Trace Metal Impurities Effects on the Formation of [64Cu]Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) ([64Cu]Cu-ATSM)

[64Cu]Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) ([64Cu]Cu-ATSM) is a radioactive hypoxia-targeting therapeutic agent being investigated in clinical trials for malignant brain tumors. For the quality management of [64Cu]Cu-ATSM, understanding trace metal impurities' effects on the chelate formation of 64Cu and ATSM is important. In this study, we conducted coordination chemistry studies on metal-ATSM complexes. First, the effects of nonradioactive metal ions (Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, and Fe2+) on the formation of [64Cu]Cu-ATSM were evaluated. When the amount of Cu2+ or Ni2+ added was 1.2 mol or 288 mol, equivalent to ATSM, the labeling yield of [64Cu]Cu-ATSM fell below 90%. Little effect was observed even when excess amounts of Zn2+ or Fe2+ were added to the ATSM. Second, these metals were reacted with ATSM, and chelate formation was measured using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra. UV-Vis spectra showed a rapid formation of Cu2+ and the ATSM complex upon mixing. The rate of chelate formation by Ni2+ and ATSM was lower than that by Cu-ATSM. Zn2+ and Fe2+ showed much slower reactions with the ATSM than Ni2+. Trace amounts of Ni2+, Zn2+, and Fe2+ showed little effect on [64Cu]Cu-ATSM' quality, while the concentration of impurity Cu2+ must be controlled. These results can provide process management tools for radiopharmaceuticals.

Effect of Brønsted Acidity on Ion Conduction in Fluorinated Acetic Acid and N-Methylimidazole Equimolar Mixtures as Pseudo-protic Ionic Liquids

To clarify proton conduction mechanism in protic ionic liquids (PILs) and pseudo-PILs (pPILs), equimolar mixtures of N-methylimidazole (C₁Im) with fluorinated acetic acids were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray scattering, and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). Only the ionic species exist in the equimolar mixture of C₁Im and HTFA (HTFA: trifluoroacetic acid). On the other hand, the equimolar mixture of C₁Im and HDFA (HDFA: difluoroacetic acid) consists of both ionic and electrically neutral species. In particular, not only the electrostatic but also van der Waals interactions with the F atoms were observed in the liquid structures of both [C₁hIm⁺][TFA^-] and [C₁hIm⁺][DFA^-]. The concept for proton conduction mechanism that we have proposed in previous study was revisited; the proton conduction mechanism could be classified with two linear free energy relationship lines for proton exchange reaction and translation/rotation of proton carriers. Our results exhibit that the proton conduction mechanism changes from proton hopping to vehicle mechanism with increasing acidity of an acid HA in PILs.

Relaxation dynamics of [Re(CO)2(bpy){P(OEt)3}2](PF6) in TEOA solvent measured by time-resolved attenuated total reflection terahertz spectroscopy

To reveal highly efficient photocatalytic properties of an artificial photosynthesis material [Re(CO)₂(bpy){P(OEt)₃}₂](PF₆), we have directly observed the photo-induced relaxation dynamics and reductive quenching process of the photo-excited state on a photosynthesis material in Triethanolamine (TEOA) solvent as an electron donor by time-resolved attenuated total reflection spectroscopy in the terahertz (THz) region. The spectrum of the complex in TEOA has an intermolecular vibrational mode between the complex and TEOA molecules, which reflects the precursor of the reductive quenching process. The intermolecular vibrational mode has three-step relaxation process in a picosecond timescale after photo-excitation, where firstly the triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer excited state is vibrationally cooled down, secondly the distance between Re and TEOA is reduced by the rotation of TEOA molecules due to dipole-dipole interaction accelerated by heat transfer, and finally electrons transfer from TEOA to Re. These observations provide us the detailed information of the electron transfer process of photocatalytic properties of [Re(CO)₂(bpy){P(OEt)₃}₂](PF₆) in TEOA solvent.

A high-resolution XAS study of aqueous Cu(II) in liquid and frozen solutions: pyramidal, polymorphic, and non-centrosymmetric

High-resolution EXAFS (k = 18 Å(-1)) and MXAN XAS analyses show that axially elongated square pyramidal [Cu(H2O)5](2+) dominates the structure of Cu(II) in aqueous solution, rather than 6-coordinate JT-octahedral [Cu(H2O)6](2+). Freezing produced a shoulder at 8989.6 eV on the rising XAS edge and an altered EXAFS spectrum, while 1s → 3d transitions remained invariant in energy position and intensity. Core square pyramidal [Cu(H2O)5](2+) also dominates frozen solution. Solvation shells were found at ∼3.6 Å (EXAFS) or ∼3.8 Å (MXAN) in both liquid and frozen phases. However, MXAN analysis revealed that about half the time in liquid solution, [Cu(H2O)5](2+) associates with an axially non-bonding 2.9 Å water molecule. This distant water apparently organizes the solvation shell. When the 2.9 Å water molecule is absent, the second shell is undetectable to MXAN. The two structural arrangements may represent energetic minima of fluxional dissolved aqueous [Cu(H2O)5](2+). The 2.9 Å trans-axial water resolves an apparent conflict of the [Cu(H2O)5](2+) core model with a dissociational exchange mechanism. In frozen solution, [Cu(H2O)5](2+) is associated with either a 3.0 Å axial non-bonded water molecule or an axial ClO4(-) at 3.2 Å. Both structures are again of approximately equal presence. When the axial ClO4(-) is present, Cu(II) is ∼0.5 Å above the mean O4 plane. This study establishes [Cu(H2O)5](2+) as the dominant core structure for Cu(II) in water solution, and is the first to both empirically resolve multiple extended solution structures for fluxional [Cu(H2O)5](2+) and to provide direct evidence for second shell dynamics.

Study of temperature and ligand flexibility effects on coordination polymer formation from cyclobutanetetracarboxylic acid

Three novel coordination polymers (CPs) from rctt-H4Cbtc and 4,4’-bpe with Zn and Ni metal nodes have been synthesized. The CP derivates of Zn are an unusual example for the preparation of metastable phases involving temperature dependent and concomitant transformation.

Solvation Number and Conformation of N,N-Dimethylacrylamide and N,N-Dimethylpropionamide in the Coordination Sphere of the Cobalt(II) Ion in Solution Studied by FT-IR and FT-Raman Spectroscopy

The solvation number and conformation of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) in the coordination sphere of the cobalt(II) ion in solution were studied, and compared with those of N,N-dimethylpropionamide (DMPA) by means of FT-Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy. Both solvents are present as either the planar cis or nonplanar staggered conformer in equilibrium, and the former is more stable in the bulk. As these solvents solvate the metal ion through the carbonyl O atom of the acryl (DMAA) or propionyl (DMPA) group, the solvation structure around the metal ion is highly congested to reduce the solvation number and/or to lead to a conformational geometry change of solvent. It turns out that the solvation number of the cobalt(II) ion is 4 for both DMAA and DMPA at 298 K, and that DMPA changes its conformation upon solvation, whereas DMAA hardly changes. The enthalpy of conformational change DeltaH degrees for DMPA is 5 kJ mol(-1) in the bulk, and is -9 kJ mol(-1) in the coordination sphere of the cobalt(II) ion. On the other hand, the DeltaH degrees value for DMAA is 9 kJ mol(-1) in the bulk.

Conformation of Solvent N,N-Dimethylpropionamide in the Coordination Sphere of the Zinc(II) Ion Studied by Raman Spectroscopy and DFT Calculations

Solvation structure of the zinc(II) ion in N,N-dimethylpropionamide (DMPA) was studied by Raman spectroscopy at varying temperature and by quantum mechanical calculations. No significant ion-pair formation was found for the Zn(ClO4)2 solution in the molality range m(Zn) < 1.5 mol kg(-1), and the solvation number of the zinc(II) ion was determined to be 4, indicating that 6-coordination of DMPA is sterically hindered. Interestingly, DMPA molecules are under equilibrium between planar cis and nonplanar staggered conformers, and the latter is more preferred in the coordination sphere, while the reverse is the case in the bulk. The DeltaG degrees , DeltaH degrees , and TDeltaS degrees values of conformational change from planar cis to nonplanar staggered in the coordination sphere were obtained to be -0.9, -8.5, and -7.5 kJ mol(-1), respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the planar cis conformer is more favorable than the nonplanar staggered one in the 1:2 cluster, as is the case for a single DMPA molecule and H(DMPA)+, indicating that there hardly occurs solvent-solvent interaction through the metal ion in the Zn2+-DMPA 1:2 cluster. On the other hand, the SCF energy of [Zn(planar cis-DMPA)4-n(nonplanar staggered DMPA)n]2+ (n = 0-4) decreases with increasing n, implying that the nonplanar staggered conformer is preferred in the solvate ion. It is thus concluded that solvent-solvent interaction through space, or solvation steric effect, plays a crucial role in the conformational equilibrium in the coordination sphere of the four-solvate metal ion.