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Batista GMF, Ebenbauer R, Day C, Bergare J, Neumann KT, Hopmann KH, Elmore CS, Rosas-Hernández A, Skrydstrup T. Efficient palladium-catalyzed electrocarboxylation enables late-stage carbon isotope labelling. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2592. [PMID: 38519475 PMCID: PMC10959938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46820-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon isotope labelling of bioactive molecules is essential for accessing the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of new drug entities. Aryl carboxylic acids represent an important class of structural motifs ubiquitous in pharmaceutically active molecules and are ideal targets for the installation of a radioactive tag employing isotopically labelled CO2. However, direct isotope incorporation via the reported catalytic reductive carboxylation (CRC) of aryl electrophiles relies on excess CO2, which is incompatible with carbon-14 isotope incorporation. Furthermore, the application of some CRC reactions for late-stage carboxylation is limited because of the low tolerance of molecular complexity by the catalysts. Herein, we report the development of a practical and affordable Pd-catalysed electrocarboxylation setup. This approach enables the use of near-stoichiometric 14CO2 generated from the primary carbon-14 source Ba14CO3, facilitating late-stage and single-step carbon-14 labelling of pharmaceuticals and representative precursors. The proposed isotope-labelling protocol holds significant promise for immediate impact on drug development programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M F Batista
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Novo Nordisk Foundation CO2 Research Center, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ruth Ebenbauer
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Novo Nordisk Foundation CO2 Research Center, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Craig Day
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Novo Nordisk Foundation CO2 Research Center, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bergare
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences R&D AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karoline T Neumann
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Novo Nordisk Foundation CO2 Research Center, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kathrin H Hopmann
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Charles S Elmore
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences R&D AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alonso Rosas-Hernández
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Novo Nordisk Foundation CO2 Research Center, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Troels Skrydstrup
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Novo Nordisk Foundation CO2 Research Center, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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2
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Lan J, Lu X, Ren B, Duo F, Niu X, Si J. Visible-light-driven photocatalytic carboxylation to aromatic carboxylic acids with CO 2. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:682-693. [PMID: 38189574 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01788e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
(Hetero)aromatic carboxylic acids and their derivatives attract attention due to their role in the synthesis of several biologically active molecules, active pharmaceutical ingredients, polymers, etc. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a prime C1 source for the synthesis of aromatic carboxylic acids because of its nontoxicity, nonflammability, abundance and renewability. Owing to the thermodynamic and chemical inertness of CO2, traditional carboxylation to aromatic carboxylic acids with CO2 is always performed under harsh reaction conditions or using stoichiometric metallic reductants. Visible-light-driven carboxylation with CO2 provides an environmentally benign, mild, and high-efficiency route for the production of aromatic carboxylic acids. This review comprehensively introduces the visible-light-driven preparation of aromatic carboxylic acids through a visible-light-driven oxidative addition and reductive elimination mechanism, binding of aryl (radical) anions which are produced by photoinduced electron transfer (PET) to CO2, binding of carbon dioxide anion radicals (CO2˙-) which are formed by PET to aryl compounds, radical coupling between CO2˙- and aryl radicals, and other mechanisms. Finally, this review provides a summary and the future work direction. This article offers a theoretical guidance for efficient synthesis of aromatic carboxylic acids via photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Lan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Bo Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Fangfang Duo
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Xinkai Niu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Jiangju Si
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
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3
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Waddell PM, Tian L, Scavuzzo AR, Venigalla L, Scholes GD, Carrow BP. Visible light-induced palladium-carbon bond weakening in catalytically relevant T-shaped complexes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:14217-14228. [PMID: 38098701 PMCID: PMC10717500 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02588h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggering one-electron redox processes during palladium catalysis holds the potential to unlock new reaction mechanisms and synthetic methods not previously accessible in the typical two-electron reaction manifolds that dominate palladium catalysis. We report that T-shaped organopalladium(ii) complexes coordinated by a bulky monophosphine, a class of organometallic intermediate featured in a range of contemporary catalytic reactions, undergo blue light-promoted bond weakening leading to mild and efficient homolytic cleavage of strong Pd(ii)-C(sp3) bonds under ambient conditions. The origin of light-triggered radical formation in these systems, which lack an obvious ligand-based chromophore (i.e., π-systems), was investigated using a combination of DFT calculations, photoactinometry, and transient absorption spectroscopy. The available data suggest T-shaped organopalladium(ii) complexes manifest unusual blue light-accessible Pd-to-C(sp3) transition. The quantum efficiency and excited state lifetime of this process were unexpectedly superior compared to a prototypical (α-diimine)Pd(ii) complex featuring a low-lying, ligand-centered LUMO (π*). These results suggest coordinatively-unsaturated organopalladium(ii) compounds, catalysts in myriad catalytic processes, have untapped potential for one-electron reactivity under visible light excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Waddell
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | | | - Lalu Venigalla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Brad P Carrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
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4
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Behmagham F, Abdullah MN, Saied SM, Azeez MD, Abbass RR, Adhab AH, Vessally E. Recent progress in reductive carboxylation of C-O bonds with CO 2. RSC Adv 2023; 13:32502-32517. [PMID: 37928841 PMCID: PMC10624238 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04073a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transformation of carbon dioxide (CO2) into value-added organic compounds has attracted increasing interest of scientific community in the last few decades, not only because CO2 is the primary greenhouse gas that drives global climate change and ocean acidification, but also because it has been regarded as a plentiful, nontoxic, nonflammable and renewable one-carbon (C1) feedstock. Among the various CO2-conversion processes, carboxylation reactions represent one of the most beautiful and attractive research topics in the field, since it offers the possibility for the construction of synthetically and biologically important carboxylic acids from various easily accessible (pseudo)halides, organosilicon, and organoboron compounds. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available literature on deoxygenative carboxylation of alcohols and their derivatives utilizing CO2 as a carboxylative reagent. Depending on the C-O compounds employed, the paper is divided into five major sections. The direct dehydroxylative carboxylation of free alcohols is discussed first. This is followed by reductive carboxylation of carboxylates, triflates, and tosylates. In the final section, the only reported example on catalytic carboxylation of fluorosulfates will be covered. Notably, special attention has been paid on the mechanistic aspects of the reactions that may provide new insights into catalyst improvement and development, which currently mainly relies on the use of transition metal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Behmagham
- Department of Chemistry, Miandoab Branch, Islamic Azad University Miandoab Iran
| | - Media Noori Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil Kurdistan Region Iraq
| | | | - Maha Dhurgham Azeez
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology Dhi Qar Iraq
| | | | | | - Esmail Vessally
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University P.O. Box 19395-3697 Tehran Iran
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5
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Jin Y, Toriumi N, Iwasawa N. Visible-Light-Enabled Carboxylation of Benzyl Alcohol Derivatives with CO 2 Using a Palladium/Iridium Dual Catalyst. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102095. [PMID: 34821059 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient carboxylation of benzyl alcohol derivatives with CO2 using a palladium/iridium dual catalyst under visible-light irradiation was developed. A wide range of benzyl alcohol derivatives could be employed to provide benzylic carboxylic acids in moderate to high yields. Mechanistic studies indicated that the oxidative addition of benzyl alcohol derivatives was possibly the rate-determining-step. It was also found that a switchable site-selective carboxylation between benzylic C-O and aryl C-Cl moieties could be achieved simply by changing the palladium catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushu Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Toriumi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Iwasawa
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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Ramani A, Desai B, Dholakiya BZ, Naveen T. Recent advances in visible-light mediated functionalization of olefins and alkynes using copper catalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7850-7873. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01611g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, visible-light photoredox catalysis has blossomed as a powerful strategy and offers a discrete activation mode complementary to thermal controlled reactions. Visible-light-mediated photoredox catalysis also offers exciting...
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7
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Tortajada A, Börjesson M, Martin R. Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Carboxylation and Amidation Reactions. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3941-3952. [PMID: 34586783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquity and importance of carboxylic acids and amides in peptides, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and synthetic materials has challenged chemists to design de novo catalytic carboxylation and amidation protocols. They represent a powerful alternative to canonical oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes, hydrolysis of nitriles, transamidation reactions, or condensation techniques for the synthesis of these functional groups. Among various scenarios, the recent years have witnessed considerable advances in Ni-catalyzed reductive carboxylation and amidation reactions utilizing carbon dioxide and isocyanate counterparts. This Account aims to highlight the progress made in this arena with a historical perspective, with particular emphasis on the methodologies that have emanated from our laboratories without losing sight of the underlying principles by which these reactions operate, with the ultimate goal of allowing the transition from comprehension to prediction in this exciting field.Unlike the utilization of conventional polar yet highly reactive organometallic reagents in carboxylation or amidation reactions, the utilization of nickel catalysts has allowed the use of carbon dioxide and isocyanates with less reactive and less-polarized counterparts for the formations of carboxylic acids and amides. These less reactive groups include organic halides and pseudohalides (i.e., alkyl bromides and chlorides, esters, alcohols, and ammonium salts), unsaturated hydrocarbons (i.e., alkynes, styrenes, unactivated alkenes, and dienes) or even C-H bonds, where forging the targeted C-C bond at previously unfunctionalized C-H linkages was possible, thus giving access to densely functionalized compounds that would be difficult to access otherwise. The C-H functionalization includes chain-walking scenarios, where subtle changes in the ligand and reaction conditions marked the selectivity of the transformations, and reactions via a [1,4]-Ni shift, where selective carboxylation in aromatic rings could be achieved. Conceptuality and practicality aside, these transformations have even offered the possibility of modulating and dictating the site-selectivity pattern, thus providing not only new vistas when controlling the selectivity of bond-forming reactions at specific sites within the side chain but also new knowledge in retrosynthetic analysis when accessing carboxylic acids and amide backbones. Importantly, these techniques have shown to be particularly suited for the preparation of isotopically labeled molecules when using 13CO2 or even 14CO2, thus becoming a useful endeavor in the drug discovery pipeline. Although mechanistic understanding at the molecular level still constitutes the "Achilles heel" of these transformations, the recent empirical discoveries and the rapid adoption of these protocols by the community augurs well for the widespread utilization of reductive carboxylation and amidation reactions in both academic and industrial laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Tortajada
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marino Börjesson
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Kanna W, Harabuchi Y, Takano H, Hayashi H, Maeda S, Mita T. Carboxylation of a Palladacycle Formed via C(sp 3 )-H Activation: Theory-Driven Reaction Design. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:4072-4080. [PMID: 34636155 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Theory-driven organic synthesis is a powerful tool for developing new organic transformations. A palladacycle(II), generated from 8-methylquinoline via C(sp3 )-H activation, is frequently featured in the scientific literature, albeit that the reactivity toward CO2 , an abundant, inexpensive, and non-toxic chemical, remains elusive. We have theoretically discovered potential carboxylation pathways using the artificial force induced reaction (AFIR) method, a density-functional-theory (DFT)-based automated reaction path search method. The thus obtained results suggest that the reduction of Pd(II) to Pd(I) is key to promote the insertion of CO2 . Based on these computational findings, we employed various one-electron reductants, such as Cp*2 Co, a photoredox catalyst under blue LED irradiation, and reductive electrolysis ((+)Mg/(-)Pt), which afforded the desired carboxylated products in high yields. After screening phosphine ligands under photoredox conditions, we discovered that bidentate ligands such as dppe promoted this carboxylation efficiently, which was rationally interpreted in terms of the redox potential of the Pd(II)-dppe complex as well as on the grounds of DFT calculations. We are convinced that these results could serve as future guidelines for the development of Pd(II)-catalyzed C(sp3 )-H carboxylation reactions with CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Kanna
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yu Harabuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takano
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.,Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mita
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
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