and Gastrointestinal Tract Tumor Risk: A Meta-analysis. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2014; 14:627-33. [PMID: 24645745 PMCID: PMC4639905 DOI: 10.7785/tcrtexpress.2013.500422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human p21 gene is characterized by a polymorphism at codon 31 leading to a Serine-to- Arginine (S/R), two different alleles of p21 Ser31Arg (rs 1801270) polymorphism have been shown to differ significantly in their transcriptional efficiency. More and more investigations are now being carried out to examine a possible link between the p21 Ser31Arg polymorphism and cancer. However, the results were inconclusive. Therefore, we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine whether this polymorphism is associated with gastrointestinal tract tumor in Asian. Seven studies (n = 2690), comprising 967 cases and 1723 controls in Asian population, were included in our study. The meta-analysis showed significant association between Ser-allele or Ser/Ser genotype and the susceptibility to gastrointestinal tract tumor in overall studies (Ser-allele vs. Arg-allele: OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.04-1.31; Ser/Ser vs. Arg/Arg: OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.09-1.75; Ser/Ser vs. Arg/Ser: OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.05-1.53; Ser/Ser vs. Arg/Ser + Arg/Arg: OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.07-1.54). Despite the limitations, the results of the present meta-analysis suggested that, in the p21 Ser31Arg polymorphism, Ser-allele and Ser/Ser genotype might be risk factors for gastrointestinal tract tumor in Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Dong
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Heredity of Ningxia Region Ying Dong and Xiaohua Wang contribute equally to this article
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Heredity of Ningxia Region Ying Dong and Xiaohua Wang contribute equally to this article
| | - Xiaofeng Ye
- Oncology Department of Cancer Hospital & Institute, General Hospital
| | - Guanhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Heredity of Ningxia Region Oncology Department of Cancer Hospital & Institute, General Hospital
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Heredity of Ningxia Region Radiology Department of General Hospital
| | - Ningju Wang
- Oncology Department of Cancer Hospital & Institute, General Hospital
| | - Yinxue Yang
- Surgical Laboratory of General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, P. R. China
| | | | - Wenjun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Heredity of Ningxia Region Oncology Department of Cancer Hospital & Institute, General Hospital
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Ning Z, Zhu H, Li F, Liu Q, Liu G, Tan T, Zhang B, Chen S, Li G, Huang D, Meltzer SJ, Zhang H. Tumor suppression by miR-31 in esophageal carcinoma is p21-dependent. Genes Cancer 2014; 5:436-44. [PMID: 25568668 PMCID: PMC4279440 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNA regulation network is important for the cancer genetic heterogeneity. Relative to the increasing numbers of microRNA's targets identified, upstream regulatory mechanisms that control functional microRNAs are less well-documented. Here, we investigated the function of miR-31, a pleiotropically-acting microRNA, in esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC). We demonstrated that miR-31 only exerted tumor-suppressive effects in TE-7 ESCC cells, but not in TE-1 ESCC cells, although both of these cell lines harbor inactive p53. Interestingly, TE-1 cells highly expressed p21, while p21 levels were virtually undetectable in TE-7 cells, suggesting a p21-dependent mechanism of miR-31-mediated tumor suppression. Accordingly, knockdown of p21 in TE-1 cells reversed the tumor suppressive actions of miR-31. In patient ESCC specimens, real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that expression of E2F2 and STK40, two known miR-31 target oncogenes, was negatively correlated with the expression of miR-31 in a p21-dependent manner, supporting the conclusion that miR-31 only downregulates its target oncogenes when p21 levels are low. Collectively, these data suggest a novel mechanism through which the tumor-suppressive effect of miR-31 is p21-dependent. In addition, we speculate that delivery of miR-31 could provide therapeutic benefit in the personalized management of a subgroup of ESCC patients with p21-deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Ning
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology basic medicine college, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei province, China
- Department of Biotherapy and Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Feifei Li
- Department of Biotherapy and Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Biotherapy and Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gefei Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Tan
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shaobin Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanwu Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongyang Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Stephen J. Meltzer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy and Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Tumor Tissue Bank, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Zheng L, Tang W, Shi Y, Chen S, Wang X, Wang L, Shao A, Ding G, Liu C, Liu R, Yin J, Gu H. p21 rs3176352 G>C and p73 rs1801173 C>T polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer in a Chinese population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96958. [PMID: 24820515 PMCID: PMC4018405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Esophageal cancer was the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in China in 2009. Genetic factors might play an important role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) carcinogenesis. Designs and Methods To evaluate the effect p21, p53, TP53BP1 and p73 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the risk of ESCC, we conducted a hospital based case–control study. A total of 629 ESCC cases and 686 controls were recruited. Their genotypes were determined using ligation detection reaction (LDR) method. Results When the p21 rs3176352 GG homozygote genotype was used as the reference group, the CC genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk of ESCC. When the p73 rs1801173 CC homozygote genotype was used as the reference group, the CT genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk of ESCC. After Bonferroni correction, for p21 rs3176352 G>C, the pcorrect was still significant. For the other six SNPs, in all comparison models, no association between the polymorphisms and ESCC risk was observed. Conclusions p21 rs3176352 G>C and p73 rs1801173 C>T SNPs are associated with increased risk of ESCC. To confirm the current findings, additional, larger studies and tissue-specific biological characterization are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zheng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weifeng Tang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yijun Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Suocheng Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Cancer institute, Department of chemotherapy, People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Aizhong Shao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guowen Ding
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ruiping Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (JY); (HG)
| | - Haiyong Gu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (JY); (HG)
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Jaiswal PK, Singh V, Mittal RD. Polymorphism at P21 codon 31 and dinucleotide polymorphism of P73 gene and susceptibility to bladder cancer in individuals from North India. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2013; 19:293-300. [PMID: 24339541 PMCID: PMC3841553 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.120815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM: p73, a novel P53 homolog and plays an important role in modulating cell cycle control, apoptosis and cell growth while P21, functions to negatively control the cell cycle. P53 up regulates p21 expression in response to deoxyribonucleic acid damage leading to cell cycle arrest at G1 checkpoint. In the present study, we are targeting p21 codon 31 and p73 gene variants of G4C14-to-A4T14 (Exon 2) polymorphism for bladder cancer (BC) risk in North Indians. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The above gene variants of P21 and P73 were assessed in the case-control study comprising of 200 BC cases and 200 healthy controls of the same age, gender and similar ethnicity. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism method and PCR-based confronting two-pair primers (PCR with CTPP). RESULTS: The variant genotype of p73Exon 2 polymorphism showed significant risk for BC (p = 0.014). While combining with heterozygous genotype, variant genotype of p73Exon2 showed a significant association with BC risk (p = 0.010). While in case of p21 codon31 showed no significant association for BC risk at genotypic level. Significant association between p73Exon2 polymorphism and smoking was observed for BC risk. Furthermore, gene combination analysis revealed that AT/AT-Ser/Ser is associated with risk for BC. Variant genotype of P73Exon2 was associated with reduced risk of recurrence (p = 0.039) in superficial BC patients receiving Bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment thus showing least survival (log rank = 0.029). CONCLUSION: Our study provided evidence that the p73 G4C14 > A4T14 (Exon2) polymorphisms were associated with higher risk of BC in North Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Primary and secondary leiomyosarcoma of the oral and perioral region--clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of a rare entity with a review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 71:1132-42. [PMID: 23434173 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) rarely occurs in the head and neck region. These tumors present with a wide range of clinical features, so the diagnosis is predicated on conventional microscopic findings coupled with immunohistochemical analysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Clinical and histologic data of 7 patients with LMS of the head and neck were recorded retrospectively. In addition to routine immunohistochemistry, staining for cell cycle regulator proteins p16 and p21 was performed. RESULTS Five LMSs (4 intraoral, 1 dermal cheek) occurred primarily in the oral and perioral region. Two LMSs (parietal and sinonasal) were diagnosed as metastases originating from the uterus and pelvis. Treatment of the primary LMSs consisted of radical tumor resection with clear margins. Distant metastases from LMSs were irradiated or excised as palliative treatment. Three of 5 patients (60%) with primarily excised LMS developed recurrence after an average of 7 months, with lung metastases occurring after 17 months. In 1 patient, cervical lymph node metastases were detected after 10 months. Of all patients, 5 died after an average survival period of 2.4 years. The mean survival period of the 5 patients with primary LMS of the head and neck was 3.3 years. All tumors were positive for vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin, with 57% of tumors showing positive nuclear expression of p16 and 71% of p21. Lack of p16 nuclear expression was associated with a shorter mean survival time (1.3 vs 4.3 yr for p16 positivity). CONCLUSION Lung and cervical lymph node metastases often occur in LMS of the head and neck. Presurgical staging, including gynecologic examination, whole-body computed tomography, and sometimes positron-emission or computed tomography, to rule out LMS metastasis is mandatory. Surgical resection of the tumor should be given top priority. Lack of p16 reactivity may have a prognostic value for LMS because it was related to a trend toward poorer survival.
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Sivoňová MK, Vilčková M, Jurečeková J, Hatok J, Dobrota D, Dušenka R, Kliment J. The role of p21 3'UTR gene polymorphism in the risk of prostate cancer: a pilot study. Mol Med Rep 2012; 7:986-90. [PMID: 23292332 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle regulator p21 plays an important role in regulating critical cell activities including cell cycle control, DNA repair and apoptosis. Consequently, it may affect the efficacy of the response to DNA damage and tumor development. The aim of our study was to evaluate the frequencies of the p21 C70T polymorphism, the association between this genetic variant and smoking status, and the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and Gleason score in 118 prostate cancer patients and 130 males routinely screened for prostate cancer in the Slovak population. Blood samples were collected from all individuals for DNA isolation, used for subsequent genotyping assays via PCR-RFLP methods. Overall, we did not observe any significant association between this polymorphism and prostate cancer risk. An analysis of the association between the p21 genotypes and smoking was then conducted. Among smokers, CC and CT genotypes were associated with a non‑significant increased risk (OR=1.48; 95% CI, 0.80-2.76 and OR=1.15; 95% CI, 0.27‑4.77, respectively; p>0.05) in comparison to non-smokers with the CC genotype. Patients with a CT genotype and serum PSA levels≥10 ng/ml had an 84% decrease in prostate cancer risk (OR=0.16; 95% CI, 0.03-0.75; p<0.05) compared to cases with serum PSA levels <10 ng/ml and the CC genotype. No significant association was detected between Gleason score and prostate cancer risk. Based on these results, we concluded that the p21 C70T polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of prostate cancer in Slovak men. To confirm these findings, a systematic approach is required to identify sequence variants in this and other related genes, and subsequently, to test for an association between such variants, smoking status and tumor-specific clinicopathological characteristics in large samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kmetová Sivoňová
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital of Martin, Martin, Slovak Republic
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Liu F, Wei YG, Luo LM, Wang WT, Yan LN, Wen TF, Xu MQ, Yang JY, Li B. Genetic variants of p21 and p27 and hepatocellular cancer risk in a Chinese Han population: a case-control study. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:2056-64. [PMID: 23034899 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The p21 (Cip1/CDKN1A) and p27 (Kip1/CDKN1B) are members of the Cip/Kip family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, which can arrest cell proliferation and serve as tumour suppressors. We hypothesized that genetic variants in p21 and p27 may modify individual susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the associations of the polymorphisms of Ser31Arg and C+20T in p21 and C-79T and Gly109Val in p27, as well as their combinations, with HCC risk in a case-control study of 476 HCC cases and 526 cancer-free controls in a Chinese population. The matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry method was performed to detect these polymorphisms. We found that the variant genotypes of p21 Ser31Arg and p27 C-79T were individually associated with a significantly increased risk of HCC, but no associations were observed for other variant genotypes. Moreover, the combined variant genotypes of the four loci were associated with a significantly increased HCC risk (adjusted OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.72, 2.91 among subjects carrying 3 or more variant alleles), especially among HbsAg-positive individuals (adjusted OR = 3.09, 95% CI = 1.86, 5.14). Furthermore, the combined variant genotypes of the four loci (carrying three or more variant alleles) increased a 1.93-fold (95% CI = 1.20, 3.09) and 1.76-fold (95% CI = 1.17, 2.64) risk of HCC among smokers and nonsmokers. The variant genotypes of the two genes in this study have negative correlation with the clinicopathologicals observed. These results suggest that p21 polymorphisms individually or in combination with p27 polymorphisms increases risk of HCC, particularly among HbsAg-positive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Division of Liver Transplantation, Department of liver and vascular surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Ma H, Zhou Z, Wei S, Wei Q. Association between p21 Ser31Arg polymorphism and cancer risk: a meta-analysis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 30:254-63. [PMID: 21439247 PMCID: PMC4013352 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.010.10587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
P21 (CDKN1A), a key cell cycle regulatory protein that governs cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase, can regulate cell proliferation, growth arrest, and apoptosis. The Ser31Arg polymorphism is located in the highly conserved region of p21 and may encode functionally distinct proteins. Although many epidemiological studies have been conducted to evaluate the association between the p21 Ser31Arg polymorphism and cancer risk, the findings remain conflicting. This meta-analysis with 33 077 cases and 45 013 controls from 44 published case-control studies showed that the variant homozygous 31Arg/Arg genotype was associated with an increased risk of numerous types of cancers in a random-effect model (homozygote comparison: OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.37, P = 0.0002 for the heterogeneity test; recessive model comparison: OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.33, P = 0.0001 for the heterogeneity test). Stratified analysis revealed that increased cancer risk associated with the 31Arg/Arg genotype remained significant in subgroups of colorectal cancer, estrogen-related cancer, Caucasians, population-based studies, studies with matching information or a larger sample size. Heterogeneity analysis showed that tumor type contributed to substantial between-study heterogeneity (recessive model comparison: Χ(2) = 21.83, df = 7, P = 0.003). The results from this large-sample sized meta-analysis suggest that the p21 31Arg/Arg genotype may serve as a potential marker for increased cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
BackgroundStudies investigating the association between p21 genetic polymorphism Ser31Arg and cervical cancer (CC) risk report conflicting results. The aim of this study was to quantitatively summarize the evidence for p21 polymorphism and CC risk.MethodsTwo investigators independently searched the MEDLINE, Embase, CNKI, and Chinese Biomedicine databases. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for p21 polymorphism and CC were calculated in a fixed effects model (the Mantel-Haenszel method) and a random effects model (the DerSimonian and Laird method) when appropriate. The pooled ORs were performed for codominant model (Arg/Arg vs Ser/Ser and Arg/Ser vs Ser/Ser), dominant model (Arg/Arg + Arg/Ser vs Ser/Ser), and recessive model (Arg/Arg vs Arg/Ser + Ser/Ser). Subgroup analyses were performed by country, matched controls, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the controls and study sample size.ResultsThis meta-analysis included 10 case-control studies from an Asian population, which included 1415 CC cases and 1947 controls. Overall, the variant genotypes (Arg/Arg and Arg/Ser) of Ser31Arg were not associated with CC risk, when compared with the wild-type homozygote Ser/Ser (Arg/Arg vs Ser/Ser: OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.81-2.08; Arg/Ser vs Ser/Ser: OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.72-1.55). Similarly, no associations were found in the dominant and recessive models (dominant model: OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.73-1.51; recessive model: OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.86-1.90). Stratified analyses also detected no significant association in any subgroup, except among those studies from "other" country and those studies with controls deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.ConclusionNo association was found between the p21 polymorphism Arg31Ser and risk of CC among Asians. In the future, additional studies based on white and African American patients should be performed to re-evaluate the association.
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Liu F, Li B, Wei Y, Chen X, Ma Y, Yan L, Wen T. P21 codon 31 polymorphism associated with cancer among white people: evidence from a meta-analysis involving 78 074 subjects. Mutagenesis 2011; 26:513-21. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ger010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Golka K, Selinski S, Lehmann ML, Blaszkewicz M, Marchan R, Ickstadt K, Schwender H, Bolt HM, Hengstler JG. Genetic variants in urinary bladder cancer: collective power of the “wimp SNPs”. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:539-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0676-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kim SG, Lee OY, Choi JW, Park YH, Kim YM, Yeo MK, Kim JM, Rha KS. Pattern of Expression of Cell Cycle–related Proteins in Malignant Transformation of Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2011; 25:75-81. [DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background It has been suggested that sinonasal inverted papilloma (IP) can progress to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); however, mechanisms of malignant transformation are not fully understood. This study investigated alterations in the expression of cell cycle–related proteins in a multistep process of malignant transformation of IPs. Methods The expression of cell cycle–related proteins, including p53, p21, p16, and p63, was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 21, 56, 7, and 18 cases of nasal polyps, IPs, IPs with dysplasia, and IPs with SCC, respectively. Furthermore, we determined the possible correlation between the expression of these proteins and clinicopathological variables in patients with IPs with SCC. Results Expression of p53 was found only in 8 of 18 IPs with SCC (44.4%). The frequency of p21 positivity was significantly higher in IPs with dysplasia (71.4%) and IPs with SCC (77.8%) compared with nasal polyps (0%) and IPs (12.5%). A p16 positivity was observed in 82.1% of IPs and 57.1% of IPs with dysplasia, whereas 83.3% of IPs with SCC showed an apparent loss of p16 protein expression. A p63 positivity was found in all specimens, but the percentage of positive cells was significantly increased in IPs with dysplasia and IPs with SCC compared with nasal polyps and IPs. There was no significant correlation between the expression of these proteins and clinicopathological variables, such as tumor stage, histological differentiation, and the proportion of malignant areas in patients with IPs with SCC. Conclusion Alteration of cell cycle–related proteins may contribute importantly to the malignant transformation from IP to SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Gui Kim
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - O-Young Lee
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin-Woong Choi
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Park
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yong-Min Kim
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Yeo
- Departments of Pathology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Departments of Pathology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ki-Sang Rha
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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