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Linhart I, Himl M, Urban V, Mráz J. Syntheses of methylcarbamoylated amino acids using synthetic equivalents of methyl isocyanate. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2022.2042563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Linhart
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Himl
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Urban
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Mráz
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
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Kruse FM, Teichert JS, Trapp O. Prebiotic Nucleoside Synthesis: The Selectivity of Simplicity. Chemistry 2020; 26:14776-14790. [PMID: 32428355 PMCID: PMC7756251 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of nucleic acids 150 years ago,[1] major achievements have been made in understanding and decrypting the fascinating scientific questions of the genetic code.[2] However, the most fundamental question about the origin and the evolution of the genetic code remains a mystery. How did nature manage to build up such intriguingly complex molecules able to encode structure and function from simple building blocks? What conditions were required? How could the precursors survive the unhostile environment of early Earth? Over the past decades, promising synthetic concepts were proposed providing clarity in the field of prebiotic nucleic acid research. In this Minireview, we show the current status and various approaches to answer these fascinating questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian M. Kruse
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstr. 5–13'81377MunichGermany
| | - Jennifer S. Teichert
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstr. 5–13'81377MunichGermany
- Max-Planck-Institute for AstronomyKönigstuhl 1769117HeidelbergGermany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstr. 5–13'81377MunichGermany
- Max-Planck-Institute for AstronomyKönigstuhl 1769117HeidelbergGermany
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Schneider C, Becker S, Okamura H, Crisp A, Amatov T, Stadlmeier M, Carell T. Noncanonical RNA Nucleosides as Molecular Fossils of an Early Earth-Generation by Prebiotic Methylations and Carbamoylations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [PMID: 29533524 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The RNA-world hypothesis assumes that life on Earth started with small RNA molecules that catalyzed their own formation. Vital to this hypothesis is the need for prebiotic routes towards RNA. Contemporary RNA, however, is not only constructed from the four canonical nucleobases (A, C, G, and U), it also contains many chemically modified (noncanonical) bases. A still open question is whether these noncanonical bases were formed in parallel to the canonical bases (chemical origin) or later, when life demanded higher functional diversity (biological origin). Here we show that isocyanates in combination with sodium nitrite establish methylating and carbamoylating reactivity compatible with early Earth conditions. These reactions lead to the formation of methylated and amino acid modified nucleosides that are still extant. Our data provide a plausible scenario for the chemical origin of certain noncanonical bases, which suggests that they are fossils of an early Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schneider
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM) at the Department, of Chemistry, LMU München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Sidney Becker
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM) at the Department, of Chemistry, LMU München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Hidenori Okamura
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM) at the Department, of Chemistry, LMU München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Antony Crisp
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM) at the Department, of Chemistry, LMU München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Tynchtyk Amatov
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM) at the Department, of Chemistry, LMU München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Michael Stadlmeier
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM) at the Department, of Chemistry, LMU München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM) at the Department, of Chemistry, LMU München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
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Schneider C, Becker S, Okamura H, Crisp A, Amatov T, Stadlmeier M, Carell T. Nicht-kanonische RNA-Nukleoside als molekulare Fossilien einer frühen Erde - Generierung durch präbiotische Methylierungen und Carbamoylierungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schneider
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPS ) am, Department Chemie; LMU München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Sidney Becker
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPS ) am, Department Chemie; LMU München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Hidenori Okamura
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPS ) am, Department Chemie; LMU München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Antony Crisp
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPS ) am, Department Chemie; LMU München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Tynchtyk Amatov
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPS ) am, Department Chemie; LMU München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Michael Stadlmeier
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPS ) am, Department Chemie; LMU München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Thomas Carell
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPS ) am, Department Chemie; LMU München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Deutschland
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Levit GL, Radina LB, Krasnov VP. N-alkylnitrosocarbamoylamino acids. Synthesis, properties, and antitumor activity (a review). Pharm Chem J 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02219004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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