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Sasamori R, Sato Y, Nomura K, Wakita A, Nagaki Y, Kemuriyama K, Sasaki Y, Nozaki S, Takahashi T, Terata K, Imai K, Minamiya Y. Lipopolysaccharide induces CCL2 through TLR4 signaling and promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell proliferation. Am J Cancer Res 2024; 14:3497-3512. [PMID: 39113860 PMCID: PMC11301279 DOI: 10.62347/eike6128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Poor oral health is an independent risk factor for upper-aerodigestive tract cancers, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Our previous findings suggest that high expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, which recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS) released from periodontal pathogens, correlates with a poor prognosis after esophagectomy for ESCC. We therefore hypothesized that LPS influences cancer cell proliferation and disease progression in ESCC. We used 8 ESCC cell lines to investigate how LPS affects ESCC cell proliferation and migration activity. We also assessed mRNA and protein expression to determine how LPS affects cytokine production and whether blocking TLR4 signaling attenuates that effect. We also used a mouse xenograft model to investigate whether LPS upregulates ESCC tumor progression in vivo. We then determined whether C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) expression in clinical samples correlates with 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) in ESCC patients after esophagectomy. LPS significantly upregulated cell proliferation and migration in all ESCC lines. It also upregulated CCL2 production. In vivo, subcutaneous LPS administration significantly increased ESCC tumor volume in mice. In clinical samples, high CCL2 expression significantly correlated with 5-year OS and DSS. There was also a significant correlation between CCL2 and TLR4 expression status, suggesting the involvement of an LPS-TLR4-CCL2 cascade in clinical settings. LPS significantly upregulates cell proliferation and tumor progression through an LPS-TLR4-CCL2 cascade and influences prognosis after esophagectomy for ESCC. This suggests improving the oral environment has the potential to improve the prognosis of ESCC patients after esophagectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Sasamori
- Department of Esophageal Surgery, Akita University HospitalAkita 010-8543, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of MedicineAkita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Department of Esophageal Surgery, Akita University HospitalAkita 010-8543, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of MedicineAkita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nomura
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Public Health, Akita University Graduate School of MedicineAkita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Akiyuki Wakita
- Department of Esophageal Surgery, Akita University HospitalAkita 010-8543, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of MedicineAkita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yushi Nagaki
- Department of Esophageal Surgery, Akita University HospitalAkita 010-8543, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of MedicineAkita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kohei Kemuriyama
- Department of Esophageal Surgery, Akita University HospitalAkita 010-8543, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of MedicineAkita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sasaki
- Department of Esophageal Surgery, Akita University HospitalAkita 010-8543, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of MedicineAkita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Shu Nozaki
- Department of Esophageal Surgery, Akita University HospitalAkita 010-8543, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of MedicineAkita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Takahashi
- Department of Esophageal Surgery, Akita University HospitalAkita 010-8543, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of MedicineAkita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kaori Terata
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of MedicineAkita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Imai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of MedicineAkita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Minamiya
- Department of Esophageal Surgery, Akita University HospitalAkita 010-8543, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of MedicineAkita 010-8543, Japan
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Sato Y, Wakita A, Maeda E, Nagaki Y, Sasamori R, Kemuriyama K, Nozaki S, Ito S, Terata K, Imai K, Nanjo H, Nomura K, Minamiya Y. High TLR6 Expression Status Predicts a More Favorable Prognosis after Esophagectomy for Locally Advanced Thoracic Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:4724-4735. [PMID: 37232814 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30050356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Most so-called "beneficial bacteria" in gut microbiota are Gram-positive, and TLR6 recognizes the peptidoglycan (PGN) present in their cell walls. We hypothesized that a high TLR6 expression status predicts a more favorable prognosis after esophagectomy. We used an ESCC tissue microarray (TMA) to examine TLR6 expression status in ESCC patients and to determine whether TLR6 expression status correlates with prognosis after curative esophagectomy. We also examined whether PGN influences the cell proliferation activity of ESCC lines. Clinical ESCC samples from 177 patients tested for the expression of TLR6 were categorized as 3+ (n = 17), 2+ (n = 48), 1+ (n = 68), or 0 (n = 44). High TLR6 expression (3+ and 2+) correlated with significantly more favorable 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) after esophagectomy than a lower TLR6 expression (1+ and 0). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that TLR6 expression status is an independent prognostic factor that affects 5-year OS. PGN significantly inhibited the cell proliferation activity of ESCC lines. This is the first study to show that high TLR6 expression status predicts a more favorable prognosis in locally advanced thoracic ESCC patients after curative esophagectomy. PGN released from "beneficial bacteria" seems to have potential to inhibit the cell proliferation activity of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato
- Esophageal Surgery, Akita University Hospital, Akita 010-8543, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Akiyuki Wakita
- Esophageal Surgery, Akita University Hospital, Akita 010-8543, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Eri Maeda
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Public Health, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yushi Nagaki
- Esophageal Surgery, Akita University Hospital, Akita 010-8543, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Ryohei Sasamori
- Esophageal Surgery, Akita University Hospital, Akita 010-8543, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kohei Kemuriyama
- Esophageal Surgery, Akita University Hospital, Akita 010-8543, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Shu Nozaki
- Esophageal Surgery, Akita University Hospital, Akita 010-8543, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Satoru Ito
- Department of Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kaori Terata
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Imai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nanjo
- Department of Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nomura
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Public Health, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Minamiya
- Esophageal Surgery, Akita University Hospital, Akita 010-8543, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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Ueda S, Kanda M, Sato Y, Baba H, Nakamura S, Sawaki K, Shimizu D, Motoyama S, Fujii T, Kodera Y, Nomoto S. Chromobox 2 Expression Predicts Prognosis After Curative Resection of Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 17:391-400. [PMID: 32576584 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM To investigate the function of chromobox 2 (CBX2) in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS We used real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry to determine CBX2 expression levels in 13 human OSCC cell lines and clinical specimens of two independent cohorts of patients with OSCC. RESULTS PCR array analysis revealed that CBX2 was co-ordinately expressed with WNT5B in OSCC cell lines. RT-qPCR analysis of clinical samples revealed a high tumour-specific CBX2 expression compared with normal oesophageal tissues. High CBX2 expression was significantly associated with shorter disease-specific survival, hematogenous recurrence, and overall recurrence. Analysis of tissue microarrays of one cohort revealed that patients with higher CBX2 levels tended to have a shorter disease-specific survival. CONCLUSION CBX2 overexpression in OSCC tissues may serve as a novel biomarker for predicting survival and hematogenous recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei Ueda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi-gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi-gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mitsuro Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hayato Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koichi Sawaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Dai Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Motoyama
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fujii
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kodera
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuji Nomoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi-gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Sato Y, Motoyama S, Wakita A, Kawakita Y, Liu J, Nagaki Y, Nanjo H, Ito S, Terata K, Imai K, Minamiya Y. High TLR4 expression predicts a poor prognosis after esophagectomy for advanced thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Esophagus 2020; 17:408-416. [PMID: 32170544 DOI: 10.1007/s10388-020-00732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor oral health is an independent risk factor for upper aerodigestive tract cancers, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The pattern recognition receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizes lipopolysaccharide in the cell walls of Gram-negative periodontal pathogens associated with the development and progression of ESCC. It is, therefore, plausible that TLR4 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of ESCC. METHODS We used an ESCC tissue microarray to confirm expression of TLR4 in patients with ESCC and to determine whether TLR4 expression status correlates with the clinicopathological features of these patients or their prognosis after esophagectomy. We also tested whether the combined expression statuses of TLR4 and TLR3 better correlate with prognosis in these patients than either parameter alone. RESULTS Clinical ESCC samples from all 177 patients tested showed expression of TLR4. Moreover, high TLR4 expression (3 + and 2 +) correlated with poorer 5-year overall survival after esophagectomy than lower TLR4 expression (1 +) (p = 0.0491). Patients showing high TLR4 expression tended to have a poorer prognosis whether treated with surgery alone or with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed TLR4 expression status to be an independent prognostic factor affecting 5-year overall survival. Patients exhibiting high TLR4 expression with low TLR3 expression had a much poorer prognosis than other patients (p = < 0.0001). CONCLUSION High TLR4 expression predicts a poor prognosis in advanced thoracic ESCC patients after esophagectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato
- Department of Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Satoru Motoyama
- Department of Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Akiyuki Wakita
- Department of Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yuta Kawakita
- Department of Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Department of Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yushi Nagaki
- Department of Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nanjo
- Department of Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Satoru Ito
- Department of Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kaori Terata
- Department of Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Imai
- Department of Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Minamiya
- Department of Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
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Baba H, Kanda M, Sato Y, Sawaki K, Shimizu D, Koike M, Motoyama S, Kodera Y, Fujii T. Expression and Malignant Potential of B4GALNT4 in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 27:3247-3256. [PMID: 32253672 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-08431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-1,4-N-Acetyl-galactosaminyltransferase 4 (B4GALNT4), an enzyme involved in ganglioside synthesis, is upregulated in many cancers. We examine B4GALNT4 expression and its relationship to prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Expression of B4GALNT4 mRNA and B4GALNT4 protein was analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry, respectively, in 17 human ESCC cell lines and/or clinical specimens from two independent cohorts of 147 and 159 ESCC patients. The contributions of B4GALNT4 to proliferation, invasion, migration, and adhesion was evaluated in ESCC cells subjected to siRNA-mediated gene knockdown. Correlations between clinicopathological parameters and B4GALNT4 expression in clinical specimens were analyzed in both patient cohorts. RESULTS B4GALNT4 mRNA expression levels varied widely in ESCC cell lines, regardless of differentiation status or the originating tissue. Knockdown of B4GALNT4 significantly suppressed the proliferation, invasion, migration, and adhesion of ESCC cell lines compared with control cells. B4GALNT4 mRNA was overexpressed in ESCC tissues compared with adjacent normal esophageal tissues. High mRNA expression was significantly associated with poor disease-free survival and hematogenous recurrence, and high B4GALNT4 protein expression was also significantly related to poor disease-specific survival. On multivariable analysis, high B4GALNT4 expression was an independent predictor of poor prognosis. In both patient cohorts, high B4GALNT4 expression did not correlate with known prognostic factors, such as disease stage, lymphovascular invasion, or squamous cell-carcinoma-related antigen level. CONCLUSIONS B4GALNT4 influences the malignant behavior of ESCC cells. B4GALNT4 expression may serve as a novel prognostic marker, independent of established risk factors, for ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Baba
- Department of Surgery and Science, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mitsuro Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Koichi Sawaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Dai Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Motoyama
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kodera
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fujii
- Department of Surgery and Science, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Hayashi M, Kawakubo H, Fukuda K, Mayanagi S, Nakamura R, Suda K, Hayashida T, Wada N, Kitagawa Y. THUMP domain containing 2 protein possibly induces resistance to cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in in vitro human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells as revealed by transposon activation mutagenesis. J Gene Med 2019; 21:e3135. [PMID: 31656051 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although chemotherapy is a core treatment for esophageal cancer, some patients develop drug resistance. Gene screening with transposons (i.e. mobile genetic elements) is a novel procedure for identifying chemotherapy-resistant genes. Transposon insertion can randomly affect nearby gene expression. By identifying the affected genes, candidate genes can be found. The present study aimed to identify cisplatin (CDDP)/5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-resistant genes in in vitro human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with transposons. METHODS After establishing transposon-tagged cells, we obtained CDDP/5-FU-resistant colonies. A polymerase chain reaction and sequencing were used to identify the transposon inserted site and candidate CDDP/5-FU resistant genes. Focusing on one candidate gene, we confirmed CDDP/5-FU resistance by comparing the IC50 between drug-resistant and wild-type cells. Furthermore, we investigated gene expression by a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Finally, we mediated the candidate gene level with small interfering RNA to confirm the resistance. RESULTS Thirty-nine candidate genes for CDDP/5-FU resistance were identified. Nineteen were for CDDP resistance and 27 were for 5-FU resistance. Seven genes, THUMP domain-containing protein 2 (THUMPD2), nuclear factor interleukin-3-regulated protein (NFIL3), tyrosine-protein kinase transmembrane receptor 2 (ROR2), C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing protein 2 (THSD7B) alpha-parvin (PARVA) and TEA domain transcription factor 1 (TEAD1), were detected as candidate genes in both colonies. Regarding THUMPD2, its expression was downregulated and knocking down THUMPD2 suggested drug resistance in both drugs. CONCLUSIONS Thirty-nine candidate genes were identified with transposons. The downregulation of THUMPD2 was suggested to play a role in multidrug resistance in in vitro esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hayashi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kawakubo
- Department of Surgery, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Fukuda
- Department of Surgery, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuhei Mayanagi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rieko Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Suda
- Department of Surgery, Fujita Health University Hospital, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Testu Hayashida
- Department of Surgery, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihito Wada
- Department of Surgery, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Chen Z, Downing S, Tzanakakis ES. Four Decades After the Discovery of Regenerating Islet-Derived (Reg) Proteins: Current Understanding and Challenges. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:235. [PMID: 31696115 PMCID: PMC6817481 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating islet-derived (Reg) proteins have emerged as multifunctional agents with pro-proliferative, anti-apoptotic, differentiation-inducing and bactericidal properties. Over the last 40 years since first discovered, Reg proteins have been implicated in a gamut of maladies including diabetes, various types of cancer of the digestive tract, and Alzheimer disease. Surprisingly though, a consensus is still absent on the regulation of their expression, and molecular underpinning of their function. Here, we provide a critical appraisal of recent findings in the field of Reg protein biology. Specifically, the structural characteristics are reviewed particularly in connection with established or purported functions of different members of the Reg family. Moreover, Reg expression patterns in different tissues both under normal and pathophysiological conditions are summarized. Putative receptors and cascades reported to relay Reg signaling inciting cellular responses are presented aiming at a better appreciation of the biological activities of the distinct Reg moieties. Challenges are also discussed that have hampered thus far the rapid progress in this field such as the use of non-standard nomenclature for Reg molecules among various research groups, the existence of multiple Reg members with significant degree of homology and possibly compensatory modes of action, and the need for common assays with robust readouts of Reg activity. Coordinated research is warranted going forward, given that several research groups have independently linked Reg proteins to diseased states and raised the possibility that these biomolecules can serve as therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Shawna Downing
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emmanuel S Tzanakakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
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8
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Sato Y, Motoyama S, Wakita A, Kawakita Y, Liu J, Nagaki Y, Nanjo H, Terata K, Imai K, Saito H, Minamiya Y. TLR3 expression status predicts prognosis in patients with advanced thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after esophagectomy. Am J Surg 2018; 216:319-325. [PMID: 29395019 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2018.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is not completely understood. METHODS RT-qPCR was used to evaluate the mRNA expression of TLR1-10 in 13 ESCC lines. We then used ESCC tissue microarray (TMA) to confirm expression of TLR3 protein in patients with ESCC. RESULTS All ESCC lines showed 10-60 times higher TLR3 mRNA expression than PBLs. High expression of TLR3 correlated with favorable 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease specific survival (DSS) among patients with ESCC after esophagectomy (p < 0.01). Additionally, In the adjuvant chemotherapy group, TLR3 high patients had significantly better 5-year OS compared to TLR3 low patients (60.2%, 34.4%, respectively) but not in the surgery alone group. CONCLUSION High TLR3 expression is an independent prognostic factor and has the potential to serve as a clinically useful marker of the need for adjuvant chemotherapy after esophagectomy in patients with advanced thoracic ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato
- Dept. of Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Satoru Motoyama
- Dept. of Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Akiyuki Wakita
- Dept. of Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yuta Kawakita
- Dept. of Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Dept. of Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yushi Nagaki
- Dept. of Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nanjo
- Dept. of Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kaori Terata
- Dept. of Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Imai
- Dept. of Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Hajime Saito
- Dept. of Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Minamiya
- Dept. of Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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9
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Qiu YS, Liao GJ, Jiang NN. DNA Methylation-Mediated Silencing of Regenerating Protein 1 Alpha (REG1A) Affects Gastric Cancer Prognosis. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:5834-5843. [PMID: 29222406 PMCID: PMC5737223 DOI: 10.12659/msm.904706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cause of cancer-related deaths. The clinical trials still lack the effective methods to treat or monitor the disease progression. In this research, the biological function and the underlying molecular mechanism of regenerating protein 1 alpha (REG1A) in GC were investigated. Material/Methods Gene expression omnibus (GEO), KMplot datasets and GC tissue microarray (n=164) were used to analyze the expression of REG1A and related patient prognoses in GC. Transwell matrigel assay, flow cytometry analysis and CCK8 cell viability assay were performed to detect the biological functions of REG1A. Western blotting and real-time PCR were used to detect the REG1A expression and PI3K/Akt related signaling. Results It was found that the expression of REG1A was significantly downregulated in GC and closely related with clinicopathological findings or patient prognoses. REG1A overexpression could suppress the invasion, cell viability and promote the apoptosis of GC cells. Moreover, we found that the epigenetic methylation suppressed the expression level of REG1A in GC, and REG1A overexpression could suppress the phosphorylation of Akt or GSK3β signaling. Conclusions Taken together, REG1A regulates cell invasion, apoptosis and viability in GC through activating PI3K/Akt-GSK3β signaling. REG1A may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Song Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Yantai Mountain Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Guang-Jun Liao
- Department of Bone Tumor, Yantai Mountain Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Ning-Ning Jiang
- Department of Bone Tumor, Yantai Mountain Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
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10
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Sphingosine-1-phosphate/sphingosine kinase 1-dependent lymph node metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Surg Today 2017; 47:1312-1320. [DOI: 10.1007/s00595-017-1514-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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11
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Geng J, Fan J, Wang Q, Zhang XP, Kang L, Li QY, Xu YF, Peng B, Zheng JH, Yao XD. Decreased REG1α expression suppresses growth, invasion and angiogenesis of bladder cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2017; 43:837-846. [PMID: 28209239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous study has indicated association between REG1α and bladder cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Regenerating gene I alpha (REG1α) in bladder cancer. METHODS The role of REG1α in bladder cancer cell proliferation, migration and VEGF-induced angiogenesis was explored in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis was assessed to determine the expression of REG1α in ten paired bladder cancer and adjacent non-cancerous tissues, and in 296 bladder cancer samples. RESULTS Down-regulation of REG1α expression significantly reduced the proliferation, migration, invasion and VEGF-induced angiogenesis in vitro and the growth of xenograft tumors in vivo. VEGF expression in bladder cancer is associated with REG1α expression and recurrence. REG1α was overexpressed in bladder cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal samples. Patients with elevated REG1α exhibited shorter recurrence times and poor survival. CONCLUSION Downregulation of REG1α expression can reduce tumor growth, migration, invasion and angiogenesis. Our study demonstrates that REG1α can be used as a marker of recurrence and prognosis in bladder cancer. Therefore, REG1α targeting in bladder cancer patients represents a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Geng
- Department of Urology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - J Fan
- Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Q Wang
- Department of Urology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - X-P Zhang
- Department of Urology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - L Kang
- Department of Urology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Q-Y Li
- Department of Pathology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Y-F Xu
- Department of Urology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - B Peng
- Department of Urology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - J-H Zheng
- Department of Urology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - X-D Yao
- Department of Urology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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12
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Sato Y, Motoyama S, Saito H, Minamiya Y. Novel Candidate Biomarkers of Chemoradiosensitivity in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Eur Surg Res 2016; 56:141-53. [DOI: 10.1159/000443607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is no doubt that, along with surgery, chemoradiotherapy is an important treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Patients who respond well to chemoradiotherapy obtain great benefits toward overcoming their cancer, and so a more favorable prognosis. On the other hand, patients who do not respond well have wasted valuable time and experienced severe toxicity and seriously diminished quality of life, only to have their cancer recur with an unfavorable prognosis. For this reason, a reliable biomarker of chemoradiosensitivity in ESCC has long been sought. In this review, we will enumerate recently reported candidate biomarkers of chemoradiosensitivity in ESCC that have the potential for future clinical application.
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13
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IL-6 and MCP-1 genetic polymorphisms are predictive of decreased platelet counts caused by chemoradiotherapy in esophageal cancer. Esophagus 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10388-016-0522-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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14
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Sato Y, Motoyama S, Nanjo H, Wakita A, Yoshino K, Sasaki T, Nagaki Y, Liu J, Imai K, Saito H, Minamiya Y. CXCL10 Expression Status is Prognostic in Patients with Advanced Thoracic Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 23:936-42. [PMID: 26464192 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4909-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CXCL10, a member of the CXC chemokine family, is known to mediate chemotaxis, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and cell growth. It is also reportedly involved in tumor development and can affect prognosis in several cancers. However, the precise relationship between CXCL10 and the prognosis of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is not fully understood. METHODS We used ESCC tissue microarrays containing samples from 177 patients to test whether the CXCL10 expression status, determined using immunohistochemical analysis, is predictive of prognosis. We also tested whether CXCL10 expression status could serve as a clinically useful marker for evaluating the need for adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery. RESULTS We found that high CXCL10 expression in clinical samples was an independent prognostic factor and was predictive of a favorable 5-year overall survival and disease-specific survival (p = 0.0102 and 0.0332, respectively). Additionally, no significant difference was detected between patients in the CXCL10-high group treated with surgery alone and those treated with surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. In the CXCL10-low group, on the other hand, patients treated with surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy had better 5-year overall survival than those treated with surgery alone. CONCLUSIONS High CXCL10 expression is an independent prognostic factor and has the potential to serve as a clinically useful marker of the need for adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery in patients with advanced thoracic ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
| | - Satoru Motoyama
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nanjo
- Department of Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Akiyuki Wakita
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Kei Yoshino
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sasaki
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yushi Nagaki
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Imai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hajime Saito
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Minamiya
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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15
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Tsutsui M, Kawakubo H, Hayashida T, Fukuda K, Nakamura R, Takahashi T, Wada N, Saikawa Y, Omori T, Takeuchi H, Kitagawa Y. Comprehensive screening of genes resistant to an anticancer drug in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26202837 PMCID: PMC4532242 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance to chemotherapy is a major issue in esophageal cancer management. Drug resistance may be mediated by genetic changes in the tumor; therefore, the identification of gene mutations may lead to better therapeutic outcomes. We used a novel method involving transposons to screen and identify drug-resistant genes. Transposons are DNA sequences that move from one location on the gene to another. A modified piggyBac transposon was designed as an insertion mutagen, and a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter sequence was added to induce strong transcription. When the transposon is inserted to the upstream of a certain gene, the gene will be overexpressed while when intserted down or intragenically, it will be downregulated. After establishing a transposon-tagged cell library, we treated cell lines derived from esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) [Tohoku esophagus (TE)] with cisplatin (CDDP). We performed splinkerette PCR and TOPO cloning on the resistant colonies. Bacterial colonies were sequenced, and next-generation sequencing was used to identify the overexpressed/downregulated sequences as candidate genes for CDDP resistance. We established 4 cell lines of transposon-tagged cells, TE4, 5, 9 and 15. We treated the two relatively viable cell lines, TE4 and TE15, with CDDP. We identified 37 candidate genes from 8 resistant colonies. Eight genes were overexpressed whilst 29 were downregulated. Among these genes was Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) that is implicated in the progression of myeloproliferative neoplasms. We identified 37 candidate genes responsible for CDDP resistance in the two cell lines derived from ESCC cells. The method is inexpensive, relatively simple, and capable of introducing activating and de-activating mutations in the genome, allowing for drug-resistant genes to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Tsutsui
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kawakubo
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Testsu Hayashida
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Fukuda
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Rieko Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tsunehiro Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Norihito Wada
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saikawa
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tai Omori
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroya Takeuchi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Sato Y, Marzese DM, Ohta K, Huang SK, Sim MS, Chong K, Hoon DSB. Epigenetic regulation of REG1A and chemosensitivity of cutaneous melanoma. Epigenetics 2013; 8:1043-52. [PMID: 23903855 DOI: 10.4161/epi.25810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerating gene 1A (REG1A) plays an important role in tissue regeneration and in cell proliferation in epithelium origin tumors; however, its role in melanoma has not been explored in details. The objective of this study was to identify whether REG1A is expressed in cutaneous melanoma and if REG1A expression status can predict prognosis in cutaneous melanoma patients with metastasis. We also determined whether epigenetic regulation of the promoter region regulates REG1A expression. AJCC stage III cutaneous melanoma specimens with clinically well annotated stage III lymph node melanoma metastasis tissue microarray were assessed by IHC. MALDI-TOF-mass spectrometry and HM450K array were used to identify REG1A promoter region CpG site methylation. Chemotherapeutic agent response by melanoma cells as related to REG1A protein expression was assessed. Post-surgery melanoma patients followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with high REG1A expression had a significantly better prognosis (disease-specific survival) compared with patients with low REG1A expression (log rank test; p = 0.0013). The demethylating reagent 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine activated REG1A promoter region resulting in enhanced REG1A mRNA and protein expression in melanoma cell lines. Promoter region CpG methylation was shown to regulate REG1A expression in melanoma cells. Moreover, melanoma lines with high REG1A mRNA expression were more susceptible to Dacarbazine and Cisplatin, as compared with those with low REG1A mRNA expression. In conclusion, REG1A expression status may be useful as a biomarker in melanoma patients for sensitivity to these chemotherapeutic agents. The epigenetic regulation of the REG1A promoter region may offer a potential therapeutic approach to improve chemotherapy for metastatic melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato
- Department of Molecular Oncology; John Wayne Cancer Institute; Santa Monica, CA USA
| | - Diego M Marzese
- Department of Molecular Oncology; John Wayne Cancer Institute; Santa Monica, CA USA
| | - Katsuya Ohta
- Department of Molecular Oncology; John Wayne Cancer Institute; Santa Monica, CA USA
| | - Sharon K Huang
- Department of Molecular Oncology; John Wayne Cancer Institute; Santa Monica, CA USA
| | - Myung Shin Sim
- Division of Biostatistics; John Wayne Cancer Institute; Santa Monica, CA USA
| | - Kelly Chong
- Department of Molecular Oncology; John Wayne Cancer Institute; Santa Monica, CA USA
| | - Dave S B Hoon
- Department of Molecular Oncology; John Wayne Cancer Institute; Santa Monica, CA USA
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