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Long H, Xiao J, Wang X, Liang M, Fan Y, Xu Y, Lin M, Ren Z, Wu C, Wang Y. Laminarin acetyl esters: Synthesis, conformational analysis and anti-viral effects. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 216:528-536. [PMID: 35809670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical modification of polysaccharides is important for expanding their applications and gaining new insights into their structure-property relationships. Here we reported the synthesis, characterization, and anti-viral activities of laminarin acetyl derivatives. The chemical structure and chain conformation of acetylated laminarin were characterized by FT-IR, H1 NMR, AFM, UV-vis spectrum, and induced circular dichroism based on a modified Congo Red assay (ICD-CR assay). The inhibition effect of laminarin and its acetyl derivatives on HSV-1 was evaluated by viral plaque assay and virus-associated DNA/protein change. Acetylation modification was found to trigger the conformation transition of laminarin from triple helix to single helix, and the extent of transition can be tuned by the degree of substitution. The single helical acetylated laminarins were found to be stable in neutral aqueous solution and exhibited no cytotoxicity. However, the acetylated laminarin exhibited declined antiviral activity after modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Long
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji Xiao
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minting Liang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yapei Fan
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuying Xu
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengting Lin
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Ren
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoxi Wu
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Trabbic K, Kleski KA, Barchi JJ. A Stable Gold Nanoparticle-Based Vaccine for the Targeted Delivery of Tumor-Associated Glycopeptide Antigens. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2021; 1:31-43. [PMID: 34927166 PMCID: PMC8675876 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.1c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel antigen delivery system based on polysaccharide-coated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) targeted to antigen presenting cells (APCs) expressing Dectin-1. AuNPs were synthesized de-novo using yeast-derived β-1,3-glucans (B13G) as the reductant and passivating agent in a microwave-catalyzed procedure yielding highly uniform and serum-stable particles. These were further functionalized with both a peptide and a specific glycosylated form from the tandem repeat sequence of mucin 4 (MUC4), a glycoprotein overexpressed in pancreatic tumors. The glycosylated sequence contained the Thomsen-Friedenreich disaccharide, a pan-carcinoma, Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Antigen (TACA), which has been a traditional target for antitumor vaccine design. These motifs were prepared with a cathepsin B protease cleavage site (Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly), loaded on the B13G-coated particles and these constructs were examined for Dectin-1 binding, APC processing and presentation in a model in vitro system and for immune responses in mice. We showed that these particles elicit strong in vivo immune responses through the production of both high-titer antibodies and priming of antigen-recognizing T-cells. Further examination showed that a favorable antitumor balance of expressed cytokines was generated, with limited expression of immunosuppressive Il-10. This system is modular in that any range of antigens can be conjugated to our particles and efficiently delivered to APCs expressing Dectin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin
R. Trabbic
- Chemical Biology Laboratory,
Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer
Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Kristopher A. Kleski
- Chemical Biology Laboratory,
Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer
Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Joseph J. Barchi
- Chemical Biology Laboratory,
Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer
Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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Ruiz-Herrera J, Ortiz-Castellanos L. Cell wall glucans of fungi. A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:100022. [PMID: 32743138 PMCID: PMC7389562 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2019.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucans are the most abundant compounds in the fungal cell walls. The most common type of glucose bonding is 1 → 3, both alpha and beta. Microfibrillar glucans with chitin provide rigidity to the fungal wall. Fungal beta glucans act as PAMPS during infection of animals and plants.
Glucans are the most abundant polysaccharides in the cell walls of fungi, and their structures are highly variable. Accordingly, their glucose moieties may be joined through either or both alpha (α) or beta (β) linkages, they are either lineal or branched, and amorphous or microfibrillar. Alpha 1,3 glucans sensu strictu (pseudonigerans) are the most abundant alpha glucans present in the cell walls of fungi, being restricted to dikarya. They exist in the form of structural microfibrils that provide resistance to the cell wall. The structure of beta glucans is more complex. They are linear or branched, and contain mostly β 1,3 and β 1,6 linkages, existing in the form of microfibrils. Together with chitin they constitute the most important structural components of fungal cell walls. They are the most abundant components of the cell walls in members of all fungal phyla, with the exception of Microsporidia, where they are absent. Taking into consideration the importance of glucans in the structure and physiology of the fungi, in the present review we describe the following aspects of these polysaccharides: i) types and distribution of fungal glucans, ii) their structure, iii) their roles, iv) the mechanism of synthesis of the most important ones, and v) the phylogentic relationships of the enzymes involved in their synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ruiz-Herrera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Km. 9.6, Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, 36821 Irapuato, Gto. Mexico
| | - Lucila Ortiz-Castellanos
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Km. 9.6, Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, 36821 Irapuato, Gto. Mexico
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Synytsya A, Novák M. Structural diversity of fungal glucans. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:792-809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Xu X, Chen P, Zhang L, Ashida H. Chain structures of glucans from Lentinus edodes and their effects on NO production from RAW 264.7 macrophages. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Novak M, Vetvicka V. Beta-glucans, history, and the present: immunomodulatory aspects and mechanisms of action. J Immunotoxicol 2009; 5:47-57. [PMID: 18382858 DOI: 10.1080/15476910802019045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper represents a comprehensive up-to-date review of beta -glucans, their chemical and biological properties, and their role in immunological reactions. beta -D-Glucans belong to a group of physiologically active compounds called biological response modifiers and represent highly conserved structural components of cell walls in yeast, fungi, or seaweed. Despite almost 150 years of research, the exact mechanisms of their action remain unclear. The present review starts with the history of glucans. Next, attention is focused on sources and structure, comparing the effects of physicochemical properties, and sources on biological effects. As glucans belong to natural products useful in preventing various diseases, they have been highly sought after throughout human history. Based on extensive recent research, this paper explains the various mechanisms of effects and the ways glucans mediate their effects on defense reactions against infections. Despite the fact that predominately pharmacological effects of glucans are positive, their unfavorable and potentially toxic side effects were not overlooked. In addition, attention was focused on the future research, possible alternatives such as synthetic oligosaccharides, and on clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Novak
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Flexible chain conformation of (1→3)-β-d-glucan from Poria cocos sclerotium in NaOH/urea aqueous solution. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Structure, molecular size and antitumor activities of polysaccharides from Poria cocos mycelia produced in fermenter. Carbohydr Polym 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Dunstan DE, Goodall DG. Terraced self assembled nano-structures from laminarin. Int J Biol Macromol 2006; 40:362-6. [PMID: 17113142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2006.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of self assembled nano-structures from the biopolymer laminarin dried onto mica is reported. The observed structures are composed of stacked terraced layers decreasing in size away from the mica surface. The layers display a high degree of dimensional regularity as observed using atomic force microscope imaging (AFM). The width of the layers is linearly dependent upon the number of layers in the structure and decreases with layer number away from the mica substrate. The thickness of the layers is uniform throughout the structure. A pore is contained in the central region of each structure with more than one layer. We postulate that these structures have potential use as templates in microelectronic devices and sensors where the central pore has the potential to immobilise functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave E Dunstan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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11
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Saitô H, Yamada J, Yoshioka Y, Shibata Y, Erata T. Evidence of three distinct conformations-single chain, single helix, and triple helix-of (1 → 3)-β-D-xylan in the solid and intact frond of green algae as studied by13C-nmr spectroscopy. Biopolymers 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.360310803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang L, Li X, Zhou Q, Zhang X, Chen R. Transition from Triple Helix to Coil of Lentinan in Solution Measured by SEC, Viscometry, and 13C NMR. Polym J 2002. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.34.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Zhang H, Nishinari K, Williams MAK, Foster TJ, Norton IT. A molecular description of the gelation mechanism of curdlan. Int J Biol Macromol 2002; 30:7-16. [PMID: 11893389 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-8130(01)00187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The gelation of aqueous suspensions of the polysaccharide curdlan has been studied by dynamic rheological measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, and low-resolution time-domain 1H-NMR. Gel formation from several samples, each originating from a curdlan fraction of differing molecular weight, has been observed in order to further clarify the nature of observed phenomena by monitoring their dependence on degree of polymerisation. The results from the complementary techniques described here, in addition to those in existing literature, both for curdlan and for other ss-(1,3) glucans, have been used to build up a consistent framework for the interpretation of results. Broadly, this involves the plasticisation and dissolution of dried material on heating, the time-dependent annealing of native (as biosynthesised) structures, and the trapping of imperfectly formed pseudo-equilibrium states on re-cooling, in concert with the creation of microfibrils and network formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Zhou Q, Zhang P, Zhang M, Li X. Triple Helix of β-D-Glucan from Lentinus Edodes in 0.5 M NaCl Aqueous Solution Characterized by Light Scattering. Polym J 2001. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.33.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Jeannin M, Rezzoug SA, Maache-rezzoug Z, Cohendoz S, Allaf K. Solid-state13C NMR Study of Scleroglucan Polysaccharide. Effect of the Drying Process and Hydration on Scleroglucan Structure and Dynamics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/10236660008034657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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A rheological study on the effects of heating rate and dispersing method on the gelling characteristics of curdlan aqueous dispersions. Food Hydrocoll 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0268-005x(00)00031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Zhang P, Zhang L, Cheng S. Effects of urea and sodium hydroxide on the molecular weight and conformation of alpha-(1-->3)-D-glucan from Lentinus edodes in aqueous solution. Carbohydr Res 2000; 327:431-8. [PMID: 10990028 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)00077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The weight-average molecular weight (Mw) and intrinsic viscosity ([eta]) of the alpha-(1-->3)-D-glucan (L-FV-II) from Lentinus edodes in 0.5 and 1.0 M NaOH aqueous solution containing urea, were studied by light scattering and viscometry. The Mw value of the glucan decreased with increase of the urea and NaOH concentration. A strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding confers water-insolubility on the glucan, but NaOH and especially urea, broke this hydrogen bonding leading to enhanced water-solubility. Use of 1.0 M urea-1.0 M NaOH as solvent broke not only intermolecular hydrogen bonds but also partial covalent bonds of the alpha-glucan in aqueous solution, resulting in a decrease of Mw and [eta]. The urea and NaOH concentrations, storage time with stirring, and mode of preparation of the polysaccharide in aqueous solution significantly affected the determination of Mw and [eta]. The dependences of specific rotation and fluorescence emission ratio of a probe on urea concentration showed that a change in the molecular conformation of the alpha-glucan in 0.5 M NaOH aqueous solution containing urea occurred in the range 0.4-0.6 M urea. The 0.5 M urea-0.5 M NaOH aqueous solution is a suitable solvent for the glucan, and the Mw and [eta] values obtained were 5.21 x 10(5) and 148 cm3 g(-1), respectively. Degradation of the glucan was obvious after storage for 15 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, PR China
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19
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Rezzoug S, Maache-Rezzoug Z, Mazoyer J, Jeannin M, Allaf K. Effect of instantaneous controlled pressure drop process on the hydration capacity of scleroglucan: optimisation of operating conditions by response surface methodology. Carbohydr Polym 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(99)00122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Young SH, Dong WJ, Jacobs RR. Observation of a partially opened triple-helix conformation in 1-->3-beta-glucan by fluorescence resonance energy transfer spectroscopy. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:11874-9. [PMID: 10766814 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.16.11874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) spectroscopy as an indirect method to investigate the effect of NaOH treatment on the conformation of a triple-helix (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan and then evaluated the effect of conformation on biological activity. Previous studies have suggested that treatment of the triple-helix glucans with NaOH produces single-helix conformers. FRET spectra of the triple-helix glucan, laminarin, doubly labeled with 1-aminopyrene as donor probe and fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate as acceptor probe attached at the reducing end, showed that a partially opened triple-helix conformer was formed on treatment with NaOH. Increasing degrees of strand opening was associated with increasing concentrations of NaOH. Based on these observations we propose that a partially opened triple-helix rather than a single helix, is formed by treating the triple-helix glucans with NaOH. After neutralizing the NaOH, changes in FRET indicated that the partially opened conformer gradually reverts to the triple-helix over 8 days. Laminarian was stabilized at different degrees of partial opening and its biological activity examined using the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay and nitric oxide production by alveolar macrophage. Both Limulus amebocyte lysate activity and nitric oxide production were related to the degree of opening of the triple-helix. Partially open conformers were more biologically active than the intact triple-helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Young
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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21
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Young SH, Jacobs RR. Sodium hydroxide-induced conformational change in schizophyllan detected by the fluorescence dye, aniline blue. Carbohydr Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(98)00167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Navarini L, Bella J, Flaibani A, Gilli R, Rizza V. Structural characterization and solution properties of an acidic branched (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan from Aureobasidium pullulans. Int J Biol Macromol 1996; 19:157-63. [PMID: 8910055 DOI: 10.1016/0141-8130(96)01121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An acidic exopolysaccharide was isolated from a selected strain of Aureobasidium pullulans. On the basis of spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques, the polymer was identified as a beta-D-glucan containing a main chain of (1-->3)-linked beta-D-glucopy-ranosyl units substituted at the O-6 position by single beta-D-glucopyranosyl side chains. The ratio of units in the main chain to units in the side chain was found to be 1.4:1. The ionic character of this exopolysaccharide is due to the presence of malate residues which are linked to the polymer through ester bonds. The degree of substitution was estimated to be very low (0.05). In aqueous solution no signals are present in the NMR spectra strongly suggesting that the polymer adopts a rigid ordered conformation as further confirmed by rheological data. A solvent-induced conformational transition was observed in DMSO in which NMR spectra with good signal-to-noise ratio were obtained. The solution behaviour of the polymer is similar to that of other branched (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans in spite of both the degree of branching and the substitution with malate groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Navarini
- POLY-tech Research Centre S.C.a.r.l., AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
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Zhang L, Yang L, Ding Q, Chen X. Studies on molecular weights of polysaccharides of Auricularia auricula-judae. Carbohydr Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Mizuno T, Saito H, Nishitoba T, KaWagishi H. Antitumor‐active substances from mushrooms. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129509541018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Hara C, Ukai S. Kinugasatake,Dictyophora indusiataFisch: Biological activities. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129509541037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Krainer E, Stark RE, Naider F, Alagramam K, Becker JM. Direct observation of cell wall glucans in whole cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by magic-angle spinning 13C-NMR. Biopolymers 1994; 34:1627-35. [PMID: 7849225 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360341207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Intact cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined as an aqueous paste by 13C-nmr spectroscopy with direct polarization and magic-angle spinning. The spectra obtained were highly resolved, showing numerous resonances in the 60-105 ppm range that were assigned to carbons of a liquid-like domain of the cell wall glucan. Assignments were confirmed by running the spectrum of S. cerevisiae in which the cell wall glucans were labeled with [13C] by feeding the cell [13C]galactose. The spectra indicate that the glucan in the cell wall of intact S. cerevisiae assumes a helical conformation and suggest that strain 17A fed with galactose preferentially incorporates the resulting glucose into beta (1-->3)-linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Krainer
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, City University of New York 10314
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A Review of Macromolecular Organic Compounds That Comprise Living Organisms and Their Role in Kerogen, Coal, and Petroleum Formation. TOPICS IN GEOBIOLOGY 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2890-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Jong SC, Birmingham JM. Medicinal and therapeutic value of the shiitake mushroom. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1993; 39:153-84. [PMID: 8213304 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S C Jong
- Mycology and Botany Department, American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland 20852
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30
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Saitô H, Yoshioka Y, Uehara N, Aketagawa J, Tanaka S, Shibata Y. Relationship between conformation and biological response for (1----3)-beta-D-glucans in the activation of coagulation factor G from limulus amebocyte lysate and host-mediated antitumor activity. Demonstration of single-helix conformation as a stimulant. Carbohydr Res 1991; 217:181-90. [PMID: 1797400 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(91)84128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between the conformation of (1----3)-beta-D-glucans in gel or hydrated form and the stimulation of two types of biological responses, namely, activation of coagulation Factor G from limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) and host-mediated antitumor activity was examined. Both types were activated by the single-helical conformation, as revealed by high-resolution, solid-state 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. The potency of activation of Factor G was increased over 100-fold by treatment with a NaOH solution which leads to a complete or partial conversion from the triple to the single helix. Such a single-helix specific response was also demonstrated for the antitumor activity of curdlan, although the distinction was less pronounced for branched (1----3)-beta-D-glucans. The presence of the single-helix conformation was observed in schizophyllan gel, even though the triple helix is the most stable form of branched glucans in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Saitô
- Biophysics Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Saito H, Yoshioka Y, Yoloi M, Yamada J. Distinct gelation mechanism between linear and branched (1--3)- beta-D-glucans as revealed by high resolution solid state 13C NMR. Biopolymers 1990; 29:1689-98. [PMID: 2207281 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360291402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have recorded high-resolution 13C-NMR spectra of linear (curdlan) and branched (lentinan, HA-beta-glucan and its polyol and aldehyde derivatives) (1----3)-beta-D-glucans in hydrate and gel states, in order to gain insight into their gelation mechanism. Network structure of curdlan turned out to be highly heterogeneous from its motional state, from liquid-like, through intermediate, to solid-like domains. They are studied by a variety of experiments, conventional high-resolution NMR by broad-band decoupling, high-power decoupling with magic angle spinning (MAS), and cross-polarization-magic-angle-spinning (CP-MAS). Nevertheless, we found that conformations of these distinct liquid-like and solid-like domains exhibit an identical single helix conformation with a small proportion of a triple helix form, supporting our previous view as to the gelation mechanism. In contrast, the network structure of branched (1----3)-beta-D-glucans in the gel state arises mainly from the triple helix conformation. This means that gelation of branched (1----3)-beta-D-glucan proceeds from partial association of the triple helical chains, previously proposed for gelation of a linear glucan. Furthermore, we found that conversion from the single chain to the single helix was not achieved readily by hydration of over 8 h at 96% R.H. for branched glucan but the triple helix form is obtained when these samples are hydrated fully as in gel state.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Saito
- Biophysics Division, National Cancer Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Tongyin Yu, Mingming Guo. Recent developments in 13C solid state high-resolution NMR of polymers. Prog Polym Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0079-6700(90)90024-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Saitô H, Tabeta R, Yokoi M, Erata T. A High-Resolution Solid-State13C NMR Study of the Secondary Structure of Linear (1→3)-β-D-Glucans: A Conformational Elucidation of Noncrystalline and Crystalline Forms by Means of Conformation-Dependent13C Chemical Shifts. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1987. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.60.4259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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