Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is upregulated in aggressive papillary thyroid carcinoma

DLK1-DIO3 region as a source of tumor suppressor miRNAs in papillary thyroid carcinoma

BACKGROUND

In previous studies, we demonstrated the downregulation of several miRNAs from the DLK1-DIO3 genomic region in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Due to the large number of miRNAs within this region, the individual contribution of these molecules to PTC development and progression remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE

In this study, we aimed to clarify the contribution of DLK1-DIO3-derived miRNAs to PTC.

METHODS

We used different computational approaches and in vitro resources to assess the biological processes and signaling pathways potentially modulated by these miRNAs.

RESULTS

Our analysis suggests that, out of more than 100 mature miRNAs originated from the DLK1-DIO3 region, a set of 12 miRNAs accounts for most of the impact on PTC development and progression, cooperating to modulate distinct cancer-relevant biological processes, such as cell migration, extracellular matrix remodeling, and signal transduction. The restoration of the expression of one of these miRNAs (miR-485-5p) in a BRAFT199A-positive PTC cell line impaired proliferation and migration, suppressing the expression of GAB2 and RAC1, validated miR-485-5p targets.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, our results shed light on the role of the DLK1-DIO3 region, which harbors promising tumor suppressor miRNAs in thyroid cancer, and open prospects for the functional exploration of these miRNAs as therapeutic targets for PTC.

B7-H3 and ICAM-1 are potentially therapeutic targets for thyroid carcinoma

Although most differentiated thyroid carcinoma has a clinically favorable prognosis, some of specific types of thyroid cancer (such as anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and advanced papillary thyroid carcinoma) show fatal outcomes and require novel treatments. Immunotherapy is a promising avenue for the treatment of advanced thyroid carcinoma. B7-H3 (B7 homolog 3 protein) and ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1), as two important immune checkpoints (ICPs), is becoming hopeful target spots for immunotherapy. A growing amount of evidence has suggested that B7-H3 and ICAM-1 are upregulated in papillary thyroid carcinoma. However, their expression level in specific types of thyroid cancer remains largely unclear. In the present study, we explored the expression level of B7-H3 and ICAM-1 in different types of thyroid carcinoma. In the groups of the TCGA cohort, both B7-H3 and ICAM-1 mRNA were highly expressed in thyroid carcinoma. Furthermore, the patients with Stage2, 61-80y, Follicular thyroid papillary carcinoma and N0 had lower B7-H3 and ICAM-1 mRNA expression. In the groups of our cohort, PTCs and ATCs showed frequently moderate to strong expression of B7-H3 and ICAM-1 protein expression. The significant relevance of B7-H3 staining score with ICAM-1 staining score was observed in TCGA database and our cohort, which might open avenues for the combination therapy in advanced thyroid cancer.

Predictive value of plasma sICAM-1 and sP-Selectins in the risk of death in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome

Background

To evaluate the predictive value of sICAM-1 and sP-Selectins in the risk of death in a prospective cohort of adult acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Methods

Adult ARDS patients were included. Plasma sICAM-1, sP-Selectins, and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-17A) were detected in ARDS subjects. The correlation between different factors and the potential of sICAM-1 and sP-Selectins as endothelial markers to predict the risk of deathfrom ARDS was analyzed.

Serum Levels of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 as Biomarkers to Predict Radiotherapy Sensitivity in Cervical Cancer

Background

Cervical cancer is a significant global health burden, and individualized treatment approaches are necessary due to its heterogeneity. Radiotherapy is a common treatment modality; however, the response varies among patients. The identification of reliable biomarkers to predict radiotherapy sensitivity is crucial.

Methods

A cohort of 189 patients with stage IB2-IVA cervical cancer, treated with radiotherapy alone or concurrent chemoradiotherapy, was included. Serum samples were collected before treatment, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) concentrations were determined. Patients were categorized into radiotherapy-sensitive (RS) and radiotherapy-resistant (RR) groups based on treatment response. Clinicopathological characteristics and survival rates were analyzed.

Results

The analysis of clinicopathological characteristics showed that age, family history of cervical cancer and post-menopausal status did not significantly differ between RS and RR groups. Tumor size demonstrated a borderline significant association with radiotherapy response, while differentiation degree was significantly associated. Serum ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 concentrations were significantly higher in the RR group compared to the RS group. Combined detection of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 improved the predictive ability for radiotherapy sensitivity. Higher serum ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels were observed in patients with lower tumor differentiation. Five-year overall survival rates differed significantly between patients with high and low ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels.

Conclusion

Serum ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels show potential as predictive biomarkers for radiotherapy sensitivity in cervical cancer.

ICAM1 antibody drug conjugates exert potent antitumor activity in papillary and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

Treatment options for anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) and refractory papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) are limited and outcomes remain poor. In this study, we determined via bioinformatic expression analyses and immunohistochemistry staining that intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM1) is an attractive target for ATC and PTC. We designed and engineered two ICAM1-directed antibody-drug conjugate (I1-MMAE and I1-DXd), both of which potently and selectively ablate multiple human ATC and PTC cell lines without affecting non-plastic cells in vitro. Furthermore, I1-MMAE and I1-DXd mediated a potent tumor regression in ATC and PTC xenograft models. To develop a precision medicine, we also explored magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a non-invasive biomarker detection method to quantitatively map ICAM1 antigen expression in heterogeneous thyroid tumors. Taken together, this study provides a strong rationale for the further development of I1-MMAE and I1-DXd as promising therapeutic candidates to treat advanced PTC and ATC.

Nuclear Imaging of CAR T Immunotherapy to Solid Tumors: In Terms of Biodistribution, Viability, and Cytotoxic Effect

Immunotherapy has become a mainstay of cancer therapy. Since chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T immunotherapy achieves unprecedented success in curing hematological malignancies, the possibility of it revolutionizing the paradigm of solid tumors has aroused increasing attention. However, the restricted accessibility to tumor parenchyma, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and antigen heterogeneity of solid tumors make it difficult to replicate its success. Therefore, dynamic evaluation of CAR T cells' tumor accessibility, intratumoral viability, and anti-tumor cytotoxicity is necessary to facilitate its translation to solid tumors. Besides, real-timely imaging above events in vivo can help evaluate therapeutic responses and optimize CAR T immunotherapy for solid tumors. Nuclear imaging, including positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, is frequently applied for evaluating adoptive cell therapies owing to its excellent sensitivity, high tissue penetration, and great translation potential. In addition, quantitative analysis can be performed in dynamic and noninvasive patterns. This review focuses on recent advances in PET/SPECT technologies and imaging probes in monitoring CAR T cells' migration, viability, and cytotoxicity to solid tumors post-administration. Prospects of what should be done in the next stage to promote CAR T therapy's application in solid tumors are also discussed.

Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1: More than a Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule

Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is a transmembrane protein in the immunoglobulin superfamily expressed on the surface of multiple cell populations and upregulated by inflammatory stimuli. It mediates cellular adhesive interactions by binding to the β2 integrins macrophage antigen 1 and leukocyte function-associated antigen 1, as well as other ligands. It has important roles in the immune system, including in leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium and transendothelial migration, and at the immunological synapse formed between lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. ICAM-1 has also been implicated in the pathophysiology of diverse diseases from cardiovascular diseases to autoimmune disorders, certain infections, and cancer. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the structure and regulation of the ICAM1 gene and the ICAM-1 protein. We discuss the roles of ICAM-1 in the normal immune system and a selection of diseases to highlight the breadth and often double-edged nature of its functions. Finally, we discuss current therapeutics and opportunities for advancements.

Investigation of the clinical utility of adhesion molecules in the management of thyroid nodules

To better understand the relationship among cell adhesion molecules (CAM) and investigate the clinical diagnostic and prognostic application of ICAM-1 (ICAM1), LFA-1 (ITGAL), and L-selectin (SELL) proteins and mRNA corresponding expression in thyroid cancer. Gene expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR, and protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. We evaluated 275 patients (218 women, 57 men, 48.4 ± 14.5 years old), including 102 benign and 173 malignant nodules. The 143 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and 30 follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) patients were managed according to current guidelines and followed-up for 78.7 ± 54.2 months. Malignant and benign nodules differed concerning mRNA (p = 0.0027) and protein (p = 0.0020 for nuclear) expression of L-selectin and ICAM-1 (mRNA: p = 0.0001 and protein: p = 0.0014) and protein expression of LFA-1 (p = 0.0168), but not mRNA expression of LFA-1 (p = 0.2131). SELL expression was more intense in malignant tumors (p = 0.0027). ICAM1 (p = 0.0064) and ITGAL (p = 0.0244) mRNA expression was higher in tumors with lymphocyte infiltrate. ICAM-1 expression correlated with younger age at diagnosis (p = 0.0312) and smaller tumor size (p = 0.0443). Also, LFA-1 expression correlated with higher age at diagnosis (p = 0.0376) and was more intense at stage III and IV (p = 0.0077). In general, the protein expression of the 3 CAM decreased as the process of cellular dedifferentiation occurred. We suggest that the SELL and ICAM1 genes and L-selectin and LFA-1 protein expression may help confirm malignancy and assist in the histological characterization of follicular patterned lesions, but we were unable to correlate these CAMs with patient outcomes.

Papillary thyroid cancer with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis attenuates the tumour aggressiveness through the up-regulation of E-cadherin and TGF-β expression

Human papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is often associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), and their coexistence improves the prognosis of PTC. Aim of the study. The objective of our study is to investigate the expression of cadherins and TGF-β which are regulators in the tumour aggressiveness with metastatic spread in PTC patients and its relationship with HT. The expression of E-cadherin and N-cadherin was measured in thyroid tissues of healthy volunteers and PTC patients with HT (PTC/HT) or without. The E-cadherin expression was also determined in thyroid cancer cells (TPC1, SNU373, SNU790, 8505C, CAL62, and FTC133). Cell migration was measured by wound healing assay. The expression of N-cadherin, ICAM1, and TGF-β was measured in thyroid tissues and plasma. The E-cadherin expression was significantly increased in PTC/HT patients compared with PTC alone. Meanwhile, the N-cadherin expression was significantly decreased in PTC/HT patients. The E-cadherin expression was only observed in FTC cells, and the overexpression of E-cadherin inhibited cancer cell migration. The TGF-β expression was significantly increased in PTC/HT patients, and the plasma levels were higher in PTC/HT patients than in PTC alone. The expression of N-cadherin and ICAM-1 was significantly decreased in PTC/HT patients. Our results indicate that the expression of E-cadherin and TGF-β was higher in PTC/HT patients than in PTC alone. This suggests that the presence of PTC with HT may attenuate the tumour aggressiveness and metastasis through the up-regulation of E-cadherin and TGF-β expression.

Expression Profile and Diagnostic Significance of MicroRNAs in Papillary Thyroid Cancer

The incidence of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has increased in recent years. To improve the diagnostic management of PTC, we propose the use of microRNAs (miRNAs) as a biomarker. Our aim in this study was to evaluate the miRNA expression pattern in PTC using NanoString technology. We identified ten miRNAs deregulated in PTC compared with reference tissue: miR-146b-5p, miR-221-3p, miR-221-5p, miR-34-5p, miR-551b-3p, miR-152-3p, miR-15a-5p, miR-31-5p, and miR-7-5p (FDR < 0.05; |fold change (FC)| ≥ 1.5). The gene ontology (GO) analysis of differentially expressed miRNA (DEM) target genes identified the predominant involvement of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, and pathways in cancer in PTC. The highest area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) for DEMs was found for miR-146-5p (AUC = 0.770) expression, indicating possible clinical applicability in PTC diagnosis. The combination of four miRNAs (miR-152-3p, miR-221-3p, miR-551b-3p, and miR-7-5p) showed an AUC of 0.841. Validation by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCRs) confirmed our findings. The introduction of an miRNA diagnostic panel based on the results of our study may help to improve therapeutic decision making for questionable cases. The use of miRNAs as biomarkers of PTC may become an aspect of personalized medicine.

Cadherin‑16 inhibits thyroid carcinoma cell proliferation and invasion

Cadherin-16 (CDH16), a member of the cadherin family of adhesion molecules, serves an important role in the formation and maintenance of the thyroid follicular lumen. Decreased expression of CDH16 has been reported to be associated with tumor stage in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC); however, previous analyses have been limited and the biological role of CDH16 in different subtypes of TC is unknown. To investigate the role of CDH16 in the occurrence and development of TC, bioinformatic analysis of three TC subtypes (PTC, follicular cell-derived TC and anaplastic TC) was performed using an extended data set from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, with additional confirmation using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, as well as biopsies from 35 patients with PTC and TC or follicular cell lines. According to the dataset analysis, CDH16 was downregulated in PTC and follicular cell-derived and anaplastic TC; the downregulation in PTC was independent of DNA copy number variation. Furthermore, low expression levels of CDH16 were significantly correlated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis status and disease stage in 35 patients with PTC. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis suggested that CDH16 participated in DNA replication and cell adhesion pathways. To evaluate CDH16 activity, CDH16 was overexpressed in TC-derived BCPAP cells. CDH16 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion and induced apoptosis by downregulating proteins associated with DNA replication and cell adhesion. These results support the identification of CDH16 as a valuable target for TC prognosis and therapy and, to the best of our knowledge, represent the first direct demonstration of its mechanistic role in TC.

Soluble ICAM-1 a Pivotal Communicator between Tumors and Macrophages, Promotes Mesenchymal Shift of Glioblastoma

Despite aggressive clinical treatment, recurrence of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is unavoidable, and the clinical outcome is still poor. A convincing explanation is the phenotypic transition of GBM cells upon aggressive treatment such as radiotherapy. However, the microenvironmental factors contributing to GBM recurrence after treatment remain unexplored. Here, it is shown that radiation-treated GBM cells produce soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) which stimulates the infiltration of macrophages, consequently enriching the tumor microenvironment with inflammatory macrophages. Acting as a paracrine factor, tumor-derived sICAM-1 induces macrophages to secrete wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 3A (WNT3A), which promotes a mesenchymal shift of GBM cells. In addition, blockade of either sICAM-1 or WNT3A diminishes the harmful effect of radiation on tumor progression. Collectively, the findings indicate that cellular crosstalk between GBM and macrophage through sICAM-1-WNT3A oncogenic route is involved in the mesenchymal shift of GBM cells after radiation, and suggest that radiotherapy combined with sICAM-1 targeted inhibition would improve the clinical outcome of GBM patients.

CSPG4 Is a Potential Therapeutic Target in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Background: Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare cancer with poor prognosis and few treatment options. The objective of this study was to investigate new immune-associated therapeutic targets by identifying ATC-derived, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II-presenting peptides. One protein that generated multiple peptides in ATC was chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan-4 (CSPG4), a transmembrane proteoglycan with increased expression in multiple aggressive cancers, but not yet investigated in ATC. Methods: We applied autologous peripheral blood T cells to ATC patient-derived xenografted mice to examine whether ATC induces a tumor-specific T cell response. We then identified peptide antigens eluted from the HLA-DQ complex in ATC patient-derived cells using mass spectrometry, detecting abundant CSPG4-derived peptides specific to the ATC sample. Next, we analyzed the surface expression level of CSPG4 in thyroid cancer cell lines and primary cell culture using flow cytometry. In addition, we used immunohistochemistry to compare the expression level and localization of the CSPG4 protein in ATC, papillary thyroid cancer, and normal thyroid tissue. We then investigated the correlation between CSPG4 expression and clinicopathological features of patients with thyroid cancer. Results: We found that ATC tissue had a high level of HLA-DQ expression and that the patient's CD4+ T cells showed activation when exposed to ATC. By eluting the HLA-DQ complex of ATC tissue, we found that CSPG4 generated one of the most abundant and specific peptides. CSPG4 expression at the cell surface of thyroid cancer was also significantly high when determined by flow cytometry, with the majority of ATC cell lines exhibiting ∼10-fold higher mean fluorescence intensity. Furthermore, most ATC patient cases expressed CSPG4 in the cytoplasm or membrane of the tumor cells. CSPG4 expression was correlated with tumor size, extrathyroidal extension, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) circumferential expression. CSPG4 mRNA overexpression was associated with worse overall survival in patients with ATC and poorly differentiated thyroid cancer. Conclusions: CSPG4 expression is significantly elevated in aggressive thyroid cancers, with a strong correlation with a poor prognosis. The vast number of HLA-DQ eluted CSPG4 peptides was identified in ATC, demonstrating the potential of CSPG4 as a novel immunotherapeutic target for ATC.

Next-Generation Molecular Imaging of Thyroid Cancer

An essential aspect of thyroid cancer (TC) management is personalized and precision medicine. Functional imaging of TC with radioiodine and [18F]FDG has been frequently used in disease evaluation for several decades now. Recently, advances in molecular imaging have led to the development of novel tracers based on aptamer, peptide, antibody, nanobody, antibody fragment, and nanoparticle platforms. The emerging targets-including HER2, CD54, SHP2, CD33, and more-are promising targets for clinical translation soon. The significance of these tracers may be realized by outlining the way they support the management of TC. The provided examples focus on where preclinical investigations can be translated. Furthermore, advances in the molecular imaging of TC may inspire the development of novel therapeutic or theranostic tracers. In this review, we summarize TC-targeting probes which include transporter-based and immuno-based imaging moieties. We summarize the most recent evidence in this field and outline how these emerging strategies may potentially optimize clinical practice.

Circular RNA circ_0008274 enhances the malignant progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma via modulating solute carrier family 7 member 11 by sponging miR-154-3p

CircRNAs have been implicated in the progression of human cancers, including papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Although circ_0008274 has been demonstrated as a potential oncogenic circRNA in PTC, our understanding of its molecular determinants is limited. The levels of circ_0008274, miR-154-3p and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) mRNA were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). SLC7A11 protein level was assessed by western blot. Cell apoptosis, migration, and adhesion capacities were examined by flow cytometry, transwell and cell adhesion assays, respectively. The targeted correlations among circ_0008274, miR-154-3p and SLC7A11 were confirmed by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Animal studies were performed to observe the role of circ_0008274 in tumor growth in vivo. Our data showed that the high levels of circ_0008274 and SLC7A11 were associated with poor prognosis of PTC patients. The knockdown of circ_0008274 or SLC7A11 enhanced PTC cell apoptosis and repressed cell migration and adhesion in vitro. Circ_0008274 knockdown suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, circ_0008274 modulated SLC7A11 expression by acting as a sponge of miR-154-3p. SLC7A11 was a functional mediator of circ_0008274 in regulating PTC cell apoptosis, migration and adhesion in vitro, and miR-154-3p overexpression repressed PTC progression in vitro by targeting SLC7A11. Our findings identified that the knockdown of circ_0008274 repressed PTC malignant progression at least in part through regulating the miR-154-3p/SLC7A11 axis, providing a promising therapeutic opportunity for PTC treatment.

SLC6A15 acts as a tumor suppressor to inhibit migration and invasion in human papillary thyroid cancer

Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 15 (SLC6A15), a sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter, has been found with dysregulated expression in several kinds of cancers. However, the expression pattern and the biological functions of SLC6A15 in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) remain unknown. In this study, we found that SLC6A15 was downregulated in PTC, which was related to N classification. Ectopic overexpression of SLC6A15 impaired migratory and invasive abilities of PTC cell in vitro. In addition, we identified intercellular adhesion molecule-1, a vital oncogene in thyroid cancer progression, was involved in the effects of SLC6A15 on PTC cell. These results indicate that SLC6A15 acts as a tumor suppressor and might be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of PTC.

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy Targeting ICAM-1 in Gastric Cancer

Cancer therapy utilizing adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has demonstrated remarkable clinical outcomes in hematologic malignancies. However, CAR T cell application to solid tumors has had limited success, partly due to the lack of tumor-specific antigens and an immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment. From the tumor tissues of gastric cancer patients, we found that intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression is significantly associated with advanced stage and shorter survival. In this study, we report a proof-of-concept study using ICAM-1-targeting CAR T cells against gastric cancer. The efficacy of ICAM-1 CAR T cells showed a significant correlation with the level of ICAM-1 expression in target cells in vitro. In animal models of human gastric cancer, ICAM-1-targeting CAR T cells potently eliminated tumors that developed in the lungs, while their efficacy was more limited against the tumors in the peritoneum. To augment CAR T cell activity against intraperitoneal tumors, combinations with paclitaxel or CAR activation-dependent interleukin (IL)-12 release were explored and found to significantly increase anti-tumor activity and survival benefit. Collectively, ICAM-1-targeting CAR T cells alone or in combination with chemotherapy represent a promising strategy to treat patients with ICAM-1+ advanced gastric cancer.

PD1 Blockade Enhances ICAM1-Directed CAR T Therapeutic Efficacy in Advanced Thyroid Cancer

PURPOSE

Advanced thyroid cancers, including poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), are lethal malignancies with limited treatment options. The majority of patients with ATC have responded poorly to programmed death 1 (PD1) blockade in early clinical trials. There is a need to explore new treatment options.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

We examined the expression of PD-L1 (a ligand of PD1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) in thyroid tumors and ATC cell lines, and investigated the PD1 expression level in peripheral T cells of patients with thyroid cancer. Next, we studied the tumor-targeting efficacy and T-cell dynamics of monotherapy and combination treatments of ICAM1-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and anti-PD1 antibody in a xenograft model of ATC.

RESULTS

Advanced thyroid cancers were associated with increased expression of both ICAM1 and PD-L1 in tumors, and elevated PD1 expression in CD8⁺ T cells of circulating blood. The expression of ICAM1 and PD-L1 in ATC lines was regulated by the IFNγ-JAK2 signaling pathway. ICAM1-targeted CAR T cells, produced from either healthy donor or patient T cells, in combination with PD1 blockade demonstrated an improved ability to eradicate ICAM1-expressing target tumor cells compared with CAR T treatment alone. PD1 blockade facilitated clearance of PD-L1 high tumor colonies and curtailed excessive CAR T expansion, resulting in rapid tumor clearance and prolonged survival in a mouse model.

CONCLUSIONS

Targeting two IFNγ-inducible, tumor-associated antigens-ICAM1 and PD-L1-in a complementary manner might be an effective treatment strategy to control advanced thyroid cancers in vivo.

Development and characterization of CD54-targeted immunoPET imaging in solid tumors

PURPOSE

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54) is an emerging therapeutic target for a variety of solid tumors including melanoma and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). This study aims to develop an ICAM-1-targeted immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) imaging strategy and assess its diagnostic value in melanoma and ATC models.

METHODS

Flow cytometry was used to screen ICAM-1-positive melanoma and ATC cell lines. Melanoma and ATC models were established using A375 cell line and THJ-16T cell line, respectively. An ICAM-1-specific monoclonal antibody (R6-5-D6) and a nonspecific human IgG were radiolabeled with ⁶⁴Cu and the diagnostic efficacies were interrogated in tumor-bearing mouse models. Biodistribution and fluorescent imaging studies were performed to confirm the specificity of the ICAM-1-targeted imaging probes.

RESULTS

ICAM-1 was strongly expressed on melanoma and advanced thyroid cancer cell lines. ⁶⁴Cu-NOTA-ICAM-1 immunoPET imaging efficiently delineated A375 melanomas with a peak tumor uptake of 21.28 ± 6.56 %ID/g (n = 5), significantly higher than that of ⁶⁴Cu-NOTA-IgG (10.63 ± 2.58 %ID/g, n = 3). Moreover, immunoPET imaging with ⁶⁴Cu-NOTA-ICAM-1 efficiently visualized subcutaneous and orthotopic ATCs with high clarity and contrast. Fluorescent imaging with IRDye 800CW-ICAM-1 also visualized orthotopic ATCs and the tumor uptake could be blocked by the ICAM-1 parental antibody R6-5-D6, indicating the high specificity of the developed probe. Finally, blocking with the human IgG prolonged the circulation of the ⁶⁴Cu-NOTA-ICAM-1 in R2G2 mice without compromising the tumor uptake.

CONCLUSION

ICAM-1-targeted immunoPET imaging could characterize ICAM-1 expression in melanoma and ATC, which holds promise for optimizing ICAM-1-targeted therapies in the future.

BRAF Exon 15 Mutations in Papillary Carcinoma and Adjacent Thyroid Parenchyma: A Search for the Early Molecular Events Associated with Tumor Development

BRAF exon 15 mutations are the most common molecular alterations found in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). To date, there is no information regarding BRAF alterations in the thyroid parenchyma surrounding the tumor. To explore the early events associated with the development of PTC, we used massively parallel sequencing to investigate BRAF exon 15 in 30 PTCs and in 100 samples from the thyroid parenchyma surrounding the tumor. BRAF p.V600E was identified in 19/30 PTCs (63.3%). BRAF p.V600E mutations were identified in the tissue adjacent the PTC only in samples containing psammoma bodies. The other samples were either BRAF wild type (WT) or carried BRAF non p.V600E mutations. Specifically, BRAF p.G593D, -p.A598T, -p.V600M, -p.R603Q, -p.S607F, and -p.S607P were identified in 4 of 36 (11.1%) samples with follicular cell atypia, in 2 of 16 (12.5%) with follicular cell hyperplasia, and in 1 of 33 (3.0%) histologically normal samples-only in tissue surrounding BRAF p.V600E mutated PTCs. These mutations are predicted to affect protein function in silico but, in vitro, have kinase activity and BRAF phosphorylation levels similar to BRAF WT. No BRAF exon 15 mutations were identified in samples adjacent to PTCs that were BRAF WT. A mutagenic process affecting BRAF exon 15 occurs in a subset of thyroid glands that develop BRAF p.V600E mutated PTCs.

Manufacturing and preclinical validation of CAR T cells targeting ICAM-1 for advanced thyroid cancer therapy

While the majority of thyroid cancer patients are easily treatable, those with anaplastic or poorly differentiated recurrent thyroid carcinomas have a very poor prognosis with a median survival of less than a year. Previously, we have shown a significant correlation between ICAM-1 overexpression and malignancy in thyroid cancer, and have pioneered the use of ICAM-1 targeted CAR T cells as a novel treatment modality. For clinical translation of this novel modality, we designed CAR T cells possessing micromolar rather than nanomolar affinity to ICAM-1 to avoid cytotoxicity in normal cells with basal levels of ICAM-1 expression. Herein, we report the automated process of CAR T cell manufacturing with CliniMACS Prodigy (Miltenyi Biotec) using cryopreserved peripheral blood leukocytes from apheresis collections. Using Prodigy, thawed leukopak cells were enriched for CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, subjected to double transduction using lentiviral vector, and expanded in culture for a total of 10 days with a final yield of 2–4 × 10⁹ cells. The resulting CAR T cells were formulated for cryopreservation to be used directly for infusion into patients after thawing with no further processing. We examined cross-reactivity of CAR T cells toward both human and murine ICAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in human and mouse tissues to demonstrate that both efficacy and on-target, off-tumor toxicity can be studied in our preclinical model. Selective anti-tumor activity in the absence of toxicity provides proof-of-concept that micromolar affinity tuned CAR T cells can be used to target tumors expressing high levels of antigen while avoiding normal tissues expressing basal levels of the same antigen. These studies support the initiation of a phase I study to evaluate the safety and potential efficacy of micromolar affinity tuned CAR T cells against newly diagnosed anaplastic and refractory or recurrent thyroid cancers.

The functional role of integrins during intra- and extravasation within the metastatic cascade

Formation of distant metastases is by far the most common cause of cancer-related deaths. The process of metastasis formation is complex, and within this complex process the formation of migratory cells, the so called epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), which enables cancer cells to break loose from the primary tumor mass and to enter the bloodstream, is of particular importance. To break loose from the primary cancer, cancer cells have to down-regulate the cell-to-cell adhesion molecuIes (CAMs) which keep them attached to neighboring cancer cells. In contrast to this downregulation of CAMS in the primary tumor, cancer cells up-regulate other types of CAMs, that enable them to attach to the endothelium in the organ of the future metastasis. During EMT, the expression of cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesion molecules and their down- and upregulation is therefore critical for metastasis formation. Tumor cells mimic leukocytes to enable transmigration of the endothelial barrier at the metastatic site. The attachment of leukocytes/cancer cells to the endothelium are mediated by several CAMs different from those at the site of the primary tumor. These CAMs and their ligands are organized in a sequential row, the leukocyte adhesion cascade. In this adhesion process, integrins and their ligands are centrally involved in the molecular interactions governing the transmigration. This review discusses the integrin expression patterns found on primary tumor cells and studies whether their expression correlates with tumor progression, metastatic capacity and prognosis. Simultaneously, further possible, but so far unclearly characterized, alternative adhesion molecules and/or ligands, will be considered and emerging therapeutic possibilities reviewed.

Identification of key genes and miRNAs markers of papillary thyroid cancer

OBJECTIVE

In this study, crucial genes and microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with the progression, staging, and prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were identified.

METHODS

Four PTC datasets, including our own mRNA-sequencing (mRNA-seq) dataset and three public datasets downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas, were used to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and miRNAs (DEMs) between PTC tumor tissues and paired normal tissues (control). Gene ontology (GO) terms and pathways associated with these DEGs were identified, and protein-protein interactions (PPIs) were analyzed. Additionally, an miRNA-mRNA regulatory network was constructed and the functions of DEMs were explored. Finally, miRNAs/mRNAs associated with tumor staging and prognosis were identified. The expression levels of several key genes and miRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR.

RESULTS

Numerous DEGs and DEMs were identified between tumor and control groups in four datasets. The DEGs were significantly enriched in cell adhesion and cancer-related GO terms and pathways. In the constructed PPI network, ITGA2, FN1, ICAM1, TIMP1 and CDH2 were hub proteins. In the miRNA-mRNA negative regulatory networks, miR-204-5p regulated the largest number of target genes, such as TNFRSF12A. miR-146b, miR-204, miR-7-2, and FN1 were associated with tumor stage in PTC, and TNFRSF12A and CLDN1 were related to prognosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggested the important roles of ITGA2, FN1, ICAM1, TIMP1 and CDH2 in the progression of PTC. miR-204-5p, miR-7-2, and miR-146b are potential biomarkers for PTC staging and FN1, CLDN1, and TNFRSF12A may serve as markers of prognosis in PTC.

Bioinformatics and functional analyses of key genes and pathways in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer. The present study was conducted to explore the mechanisms and identify the potential target genes for ccRCC using bioinformatics analysis. The microarray data of GSE15641 were screened on Gene-Cloud of Biotechnology Information (GCBI). A total of 32 ccRCC samples and 23 normal kidney samples were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between them. Subsequently, the clustering analysis and functional enrichment analysis of these DEGs were performed, followed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and pathway relation network. Additionally, the most significant module based on PPI network was selected, and the genes in the module were identified as hub genes. Furthermore, transcriptional level, translational level and survival analyses of hub genes were performed to verify the results. A total of 805 genes, 403 upregulated and 402 downregulated, were differentially expressed in ccRCC samples compared with normal controls. The subsequent bioinformatics analysis indicated that the small molecule metabolic process and the metabolic pathway were significantly enriched. A total of 7 genes, including membrane metallo-endopeptidase (MME), albumin (ALB), cadherin 1 (CDH1), prominin 1 (ROM1), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12), protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C (PTPRC) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) were identified as hub genes. In brief, the present study indicated that these candidate genes and pathways may aid in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of ccRCC, and may be used as therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers of ccRCC.

CAR T Therapy Targeting ICAM-1 Eliminates Advanced Human Thyroid Tumors

Purpose: Poorly differentiated thyroid cancer and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) are rare yet lethal malignancies with limited treatment options. Many malignant tumors, including papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and ATC, are associated with increased expression of ICAM-1, providing a rationale for utilizing ICAM-1-targeting agents for the treatment of aggressive cancer. We developed a third-generation chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting ICAM-1 to leverage adoptive T-cell therapy as a new treatment modality.Experimental Design: ICAM-1 CAR T cells were applied to multiple malignant and nonmalignant target cells to investigate specific target cell death and "off-tumor" toxicity in vitroIn vivo therapeutic efficacy of ICAM-1 CAR T cells was examined in ATC mouse models established from a cell line and patient-derived tumors that rapidly develop systemic metastases.Results: ICAM-1 CAR T cells demonstrated robust and specific killing of PTC and ATC cell lines in vitro Interestingly, although certain ATC cell lines showed heterogeneous levels of ICAM-1 expression, addition of cytotoxic CAR T cells induced increased ICAM-1 expression such that all cell lines became targetable. In mice with systemic ATC, a single administration of ICAM-1 CAR T cells mediated profound tumor killing that resulted in long-term remission and significantly improved survival. Patient-derived ATC cells overexpressed ICAM-1 and were largely eliminated by autologous ICAM-1 CAR T cells in vitro and in animal models.Conclusions: Our findings are the first demonstration of CAR T therapy against both a metastatic, thyroid cancer cell line and advanced ATC patient-derived tumors that exhibit dramatic therapeutic efficacy and survival benefit in animal studies. Clin Cancer Res; 23(24); 7569-83. ©2017 AACR.

Longitudinal PET imaging demonstrates biphasic CAR T cell responses in survivors

Clinical monitoring of adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) utilizes serial blood analyses to discern T cell activity. While useful, these data are 1-dimensional and lack spatiotemporal information related to treatment efficacy or toxicity. We utilized a human genetic reporter, somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2), and PET, to quantitatively and longitudinally visualize whole-body T cell distribution and antitumor dynamics using a clinically approved radiotracer. Initial evaluations determined that SSTR2-expressing T cells were detectable at low densities with high sensitivity and specificity. SSTR2-based PET was applied to ACT of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting intercellular adhesion molecule-1, which is overexpressed in anaplastic thyroid tumors. Timely CAR T cell infusions resulted in survival of tumor-bearing mice, while later infusions led to uniform death. Real-time PET imaging revealed biphasic T cell expansion and contraction at tumor sites among survivors, with peak tumor burden preceding peak T cell burden by several days. In contrast, nonsurvivors displayed unrelenting increases in tumor and T cell burden, indicating that tumor growth was outpacing T cell killing. Thus, longitudinal PET imaging of SSTR2-positive ACT dynamics enables prognostic, spatiotemporal monitoring with unprecedented clarity and detail to facilitate comprehensive therapy evaluation with potential for clinical translation.

High endothelial venule-like vessels and lymphocyte recruitment in diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma

Diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (DSPTC) is a rare subtype of papillary thyroid carcinoma with a high incidence of lymph node metastasis. One of its characteristic histological features is the presence of dense lymphocyte infiltrates; however, how these lymphocytes are recruited in this pathological setting remains unclear. Here, we analysed 17 DSPTC cases immunohistologically for cell adhesion molecules expressed on endothelial cells. We found that venules morphologically similar to high endothelial venules (HEVs) in secondary lymphoid organs were induced in lymphoid aggregates in DSPTC, and such HEV-like vessels expressed 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X (sLeX) glycans as well as intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). Triple immunohistochemistry revealed that CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells were the major lymphocyte subset attached to the luminal surface of HEV-like vessels. sLeX-type glycans were also expressed on DSPTC carcinoma cells, which in binding assays were decorated with E-selectin•IgM chimaeras calcium-dependently. These findings collectively suggest that 6-sulfo sLeX glycans, together with ICAM-1, on HEV-like vessels may function to recruit CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells in DSPTC. Additionally, sLeX-type glycans on carcinoma cells might partly contribute to highly metastatic properties of DSPTC through interaction with E-selectin expressed on endothelial cells.

Identification of potential biomarkers and drugs for papillary thyroid cancer based on gene expression profile analysis

The present study aimed to systematically examine the molecular mechanisms of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), and identify potential biomarkers and drugs for the treatment of PTC. Two microarray data sets (GSE3467 and GSE3678), containing 16 PTC samples and 16 paired normal samples, were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the Linear Models for Microarray Analysis package. Subsequently, the common DEGs were screened for functional and pathway enrichment analysis using the Database for Annotation Visualization and Integrated Discovery. The representative interaction subnetwork was further derived using Molecular Complex Detection software. In addition, the potential drugs for the hub DEGs in the subnetwork were screened from DrugBank and the potential drug-like ligands, which interacted with genes, were selected using MTiOpenScreen. A total of 167 common DEGs, including 77 upregulated and 90 downregulated DEGs, were screened. The common DEGs were associated with the functions of plasma membrane, extracellular matrix, response to steroid hormone stimulus and cell adhesion, and the pathways of tyrosine metabolism and cell adhesion molecules were significantly enriched. A total of eight common DEGs (MET, SERPINA1, LGALS3, FN1, TNFRSF11B, LAMB3 and COL13A1) were involved in the subnetwork. The two drugs, lanoteplase and ocriplasmin, and four drugs, β-mercaptoethanol, recombinant α 1-antitrypsin, PPL-100 and API, were found for FN1 and SERPINA1, respectively. The common DEGs identified may be potential biomarkers for PCT. FN1 and SERPINA1 may be involved in PTC by regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and responding to steroid hormone stimuli, respectively. Ocriplasmin, β-mercaptoethanol and recombinant α 1-antitrypsin may be potential drugs for the treatment of PTC.

Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 is a sensitive and diagnostically useful immunohistochemical marker of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and of PTC-like nuclear alterations in Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is important in the progression of inflammatory responses. Recently, increased levels of ICAM-1 have been reported in a number of types of malignancy. The present study aimed to investigate ICAM-1 expression in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) with PTC-like nuclear alterations, and to assess the predictive value of ICAM-1 in thyroid lesions. ICAM-1 expression was retrospectively investigated in 132 consecutive cases of PTC, 72 cases of HT, 10 of follicular cancer, 15 of follicular adenoma, 16 of nodular goiter and 8 samples of normal thyroid tissue using immunohistochemical analyses, and in 42 PTC patients using western blotting. ICAM-1 expression was not detected in normal follicular cells, follicular lesions (adenoma and cancer) and benign nodular hyperplasia, but was frequently overexpressed in PTC cells. ICAM-1 overexpression was associated with extra-thyroidal invasion and lymph node metastasis; no association was found with age, gender, tumor size, multifocality, pathological stage, recurrence or distant metastasis. ICAM-1 expression in HT patients with PTC-like nuclear alterations was significantly higher than that in HT cases with non-PTC-like features. Compared with antibodies against cytokeratin 19, galectin-3 and Hector Battifora mesothelial-1, ICAM-1 was the most sensitive marker for the detection of PTC-like features in HT. These findings demonstrate that ICAM-1 expression is upregulated in PTC and in HT with PTC-like nuclear alterations. This feature may be an important factor in the progression of cancer of the thyroid gland.

Quantitative Analysis of Differential Proteome Expression in Bladder Cancer vs. Normal Bladder Cells Using SILAC Method

The best way to increase patient survival rate is to identify patients who are likely to progress to muscle-invasive or metastatic disease upfront and treat them more aggressively. The human cell lines HCV29 (normal bladder epithelia), KK47 (low grade nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer, NMIBC), and YTS1 (metastatic bladder cancer) have been widely used in studies of molecular mechanisms and cell signaling during bladder cancer (BC) progression. However, little attention has been paid to global quantitative proteome analysis of these three cell lines. We labeled HCV29, KK47, and YTS1 cells by the SILAC method using three stable isotopes each of arginine and lysine. Labeled proteins were analyzed by 2D ultrahigh-resolution liquid chromatography LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Among 3721 unique identified and annotated proteins in KK47 and YTS1 cells, 36 were significantly upregulated and 74 were significantly downregulated with >95% confidence. Differential expression of these proteins was confirmed by western blotting, quantitative RT-PCR, and cell staining with specific antibodies. Gene ontology (GO) term and pathway analysis indicated that the differentially regulated proteins were involved in DNA replication and molecular transport, cell growth and proliferation, cellular movement, immune cell trafficking, and cell death and survival. These proteins and the advanced proteome techniques described here will be useful for further elucidation of molecular mechanisms in BC and other types of cancer.

Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: focus on the cancer hallmark of tumor angiogenesis

One of the important 'hallmarks' of cancer is angiogenesis, which is the process of formation of new blood vessels that are necessary for tumor expansion, invasion and metastasis. Under normal physiological conditions, angiogenesis is well balanced and controlled by endogenous proangiogenic factors and antiangiogenic factors. However, factors produced by cancer cells, cancer stem cells and other cell types in the tumor stroma can disrupt the balance so that the tumor microenvironment favors tumor angiogenesis. These factors include vascular endothelial growth factor, endothelial tissue factor and other membrane bound receptors that mediate multiple intracellular signaling pathways that contribute to tumor angiogenesis. Though environmental exposures to certain chemicals have been found to initiate and promote tumor development, the role of these exposures (particularly to low doses of multiple substances), is largely unknown in relation to tumor angiogenesis. This review summarizes the evidence of the role of environmental chemical bioactivity and exposure in tumor angiogenesis and carcinogenesis. We identify a number of ubiquitous (prototypical) chemicals with disruptive potential that may warrant further investigation given their selectivity for high-throughput screening assay targets associated with proangiogenic pathways. We also consider the cross-hallmark relationships of a number of important angiogenic pathway targets with other cancer hallmarks and we make recommendations for future research. Understanding of the role of low-dose exposure of chemicals with disruptive potential could help us refine our approach to cancer risk assessment, and may ultimately aid in preventing cancer by reducing or eliminating exposures to synergistic mixtures of chemicals with carcinogenic potential.

MiR-9 and miR-21 as prognostic biomarkers for recurrence in papillary thyroid cancer

Despite low mortality rates, nodal recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma occurs in up to 20 % of patients. Emerging evidences indicate that dysregulated microRNAs are implicated in the process of metastasis. In the present study, we investigated whether miR-9, miR-10b, miR-21 and miR-146b levels are predictive of papillary thyroid carcinoma recurrence. Using macro-dissection followed by quantitative real-time PCR, we measured miR-9, miR-10b, miR-21 and miR-146b expression levels in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples of 66 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma categorized into two groups: the recurrent group (n = 19) and the non-recurrent group (n = 47). All patients underwent total thyroidectomy and were followed for at least 120 months after surgery to be considered recurrence-free. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed using the Cox proportional hazard model in order to identify associations between multiple clinical variables and microRNA expression levels and papillary thyroid carcinoma recurrence. MiR-9 and miR-21 expression levels were found to be significant prognostic factors for recurrence in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (HR = 1.48; 95 % CI 1.24-1.77, p < 0.001; and HR = 1.52; 95 % CI 1.18-1.94, p = 0.001; respectively). Multivariate analysis involving the expression level of miR-9 and miR-21 and various clinical parameters identified the expression of these microRNAs as independent prognostic factors for papillary thyroid cancer patients. In conclusion, our results support the potential clinical value of miR-9 and miR-21 as prognostic biomarkers for recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

E-selectin expression and BRAF status in papillary thyroid carcinomas: Correlation with clinicopathologic features

BACKGROUND

Cell adhesion molecules, represented by the immunoglobulin family and selectins, play an important role in the progression of cancer. A correlation between selectins and tumor aggressiveness has been demonstrated in several reports.

METHODS

Eighty-eight patients (mean age, 41.0 ± 14 years) with papillary thyroid carcinoma (conventional variant and sized approximately 20 mm) were divided in 2 groups: 41 with encapsulated tumors and 47 with tumors with extrathyroidal extension. E-selectin expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining and semiquantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and normalized by calculating the z-score (positive: value above the population mean; negative: below the mean).

RESULTS

Lymph node metastasis (LNM) was found in 2 of 41 encapsulated tumors (4.8%) and in 19 of 47 tumors (40.4%) with extrathyroidal extension. BRAF mutation was present in 21 encapsulated tumors (51.2%) and in 31 tumors with extrathyroidal extension (65.9%). The mean E-selectin z-score was -0.32 for encapsulated tumors and 0.28 for tumors with extrathyroidal extension. E-selectin expression correlates with neoplastic infiltration (P = .04), the American Joint Commission on Cancer stage (P = .02), and BRAF mutation (P = .03).

CONCLUSION

E-selectin overexpression in association with BRAF mutation status could promote a more aggressive phenotype in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Atomic force microscopy reveals a role for endothelial cell ICAM-1 expression in bladder cancer cell adherence

Cancer metastasis is a complex process involving cell-cell interactions mediated by cell adhesive molecules. In this study we determine the adhesion strength between an endothelial cell monolayer and tumor cells of different metastatic potentials using Atomic Force Microscopy. We show that the rupture forces of receptor-ligand bonds increase with retraction speed and range between 20 and 70 pN. It is shown that the most invasive cell lines (T24, J82) form the strongest bonds with endothelial cells. Using ICAM-1 coated substrates and a monoclonal antibody specific for ICAM-1, we demonstrate that ICAM-1 serves as a key receptor on endothelial cells and that its interactions with ligands expressed by tumor cells are correlated with the rupture forces obtained with the most invasive cancer cells (T24, J82). For the less invasive cancer cells (RT112), endothelial ICAM-1 does not seem to play any role in the adhesion process. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the distribution of rupture forces suggests that ICAM-1 interacts preferentially with one ligand on T24 cancer cells and with two ligands on J82 cancer cells. Possible counter receptors for these interactions are CD43 and MUC1, two known ligands for ICAM-1 which are expressed by these cancer cells.

Impacts of ICAM-1 gene polymorphisms on urothelial cell carcinoma susceptibility and clinicopathologic characteristics in Taiwan

Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, a cell adhesion molecule, is reportedly overexpressed in several cancers and may contribute to tumorgenesis and metastasis. The current study explored the effect of ICAM-1 gene polymorphisms on the susceptibility of developing urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) and the clinicopathological status. A total of 558 participants, including 279 healthy people and 279 patients with UCC, were recruited for this study. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the ICAM-1 gene were assessed by a real-time polymerase chain reaction with the TaqMan assay. After adjusting for other covariants, the individuals carrying at least one G allele at ICAM-1 rs5498 had a 1.603-fold risk of developing UCC than did wild-type (AA) carriers. Furthermore, UCC patients who carried at least one G allele at rs5498 had a higher invasive stage risk (p < 0.05) than did patients carrying the wild-type allele. In conclusion, the rs5498 polymorphic genotypes of ICAM-1 might contribute to the prediction of susceptibility to and pathological development of UCC. This is the first study to provide insight into risk factors associated with ICAM-1 variants in carcinogenesis of UCC in Taiwan.

Prediction value of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene polymorphisms for epithelial ovarian cancer risk, clinical features, and prognosis

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, encoded by ICAM-1) is implicated in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. ICAM-1 modulates the susceptibility to several types of cancer and the disease prognosis; however, its role in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is unclear. Here, we evaluate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ICAM-1 as predictors of EOC risk and prognosis. Six ICAM-1 polymorphisms were genotyped in 408 patients with EOC and 520 controls using the MassARRAY system. The ICAM-1 mRNA levels in 89 EOC tissues and 35 normal ovarian tissues were examined using quantitative PCR. The ICAM-1 rs5498 G allele was associated with increased tumor grade (OR=2.650) and EOC risk (OR=1.405). This risk was more evident in females who had first-degree relatives (FDRs) with a tumor (OR=3.475) or who experienced early menarche (OR=2.774). The ICAM-1 expression in the cancerous tissue was elevated compared with that of normal ovarian tissues (p<0.0001), and it was associated with an rs5498 genotype (p=0.0002). ICAM-1 SNPs did not significantly predict the overall EOC survival (p>0.05). However, the rs5498 G allele correlated with EOC survival time in patients whose FDRs suffered from a tumor (p=0.001). ICAM-1 rs5498 likely confers a high risk for EOC in G allele carriers accompanied by up-regulation of ICAM-1 expression during carcinogenesis. The combination of ICAM-1 rs5498 and tumor history predicts the EOC prognosis.

Tumor suppression via paclitaxel-loaded drug carriers that target inflammation marker upregulated in tumor vasculature and macrophages

Clinically approved chemotherapeutic nanoparticles may provide advantages over free drugs by achieving slower clearance and preferential accumulation in tumors. However, the lack of leaky vasculatures can create barriers to the permeation of ~100 nm-sized nanoparticles in solid tumors. We hypothesized that nanoparticles designed to target both tumor and tumor stroma would penetrate deeper into the tumors. To construct such comprehensive drug carriers, we utilized cross-linked amphiphilic polymer nanoparticles and functionalized them to target ICAM-1, a biomarker prevalent in various tumors and inflamed tumor stroma. The targeting moiety was derived from the modular domain present in α(L) integrin, which was engineered for high affinity and cross-reactivity with human and murine ICAM-1. ICAM-1-selective delivery of paclitaxel produced potent tumor suppression of not only ICAM-1-positive cervical cancer cells but also ICAM-1-negative tumors, presumably by causing cytotoxicity in tumor-associated endothelium (CD31(+)) and macrophages (CD68(+)) over-expressing ICAM-1. Contrary to the strategies of targeting only the tumor or specific tumor stromal constituents, we present a strategy in delivering therapeutics to the major cellular components of solid tumors. Drug carriers against inflammation-biomarkers may be effective against many different types of tumors, while being less susceptible to the highly mutable nature of tumor markers.

Complex structure of engineered modular domains defining molecular interaction between ICAM-1 and integrin LFA-1

Intermolecular contacts between integrin LFA-1 (α(L)β(2)) and ICAM-1 derive solely from the integrin α(L) I domain and the first domain (D1) of ICAM-1. This study presents a crystal structure of the engineered complex of the α(L) I domain and ICAM-1 D1. Previously, we engineered the I domain for high affinity by point mutations that were identified by a directed evolution approach. In order to examine α(L) I domain allostery between the C-terminal α7-helix (allosteric site) and the metal-ion dependent adhesion site (active site), we have chosen a high affinity variant without mutations directly influencing either the position of the α7-helix or the active sites. In our crystal, the α(L) I domain was found to have a high affinity conformation to D1 with its α7-helix displaced downward away from the binding interface, recapitulating a current understanding of the allostery in the I domain and its linkage to neighboring domains of integrins in signaling. To enable soluble D1 of ICAM-1 to fold on its own, we also engineered D1 to be functional by mutations, which were found to be those that would convert hydrogen bond networks in the solvent-excluded core into vdW contacts. The backbone structure of the β-sandwich fold and the epitope for I domain binding of the engineered D1 were essentially identical to those of wild-type D1. Most deviations in engineered D1 were found in the loops at the N-terminal region that interacts with human rhinovirus (HRV). Structural deviation found in engineered D1 was overall in agreement with the function of engineered D1 observed previously, i.e., full capacity binding to α(L) I domain but reduced interaction with HRV.

Anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic activities of sulfated polysaccharide of Sepiella maindroni ink

A previous study demonstrated that SIP-SII, a sulfated Sepiella maindroni ink polysaccharide, suppressed the invasion and migration of cancer cells via the inhibition of the proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). Therefore, this study investigated the anti-metastatic effect of SIP-SII in vivo. SIP-SII (15 and 30 mg/kg d) markedly decreased B16F10 pulmonary metastasis in mice models by 85.9% and 88.0%, respectively. Immunohistochemistry showed that SIP-SII decreased the expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in lung metastasis nodules. In addition, SIP-SII inhibited neovascularization in chick chorioallantoic membrane assay at 0.08-2 mg/mL. In the in vitro experiments, SIP-SII (0.8-500 μg/mL) significantly decreased the protein and mRNA expression of ICAM-1 and bFGF in SKOV3 and EA.hy926 cells, respectively. These results suggested that SIP-SII might suppress melanoma metastasis via the inhibition of the tumor adhesion mediated by ICAM-1 and the angiogenesis mediated by bFGF, as well as resulting in depression of the invasion and migration of carcinoma cells.