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Abstract
Heteroatom-centered diradical(oid)s have been in the focus of molecular main group chemistry for nearly 30 years. During this time, the diradical concept has evolved and the focus has shifted to the rational design of diradical(oid)s for specific applications. This review article begins with some important theoretical considerations of the diradical and tetraradical concept. Based on these theoretical considerations, the design of diradical(oid)s in terms of ligand choice, steric, symmetry, electronic situation, element choice, and reactivity is highlighted with examples. In particular, heteroatom-centered diradical reactions are discussed and compared with closed-shell reactions such as pericyclic additions. The comparison between closed-shell reactivity, which proceeds in a concerted manner, and open-shell reactivity, which proceeds in a stepwise fashion, along with considerations of diradical(oid) design, provides a rational understanding of this interesting and unusual class of compounds. The application of diradical(oid)s, for example in small molecule activation or as molecular switches, is also highlighted. The final part of this review begins with application-related details of the spectroscopy of diradical(oid)s, followed by an update of the heteroatom-centered diradical(oid)s and tetraradical(oid)s published in the last 10 years since 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hinz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie (AOC), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jonas Bresien
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie (AOC), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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2
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Rottschäfer D, Neumann B, Stammler H, Sergeieva T, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. Isolation of a 16π-Electrons 1,4-Diphosphinine-1,4-diide with a Planar C 4 P 2 Ring. Chemistry 2021; 27:3055-3064. [PMID: 33080114 PMCID: PMC7898681 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first 1,4-diphosphinine-1,4-diide compound [(ADCPh )P]2 (5-Ph) (ADCPh =PhC{(NDipp)C}2 ; Dipp=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ) derived from an anionic dicarbene (ADCPh ) as a red crystalline solid. Compound 5-Ph containing a 16π-electron planar fused-tricyclic ring system was obtained by the 4e reduction of [(ADCPh )PCl2 ]2 (4-Ph) with Mg (or KC8 ) in a quantitative yield. Experimental and computational results imply that the central 8π-electrons C4 P2 ring of 5-Ph, which is fused between two 6π-electrons C3 N2 aromatic rings, is antiaromatic. Thus, each of the phosphorus atoms of 5-Ph has two electron-lone-pairs, one in a p-type orbital is in conjugation with the C=C bonds of the C4 P2 ring, while the second resides in a σ-symmetric orbital. This can be shown with the gold complex [(ADCPh )P(AuCl)2 ]2 (6-Ph) obtained by reacting 5-Ph with (Me2 S)AuCl. A mixture of 5-Ph and 4-Ph undergoes comproportionation in the presence of MgCl2 to form the intermediate oxidation state compound [(ADCAr )P]2 (MgCl4 ) (7-Ph), which is an aromatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Tetiana Sergeieva
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry GroupAllgemeine und Anorganische ChemieUniversität des SaarlandesCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry GroupAllgemeine und Anorganische ChemieUniversität des SaarlandesCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
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3
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Shinozaki T, Rosas-Sánchez A, Hashizume D, Ito S. Incomplete Electrocyclization of a Sterically Hindered 1,4-Diphosphabutadiene. Chempluschem 2020; 84:1761-1766. [PMID: 31943877 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Butadiene is the simplest neutral acyclic closed-shell π-conjugated system and is typically sufficiently stable enough to avoid electrocyclization to cyclobutene. In contrast, most congeners of butadiene containing heavier elements are easily converted into the corresponding 4-membered cyclobutene system. Herein, we demonstrate that the gauche 1,4-diphosphabutadiene (P=C-C=P) skeleton in a sterically encumbered 2,3-bis(phosphanylidene)-1,4-disilinane can be remarkably perturbed due to "incomplete electrocyclization" where P=C-C=P partially form the corresponding 1,2-dihydrodiphosphete (3,4-diphosphacyclobutene) by [2+2] electrocyclization. 31 P NMR data obtained in solution indicated that the coexistence of a closed ring substantially reduces the open-ring characteristics of the P=C-C=P moiety. However, the 31 P CP-MAS spectrum of 2,3-bis(phosphanylidene)-1,4-disilinane showed that the P=C-C=P structure is predominant in the solid-state. Single-crystal X-ray analysis revealed that decreasing the temperature promoted the generation of small amounts of incomplete 1,2-dihydrodiphosphete system in the crystalline state. Furthermore, the 1,2-dihydrodiphosphete units disappeared upon warming the single crystal, and this unique solid-state electrocyclization reaction was reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Shinozaki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H113, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Alfredo Rosas-Sánchez
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H113, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
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4
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Yoshidomi S, Abe M. 1,2-Diazacyclopentane-3,5-diyl Diradicals: Electronic Structure and Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3920-3933. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manabu Abe
- JST-CREST, K’s Gobancho 6F, 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
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5
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Harada Y, Wang Z, Kumashiro S, Hatano S, Abe M. Extremely Long Lived Localized Singlet Diradicals in a Macrocyclic Structure: A Case Study on the Stretch Effect. Chemistry 2018; 24:14808-14815. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Harada
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kumashiro
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Sayaka Hatano
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
- Hiroshima University Research Center for, Photo-Drug-Delivery Systems (HiU-P-DDS); 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
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Ito S, Ueta Y, Koshino K, Kojima KM, McKenzie I, Mikami K. Observation of a Metastable P-Heterocyclic Radical by Muonium Addition to a 1,3-Diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8608-8613. [PMID: 29790272 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl contains a unique unsaturated cyclic unit, and the presence of radical-type centers have been expected as a source of functionality. This study demonstrates that the P-heterocyclic singlet biradical captures muonium (Mu=[μ+ e- ]), the light isotope of a hydrogen radical, to generate an observable P-heterocyclic paramagnetic species. Investigation of a powder sample of 2,4-bis(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)-1-t-butyl-3-benzyl-1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl using muon (avoided) level-crossing resonance (μLCR) spectroscopy revealed that muonium adds to the cyclic P2 C2 unit. The muon hyperfine coupling constant (Aμ ) indicated that the phosphorus atom bearing the t-butyl group trapped muonium to provide a metastable P-heterocyclic radical involving the ylidic MuP(<)=C moiety. The observed regioselective muonium addition correlates the canonical formula of 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H113 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ueta
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H113 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Kota Koshino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H113 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Kenji M Kojima
- Muon Science Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK-IMSS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Iain McKenzie
- Centre for Molecular and Materials Science, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Koichi Mikami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H113 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
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7
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Ito S, Ueta Y, Koshino K, Kojima KM, McKenzie I, Mikami K. Observation of a Metastable P‐Heterocyclic Radical by Muonium Addition to a 1,3‐Diphosphacyclobutane‐2,4‐diyl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1-H113 Ookayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ueta
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1-H113 Ookayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Kota Koshino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1-H113 Ookayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Kenji M. Kojima
- Muon Science Laboratory High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK-IMSS) Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan
| | - Iain McKenzie
- Centre for Molecular and Materials Science, TRIUMF 4004 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC V6T 2A3 Canada
| | - Koichi Mikami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1-H113 Ookayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
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8
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Ito S. Topics of 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl derivatives: Structural aspects and functionality of isolable heavier congeners of cyclobutane-1,3-diyl and the related molecules. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Ito S. Study of the Air-Tolerant 1,3-Diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl through the Direct Arylation. CHEM REC 2017; 18:445-458. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Material and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
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10
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Ito S, Kato N, Mikami K. 2,3‐Dihydro‐1
H
‐naphtho[1,8‐
cd
]borinine as a Potent Precursor for Open‐Shell Singlet B‐Heterocycles. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2‐12‐1‐H113 Ookayama, Meguro 152‐8552 Tokyo Japan
| | - Naoto Kato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2‐12‐1‐H113 Ookayama, Meguro 152‐8552 Tokyo Japan
| | - Koichi Mikami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2‐12‐1‐H113 Ookayama, Meguro 152‐8552 Tokyo Japan
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11
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Yoshidomi S, Mishima M, Seyama S, Abe M, Fujiwara Y, Ishibashi TA. Direct Detection of a Chemical Equilibrium between a Localized Singlet Diradical and Its σ-Bonded Species by Time-Resolved UV/Vis and IR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yoshidomi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Megumi Mishima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Shin Seyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences; University of Tsukuba; 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Fujiwara
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Taka-aki Ishibashi
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences; University of Tsukuba; 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
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12
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Yoshidomi S, Mishima M, Seyama S, Abe M, Fujiwara Y, Ishibashi TA. Direct Detection of a Chemical Equilibrium between a Localized Singlet Diradical and Its σ-Bonded Species by Time-Resolved UV/Vis and IR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2984-2988. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yoshidomi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Megumi Mishima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Shin Seyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences; University of Tsukuba; 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Fujiwara
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Taka-aki Ishibashi
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences; University of Tsukuba; 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
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13
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Ye J, Hatano S, Abe M, Kishi R, Murata Y, Nakano M, Adam W. A Puckered Singlet Cyclopentane-1,3-diyl: Detection of the Third Isomer in Homolysis. Chemistry 2016; 22:2299-306. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhuai Ye
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University (HIRODAI); 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Sayaka Hatano
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University (HIRODAI); 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University (HIRODAI); 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
- Research Center for Future Science; Hiroshima University (HIRODAI); 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Yusuke Murata
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Waldemar Adam
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Department of Chemistry; Facundo Bueso 110; University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras; Puerto Rico 00931 USA
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14
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Li T, Arleth N, Gamer MT, Köppe R, Augenstein T, Dielmann F, Scheer M, Konchenko SN, Roesky PW. Intramolecular Phosphorus–Phosphorus Bond Formation within a Co2P4 Core. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:14231-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402159y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Li
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicholas Arleth
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael T. Gamer
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralf Köppe
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Timo Augenstein
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Fabian Dielmann
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sergey N. Konchenko
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Nikolaev
Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Lavrentieva 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University (HIRODAI), 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima,
Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787,
Japan
- JST-CREST, 5
Sanbancho,
Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
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16
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Schoeller WW, Niecke E. Theoretical design of the biradical character in 1,3-diphosphacyclobutanediyl and homologous structures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:2015-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp23016f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Molina B, Alexandrova L, LeLagadec R, Sansores LE, Rios-Jara D, Espinosa-Magaña F, Salcedo R. Hybridization vs. bond stretching isomerism in Ru(II) cyclometalated complexes of 2-phenylpyridine. Molecules 2011; 17:34-47. [PMID: 22193212 PMCID: PMC6268727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of formation of two isomers, yellow and orange, of the cyclometalated Ru(II) complex, [Ru(o-C₆H₄-py)(MeCN)₄]⁺, was investigated by EELS spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Both forms show very similar structures and spectroscopic properties, but slight differences in X-ray data and absorption between them were noted. No double minimum on the potential energy surface was found and thus these two forms cannot be considered as bond stretching isomers. However, the DFT study revealed the change in the hybridization of the carbon in trans-position of one of acetonitrile ligands. This effect can be responsible for the difference in colour. The results of the theoretical modelling coincide well with the experimental EELS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertha Molina
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Apdo. Post. 70-646, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Larissa Alexandrova
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Ronan LeLagadec
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Luis E. Sansores
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - David Rios-Jara
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C., Camino a la presa de San José 2055, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78216, Mexico
| | - Francisco Espinosa-Magaña
- Centro de Investigaciones en Materiales Avanzados, SC, Miguel Angel de Cervantes 120, Chihuahua, Chi. 31109, Mexico
| | - Roberto Salcedo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510 México D.F., Mexico
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18
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Belen’kii L, Gramenitskaya V, Evdokimenkova Y. The Literature of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Part X, 2005–2007. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385464-3.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ito S, Miura J, Morita N, Yoshifuji M, Arduengo AJ. Synthesis and physicochemical properties of stable 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyls bearing sulfanyl groups. CR CHIM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bell F, Casanova D, Head-Gordon M. Theoretical Study of Substituted PBPB Dimers: Structural Analysis, Tetraradical Character, and Excited States. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:11314-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ja104772w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Ito S, Miura J, Morita N, Yoshifuji M, Arduengo III AJ. Diverse reactions of sterically-protected 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyls with hydride. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:8281-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00532k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zilberg S, Tsivion E, Haas Y. Properties of stable organic bond-stretched non-Lewis molecules. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:12799-805. [PMID: 18666764 DOI: 10.1021/jp711705v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The conditions required for the existence of a stable bond-stretched singlet isomer of hetero derivatives of bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane (which is a cyclopentane-1,3-diyl derivative) are discussed. Such species are non-Lewis systems with a ruptured C-C bond (formally diradicals), in which two electrons occupy the nonbonding orbital. A high-level calculation shows that in contrast with the carbon substituted compounds, in which the open form is a transition state between two classical-bonded closed bicyclic forms, in the heterosubstituted molecules, the open form is calculated to be a stable minimum. The ionization potentials of the open forms are considerably lower than those of their bicyclic isomers and also of regular organic radicals/diradicals. Nitrogen atoms are found to be more effective than oxygen or sulfur in stabilizing the open isomer. In this case, the open isomer is calculated to be a little more stable than the bicyclic compound, and a barrier of approximately 40 kcal/mol is computed for the ring closing reaction. Thus, the open isomer is both thermodynamically and kinetically stable. This result rationalizes some experimental observations that indicated the existence of non-Lewis singlet species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shmuel Zilberg
- Department of Physical Chemistry and the Farkas Center for Light Induced Processes, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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