1
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Improved efficiency of photo-induced synthetic reactions enabled by advanced photo flow technologies. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:761-775. [DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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2
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Abstract
On the basis of earlier results with furan and thiophene derivatives of benzobicyclo[3.2.1]octadiene, photocatalytic oxygenation of novel furo- and thieno heterostilbenes with water-soluble manganese(III) porphyrins offered suitable possibilities to study their reactivities and reaction pathways depending on the heteroatom and the catalyst charge. The experiments were carried out in two reactors types (batch and microflow) to investigate the geometric effects. NMR spectroscopy, GC, and UPLC/MS analyses were applied for identification and quantification of the products. As our results indicated, the 2-thienyl and the common p-tolyl groups in the starting compounds remained intact due to their stronger aromaticity. Hence, the thieno derivative underwent oxygenation only at the open-chain part of the molecule, and the rates of its reactions were much lower than those of the furyl analogue. The less stable furan ring was easily oxygenated, its products with highest ratios were 2-furanon derivatives. Epoxide formation occurred at the open-chain parts of both substrates preferably by the anionic catalyst. Nevertheless, the conversion rates of the substrates were higher with the cationic porphyrin, according to electrophilic attacks by photogenerated Mn(V)=O species. Additionally, the reactions were significantly faster in microflow reactors due to the more favorable circumstances of mass transfer, diffusion, and light penetration.
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3
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El Achi N, Gelat F, Cheval NP, Mazzah A, Bakkour Y, Penhoat M, Chausset-Boissarie L, Rolando C. Sensitized [2 + 2] intramolecular photocycloaddition of unsaturated enones using UV LEDs in a continuous flow reactor: kinetic and preparative aspects. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00314a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A photocatalysed cycloaddition by benzophenone derivatives under flow and UVA LED irradiation is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassim El Achi
- USR 3290
- MSAP
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique and FR 2638
- Institut Eugène-Michel Chevreul
- Université de Lille
| | - Fabien Gelat
- USR 3290
- MSAP
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique and FR 2638
- Institut Eugène-Michel Chevreul
- Université de Lille
| | - Nicolas P. Cheval
- USR 3290
- MSAP
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique and FR 2638
- Institut Eugène-Michel Chevreul
- Université de Lille
| | - Ahmed Mazzah
- USR 3290
- MSAP
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique and FR 2638
- Institut Eugène-Michel Chevreul
- Université de Lille
| | - Youssef Bakkour
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry
- Lebanese University
- Tripoli
- Lebanon
| | - Maël Penhoat
- USR 3290
- MSAP
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique and FR 2638
- Institut Eugène-Michel Chevreul
- Université de Lille
| | - Laëtitia Chausset-Boissarie
- USR 3290
- MSAP
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique and FR 2638
- Institut Eugène-Michel Chevreul
- Université de Lille
| | - Christian Rolando
- USR 3290
- MSAP
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique and FR 2638
- Institut Eugène-Michel Chevreul
- Université de Lille
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4
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Fukuyama T, Fujita Y, Miyoshi H, Ryu I, Kao SC, Wu YK. Electron transfer-induced reduction of organic halides with amines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5582-5585. [PMID: 29766164 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02445f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of a variety of organo halides was examined by using amines as a sacrificial hydrogen source. UV light-induced reduction of vinyl and aryl halides with triethylamine proceeded smoothly to give the corresponding reduced products. High temperature heating also caused the reduction and DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) also served as a good reducing reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Fukuyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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5
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Ueda M, Imai N, Yoshida S, Yasuda H, Fukuyama T, Ryu I. Scalable Flow Synthesis of [6,6]-Phenyl-C61
-butyric Acid Methyl Ester (PCBM) using a Flow Photoreactor with a Sodium Lamp. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Ueda
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka Prefecture University; 599-8531 Sakai, Osaka Japan
| | - Naoyuki Imai
- Institute for Advanced & Core Technology; Showa Denko K.K; 267-0056 Chiba Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yoshida
- Institute for Advanced & Core Technology; Showa Denko K.K; 267-0056 Chiba Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yasuda
- Institute for Advanced & Core Technology; Showa Denko K.K; 267-0056 Chiba Japan
| | - Takahide Fukuyama
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka Prefecture University; 599-8531 Sakai, Osaka Japan
| | - Ilhyong Ryu
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka Prefecture University; 599-8531 Sakai, Osaka Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry; National Chiao Tung University; 30010 Hsinchu Taiwan
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6
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Mizuno K, Nishiyama Y, Ogaki T, Terao K, Ikeda H, Kakiuchi K. Utilization of microflow reactors to carry out synthetically useful organic photochemical reactions. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Fukuyama
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujita
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Muhammad Abid Rashid
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Ilhyong Ryu
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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8
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Poplata S, Tröster A, Zou YQ, Bach T. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Cyclobutanes by Olefin [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition Reactions. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9748-815. [PMID: 27018601 PMCID: PMC5025837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 661] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The [2 + 2] photocycloaddition is undisputedly the most important and most frequently used photochemical reaction. In this review, it is attempted to cover all recent aspects of [2 + 2] photocycloaddition chemistry with an emphasis on synthetically relevant, regio-, and stereoselective reactions. The review aims to comprehensively discuss relevant work, which was done in the field in the last 20 years (i.e., from 1995 to 2015). Organization of the data follows a subdivision according to mechanism and substrate classes. Cu(I) and PET (photoinduced electron transfer) catalysis are treated separately in sections 2 and 4 , whereas the vast majority of photocycloaddition reactions which occur by direct excitation or sensitization are divided within section 3 into individual subsections according to the photochemically excited olefin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saner Poplata
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Tröster
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - You-Quan Zou
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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9
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Nakano M, Nishiyama Y, Tanimoto H, Morimoto T, Kakiuchi K. Remarkable Improvement of Organic Photoreaction Efficiency in the Flow Microreactor by the Slug Flow Condition Using Water. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Momoe Nakano
- Graduate School of Materials
Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Materials
Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Materials
Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Tsumoru Morimoto
- Graduate School of Materials
Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Kakiuchi
- Graduate School of Materials
Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
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10
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Cambié D, Bottecchia C, Straathof NJW, Hessel V, Noël T. Applications of Continuous-Flow Photochemistry in Organic Synthesis, Material Science, and Water Treatment. Chem Rev 2016; 116:10276-341. [PMID: 26935706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 882] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-flow photochemistry in microreactors receives a lot of attention from researchers in academia and industry as this technology provides reduced reaction times, higher selectivities, straightforward scalability, and the possibility to safely use hazardous intermediates and gaseous reactants. In this review, an up-to-date overview is given of photochemical transformations in continuous-flow reactors, including applications in organic synthesis, material science, and water treatment. In addition, the advantages of continuous-flow photochemistry are pointed out and a thorough comparison with batch processing is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cambié
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Bottecchia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Natan J W Straathof
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 (S4), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Study for diastereoselective aldol reaction in flow: synthesis of (E)-(S)-3-hydroxy-7-tritylthio-4-heptenoic acid, a key component of cyclodepsipeptide HDAC inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Abstract
AbstractRadicals are easily generated via hydrogen transfer form secondary alcohols or tertiary amines using photochemical sensitization with ketones. They can subsequently add to the electron deficient double bond of furanones. The addition of the alcohols is particularly efficient. Therefore, this reaction was used to characterize and to compare the efficiency of different photochemical continuous flow microreactors. A range of micro-structured reactors were tested and their performances evaluated. The enclosed microchip enabled high space-time-yields but its microscopic dimensions limited its productivity. In contrast, the open microcapillary model showed a greater potential for scale-up and reactor optimization. A 10-microcapillary reactor was therefore constructed and utilized for typical R&D applications. Compared to the corresponding batch processes, the microreactor systems gave faster conversions, improved product qualities and higher yields. Similar reactions have also been carried out with electronically excited furanones and other α,β-unsaturated ketones. In this case, hydrogen is transferred directly to the excited olefin. This reaction part may occur either in one step, i.e., electron and proton are transferred simultaneously, or it may occur in two steps, i.e., the electron is transferred first and the proton follows. In the first case, a C–C bond is formed in the α position of the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound and in the second case this bond is formed in the β position. For the first reaction, the influence of stereochemical elements of the substrate on the regioselectivity of the hydrogen abstraction on the side chain has been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oelgemöller
- 1College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Norbert Hoffmann
- 2CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims, France
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13
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Yamashita T, Inoue M, Yasuda M. Isolation of a Photochemically Unstable Product by Inner Filtering of Liquid–Liquid Slug Flow in a Microreactor. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20140329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Yamashita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Miyakonojo College
| | - Motohiro Inoue
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Miyakonojo College
| | - Masahide Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki
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14
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Matsubara S. Organozinc Reagents in a Flow-microreactor —From Methylenation to Asymmetric Autocatalysis—. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2015. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.73.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Nishiyama Y, Mizuno K. Highly Efficient and Selective Diastereodifferentiating Organic Photoreactions Using Flow Microreactor. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2015. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.73.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST)
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16
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Nishiyama Y, Mori R, Nishida K, Tanimoto H, Morimoto T, Kakiuchi K. Diastereodifferentiating [2+2] Photocycloaddition of a Chiral Cyclohexenone with Cyclopentene in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Using a Flow Microreactor. J Flow Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-14-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Manabe Y, Kitawaki Y, Nagasaki M, Fukase K, Matsubara H, Hino Y, Fukuyama T, Ryu I. Revisiting the bromination of C-H bonds with molecular bromine by using a photo-microflow system. Chemistry 2014; 20:12750-3. [PMID: 25170976 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The photobromination of C-H bonds by using molecular bromine was reinvestigated under microfluidic conditions. The continuous-flow method suppressed the production of dibrominated compounds and effectively produced the desired monobrominated products with high selectivity. Rapid bromination of benzylic substrates containing a photoaffinity azide group was achieved without any decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 6-6850-5391
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18
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Fagnoni M, Bonassi F, Palmieri A, Protti S, Ravelli D, Ballini R. Flow Synthesis of Substituted γ-Lactones by Consecutive Photocatalytic/Reductive Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Oelgemöller M, Hoffmann N, Shvydkiv O. From 'Lab & Light on a Chip' to Parallel Microflow Photochemistry. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-flow microreactors offer major advantages for photochemical applications. This mini-review summarizes the technological development of microflow devices in the Applied and Green Photochemistry Group at James Cook University, and its associates, from fixed microchips for microscale synthesis to flexible multicapillary systems for parallel photochemistry. Whereas the enclosed microchip offered high space–time-yields, the open capillary-type reactor showed a greater potential for further modifications. Consequently, a 10-microcapillary reactor was constructed and used successfully for process optimization, reproducibility studies, scale-up, and library synthesis. To demonstrate the superiority of microflow photochemistry over conventional batch processes, the reactors were systematically evaluated using alcohol additions to furanones as model reactions. In all cases, the microreactor systems furnished faster conversions, improved product qualities, and higher yields. UVC-induced [2+2] cycloadditions of furanone with alkenes were exemplarily examined in a capillary reactor, thus proving the broad applicability of this reactor type.
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20
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Kee CW, Chan KM, Wong MW, Tan CH. Selective Bromination of sp3CH Bonds by Organophotoredox Catalysis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201300169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Nishiyama Y, Nakatani K, Tanimoto H, Morimoto T, Kakiuchi K. Diastereoselective [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition of Cyclohexenone Derivative with Olefins in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. J Org Chem 2013; 78:7186-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401126p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishiyama
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, 630-0101,
Japan
| | - Kazuya Nakatani
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, 630-0101,
Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanimoto
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, 630-0101,
Japan
| | - Tsumoru Morimoto
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, 630-0101,
Japan
| | - Kiyomi Kakiuchi
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, 630-0101,
Japan
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22
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Asano K, Uesugi Y, Yoshida JI. Pauson–Khand Reactions in a Photochemical Flow Microreactor. Org Lett 2013; 15:2398-401. [DOI: 10.1021/ol4008519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Asano
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Uesugi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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23
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Efficient [2+2] photocycloadditions under equimolar conditions by employing a continuous UV-flow reactor. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Knowles JP, Elliott LD, Booker-Milburn KI. Flow photochemistry: Old light through new windows. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:2025-52. [PMID: 23209538 PMCID: PMC3511038 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic photochemistry carried out in classic batch reactors has, for over half a century, proved to be a powerful but under-utilised technique in general organic synthesis. Recent developments in flow photochemistry have the potential to allow this technique to be applied in a more mainstream setting. This review highlights the use of flow reactors in organic photochemistry, allowing a comparison of the various reactor types to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Knowles
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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25
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Abstract
In this chapter, most of the reported work deals with the photochemistry of carbonyl compounds; however, the photoreactions of other functions, such as the photo-Claisen rearrangement or the photocleavage of cyclic ethers, are also included. In the present volume, time coverage is 2010–2011, and only original research articles are quoted. In general, reviews or purely theoretical calculations are not systematically included. As usually, the material is organized according to established types of reactions (e.g., Norrish I/II, hydrogen abstraction, Paternò-Büchi, photoelimination, photo-Fries/photo-Claisen, etc.). After presenting the basic photochemical aspects, more specific findings are reported. They include synthetic applications, stereoselectivity, and biological or technological implications. Next, the attention is focused on photochemical reactions in anisotropic media, including (micro)heterogeneous or supramolecular systems, solid matrixes or fully organized crystals. Finally, mechanistic studies based on direct experimental evidence are highlighted, especially when transient absorption spectroscopy or related ultrafast detection are employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Consuelo Jiménez
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC Universidad Politécnica de Valencia camino de Vera s/n, E-46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Miguel A. Miranda
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC Universidad Politécnica de Valencia camino de Vera s/n, E-46022 Valencia Spain
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26
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Aida S, Terao K, Nishiyama Y, Kakiuchi K, Oelgemöller M. Microflow photochemistry—a reactor comparison study using the photochemical synthesis of terebic acid as a model reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.07.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Terao K, Nishiyama Y, Tanimoto H, Morimoto T, Oelgemöller M, Morimoto T. Diastereoselective [2+2] Photocycloaddition of a Chiral Cyclohexenone with Ethylene in a Continuous Flow Microcapillary Reactor. J Flow Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-12-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Yavorskyy A, Shvydkiv O, Hoffmann N, Nolan K, Oelgemöller M. Parallel Microflow Photochemistry: Process Optimization, Scale-up, and Library Synthesis. Org Lett 2012; 14:4342-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol301773r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yavorskyy
- Dublin City University, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin 9, Ireland, UMR 7312 CNRS et Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687, Reims, Cedex 02, France, and James Cook University, School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, CBMDT, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Oksana Shvydkiv
- Dublin City University, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin 9, Ireland, UMR 7312 CNRS et Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687, Reims, Cedex 02, France, and James Cook University, School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, CBMDT, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Norbert Hoffmann
- Dublin City University, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin 9, Ireland, UMR 7312 CNRS et Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687, Reims, Cedex 02, France, and James Cook University, School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, CBMDT, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Kieran Nolan
- Dublin City University, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin 9, Ireland, UMR 7312 CNRS et Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687, Reims, Cedex 02, France, and James Cook University, School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, CBMDT, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Michael Oelgemöller
- Dublin City University, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin 9, Ireland, UMR 7312 CNRS et Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687, Reims, Cedex 02, France, and James Cook University, School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, CBMDT, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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Diastereodifferentiating [2+2] photocycloaddition of chiral cyclohexenone carboxylates with cyclopentene by a microreactor. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Shvydkiv O, Limburg C, Nolan K, Oelgemöller M. Synthesis of Juglone (5-Hydroxy-1,4-Naphthoquinone) in a Falling Film Microreactor. J Flow Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jfchem.2012.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Takizawa E, Nagaki A, Yoshida JI. Flow microreactor synthesis of tricyclic sulfonamides via N-tosylaziridinyllithiums. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Fukuyama T, Kajihara Y, Hino Y, Ryu I. Continuous Microflow [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition Reactions Using Energy-saving Compact Light Sources. J Flow Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jfchem.2011.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Kurahashi K, Takemoto Y, Takasu K. Room-temperature, acid-catalyzed [2+2] cycloadditions: suppression of side reactions by using a flow microreactor system. CHEMSUSCHEM 2012; 5:270-273. [PMID: 22034384 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kurahashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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36
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Asai T, Takata A, Nagaki A, Yoshida JI. Practical synthesis of photochromic diarylethenes in integrated flow microreactor systems. CHEMSUSCHEM 2012; 5:339-350. [PMID: 22065647 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An effective method for the synthesis of photochromic diarylethenes through the generation of heteroaryllithiums and subsequent reaction with octafluorocyclopentene has been developed by using integrated flow microreactor systems. Reactions can be conducted without using cryogenic conditions by virtue of effective temperature and residence time control, although much lower temperatures (<-78 °C) are needed for batch macroreactions. Moreover, the synthesis of unsymmetrical diarylethenes, which is difficult to achieve when using conventional batch macrosystems, has been accomplished based on the selective introduction of one aryl group to give arylheptafluorocyclopentene followed by the introduction of another aryl group. The productivity of the laboratory-scale system is approximately 0.5 mmol min(-1). Therefore, the present integrated flow microreactor method serves as a practical way of synthesizing various photochromic diarylethene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Asai
- The Research Association of Micro Chemical, Process Technology (MCPT) in Kyoto, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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37
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Sumino Y, Fukuyama T. Role of Flow Microreactors for Pharmaceutical Production: Screening of Reaction Conditions and Sample Preparation. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2012. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.70.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Fuse S, Mifune Y, Tanabe N, Takahashi T. Continuous-flow synthesis of activated vitamin D3 and its analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:5205-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Fukuyama T, Mukai Y, Ryu I. Koch-Haaf reaction of adamantanols in an acid-tolerant hastelloy-made microreactor. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:1288-93. [PMID: 21977213 PMCID: PMC3182438 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Koch–Haaf reaction of adamantanols was successfully carried out in a microflow system at room temperature. By combining an acid-tolerant hastelloy-made micromixer, a PTFE tube, and a hastelloy-made microextraction unit, a packaged reaction-to-workup system was developed. By means of the present system, the multigram scale synthesis of 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid was achieved in ca. one hour operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Fukuyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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40
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Shvydkiv O, Nolan K, Oelgemöller M. Microphotochemistry: 4,4'-Dimethoxybenzophenone mediated photodecarboxylation reactions involving phthalimides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:1055-63. [PMID: 21915208 PMCID: PMC3170193 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 4,4'-dimethoxybenzophenone mediated intra- and intermolecular photodecarboxylation reactions involving phthalimides have been examined under microflow conditions. Conversion rates, isolated yields and chemoselectivities were compared to analogous reactions in a batch photoreactor. In all cases investigated, the microreactions gave superior results thus proving the superiority of microphotochemistry over conventional technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Shvydkiv
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Kieran Nolan
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Michael Oelgemöller
- School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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41
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Asai T, Takata A, Ushiogi Y, Iinuma Y, Nagaki A, Yoshida JI. Switching Reaction Pathways of Benzo[b]thiophen-3-yllithium and Benzo[b]furan-3-yllithium Based on High-resolution Residence-time and Temperature Control in a Flow Microreactor. CHEM LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2011.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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42
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Shvydkiv O, Yavorskyy A, Tan SB, Nolan K, Hoffmann N, Youssef A, Oelgemöller M. Microphotochemistry: a reactor comparison study using the photosensitized addition of isopropanol to furanones as a model reaction. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1399-404. [PMID: 21336374 DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three types of micro-photoreactor setups were investigated using DMBP-sensitized additions of isopropanol to furanones as model reactions. The results were compared to experiments using a conventional batch reactor. Based on conversion rates, reactor geometries and energy efficiency calculations the microsystems showed superior performances over the batch process. Of the three micro setups examined, the LED-driven microchip gave the best overall results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Shvydkiv
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Ireland
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