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Oh MR, Jung SJ, Chae SW, Park BH, Lee SO. Lycium chinense Miller fruit extract lowers liver enzyme levels in subjects with mild hepatic dysfunction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1415-1425. [PMID: 36629892 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In our previous study, we showed that Lycium chinense Miller fruit extract (LFE) exerted hepatoprotective effects in mice. In the current study, we examined the effect of LFE on liver enzyme levels in subjects with mild hepatic dysfunction. METHODS A total of 90 subjects, aged 19 to 70 years old, with abnormal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, were randomly placed into either an LFE (n = 45) treatment group or a placebo group (n = 45). During the 12-week clinical trial, subjects in each group received either LFE or placebo capsules, and were instructed to take four tablets per day (1760 mg/day). The primary outcome of the study was the changes of ALT and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels in each subject. The safety of LFE supplementation was assessed and adverse events were recorded. RESULTS LFE supplementation for 12 weeks resulted in a significant reduction of ALT (P = 0.0498) and GGT (P = 0.0368) levels in comparison to the placebo. No clinically significant changes were observed in any safety parameters. CONCLUSION These results suggest that LFE can be applied to subjects with mild hepatic dysfunction with no possible side effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered at the Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS) as no. KCT0003985.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ra Oh
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Jung
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54907, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Wan Chae
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54907, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Ok Lee
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54907, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54907, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Discrimination of Lycium chinense and L. barbarum Based on Metabolite Analysis and Hepatoprotective Activity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245835. [PMID: 33321994 PMCID: PMC7764731 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycii Fructus is a traditional medicine used to prevent liver and kidney diseases, which commonly derives from Lycium chinense and Lycium barbarum. Here, the extracts and ethyl acetate-soluble fractions of L. chinense fruits exhibited better hepatoprotective effects than those of L. barbarum, which was likely due to differences in their composition. Therefore, GC-MS and HPLC analyses were conducted to characterize the metabolite differences between L. chinense and L. barbarum. Based on amino acid (AA) and phenolic acid (PA) profiling, 24 AAs and 9 PAs were identified in the two species. Moreover, each species exhibited unique and readily distinguishable AA and PA star graphic patterns. HPLC analysis elucidated composition differences between the ethyl acetate-soluble layers of the two compounds. Further, NMR analysis identified their chemical structures as 4-(2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)butanoic acid and p-coumaric acid. The higher content of 4-(2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)butanoic acid was detected in L. chinense, whereas the content of p-coumaric acid was higher in L. barbarum. Therefore, the differences in the relative contents of these two secondary metabolites in the ethyl acetate-soluble layer of Lycii Fructus could be a good marker to discriminate between L. chinense and L. barbarum.
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Integrated omics profiling of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitic mice supplemented with Wolfberry ( Lycium barbarum). NPJ Sci Food 2020; 4:5. [PMID: 32258419 PMCID: PMC7109062 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-020-0065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a multi-omics profiling approach to investigate the suppressive effects of 2% Wolfberry (WOL)-enriched diets on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. It was observed that in mice fed the WOL diet, the disease activity index, colon shortening, plasma concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-3 and relative mesenteric fat weight were significantly improved as compared to the DSS group. Results from colon transcriptome and proteome profiles showed that WOL supplementation significantly ameliorated the expression of genes and proteins associated with the integrity of the colonic mucosal wall and colonic inflammation. Based on the hepatic transcriptome, proteome and metabolome data, genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, proteins involved in inflammation and metabolites related to glycolysis were downregulated in WOL mice, leading to lowered inflammation and changes in these molecules may have led to improvement in body weight loss. The integrated nutrigenomic approach thus revealed the molecular mechanisms underlying the ameliorative effect of whole WOL fruit consumption on inflammatory bowel disease.
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Gao Y, Wei Y, Wang Y, Gao F, Chen Z. Lycium Barbarum: A Traditional Chinese Herb and A Promising Anti-Aging Agent. Aging Dis 2017; 8:778-791. [PMID: 29344416 PMCID: PMC5758351 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycium barbarum has been used in China for more than 2,000 years as a traditional medicinal herb and food supplement. Lycium barbarum contains abundant Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs), betaine, phenolics, carotenoids (zeaxanthin and β-carotene), cerebroside, 2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic acid (AA-2βG), β-sitosterol, flavonoids and vitamins (in particular, riboflavin, thiamine, and ascorbic acid). LBPs are the primary active components of Lycium barbarum. In this review, we discuss the pharmacological activities of LBPs and other major components. They have been reported to mediate significant anti-aging effects, through antioxidant, immunoregulative, anti-apoptotic activities and reducing DNA damage. Thus, the basic scientific evidence for anti-aging effects of LBPs is already available. However, additional studies are needed to understand mechanisms by which LBPs mediate anti-aging properties. Novel findings from such studies would likely pave the way for the clinical application of traditional chinese medicine Lycium barbarum in modern evidence-based medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Gao
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing. China. 100078
| | - Yifo Wei
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing. China. 100078
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing. China. 100078
| | - Fang Gao
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing. China. 100078
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing. China. 100078
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Supplementation with Lycium chinense fruit extract attenuates methionine choline-deficient diet-induced steatohepatitis in mice. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Ahn M, Park JS, Chae S, Kim S, Moon C, Hyun JW, Shin T. Hepatoprotective effects of Lycium chinense Miller fruit and its constituent betaine in CCl4-induced hepatic damage in rats. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1104-12. [PMID: 24998029 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hepatoprotective activities of Lycium chinense Miller (LC) fruit extract and its component betaine were investigated under carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The treatment of LC fruit extract significantly suppressed the increase of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the sera of CCl4 injured rats, and restored the decreased levels of anti-oxidant enzymes such as total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and suppressed the expression of inflammatory mediators including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2. To visualize the potential activity of betaine, a component of LC fruit, betaine was substituted for LC extract in CCl4 injured rats. The biochemical profile in CCl4 injured rats co-treated with betaine matched those of LC fruit treated CCl4 injured rats. The ameliorative effects of LC extract, as well as betaine, were also confirmed by histopathological examination. Collectively, the present findings imply that LC fruit, via its component betaine, mitigate CCl4-induced hepatic injury by increasing antioxidative activity and decreasing inflammatory mediators including iNOS and COX-1/COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meejung Ahn
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Sungwook Chae
- Aging Research Laboratory, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- School of Medicine and Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyun Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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Ulbricht C, Bryan JK, Costa D, Culwell S, Giese N, Isaac R, Nummy K, Pham T, Rapp C, Rusie E, Weissner W, Windsor RC, Woods J, Zhou S. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Goji (Lycium spp.) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Diet Suppl 2014; 12:184-240. [PMID: 24806435 DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2014.904128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An evidence-based systematic review of goji (Lycium spp.) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration consolidates the safety and efficacy data available in the scientific literature using a validated, reproducible grading rationale. This article includes written and statistical analysis of clinical trials, plus a compilation of expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing.
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Effects of Lycium barbarum aqueous and ethanol extracts on high-fat-diet induced oxidative stress in rat liver tissue. Molecules 2011; 16:9116-28. [PMID: 22045040 PMCID: PMC6264384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16119116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the protective effects of aqueous extract of Lycium barbarum (LBAE) and ethanol extract of Lycium barbarum (LBEE) on blood lipid levels, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and liver tissue antioxidant enzyme activities in rats fed a high fat diet (HF). The rats were randomly divided into seven groups of ten rats each and fed a different diet for eight weeks as follows: One group (NC group) was fed a standard diet, one group was fed a high-fat diet (HF group), one group was fed a high-fat diet and orally fed with 20 mg/kg b.w. simvastatin (HF + simvastatin group), and the other group was fed the high fat diet and orally fed with 50 mg/kg b.w. or 100 mg/kg b.w. LBAE (HF + LBAE), or 50 mg/kg b.w. or 100 mg/kg b.w. LBEE (HF + LBEE), respectively. After eight weeks, the HF diet caused deleterious metabolic effects. Rats fed the HF diet alone showed increased hepatocellular enzyme activities in plasma, a significant decline in antioxidant enzyme activities, and elevated liver lipid peroxidation indices. LBAE and LBEE administration significantly reduced liver damage and oxidative changes, and brought back the antioxidants and lipids towards normal levels. These data suggest that these antioxidants protect against toxicity parameters in HF rats.
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Zhang Z, Liu X, Zhang X, Liu J, Hao Y, Yang X, Wang Y. Comparative evaluation of the antioxidant effects of the natural vitamin C analog 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid isolated from Goji berry fruit. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:801-10. [PMID: 21656366 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
2-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid (AA-2βG) is a natural derivative of vitamin C (Lascorbic acid, AA) isolated from Goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) fruit. We evaluated the antioxidant activities of AA-2βG and AA using in vitro and in vivo model systems. In vitro radical scavenging assays demonstrated that AA-βG was capable of scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl and hydroxyl peroxide and inhibiting H(2)O(2)-induced hemolysis better than AA. AA-2βG and AA had similar hydroxyl radical scavenging capabilities, but AA-2βG was incapable of scavenging superoxide anion radicals, and its capacity to scavenge nitrite (NO(2) (-)) was lower than that of AA. The overall in vitro reduction capability of AA-2βG was also significantly lower than that of AA. Moreover, in vivo studies demonstrated that AA-2βG was capable of protecting the liver against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in mice. These results suggest that AA-2βG is an important antioxidant component of Goji berry fruit, which may share similar but distinct antioxidant mechanistic properties with AA. This study furthers our understanding of the mechanisms of Goji berry fruit pharmacological activities on antiaging and antitumor properties as a traditional medicine and dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziping Zhang
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
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10
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Wu PS, Wu SJ, Tsai YH, Lin YH, Chao JCJ. Hot Water Extracted Lycium Barbarumand Rehmannia GlutinosaInhibit Liver Inflammation and Fibrosis in Rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2011; 39:1173-1191. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x11009482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharide-rich Lycium barbarum and Rehmannia glutinosa have been considered to have immune-modulating activity. This study investigated the effects of water extracted Lycium barbarum and Rehmannia glutinosa (HE) on carbon tetrachloride ( CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into: normal diet + peritoneal injection of olive oil (control), normal diet + CCl4injection ( CCl4), 1 × HE (0.05% HE for each) + CCl4(1 × HE), and 3 × HE (0.15% HE for each) + CCl4(3 × HE) groups. Rats were injected with 40% CCl4at a dose of 0.75 ml/kg body weight once a week for seven weeks, one week after herbal extract treatment. After eight week herbal extract treatment, pathohistological examination showed that both 1× and 3 × HE treatments diminished necrotic hepatocytes, chemoattraction of inflammatory cells, and liver fibrosis. Both 1× and 3 × HE treatments decreased plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, and reduced hepatic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines — tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β — compared to CCl4treatment alone. The 1 × HE treatment increased hepatic anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels. Both the 1× and 3 × HE treatments suppressed liver fibrosis biomarkers — transforming growth factor-β1 and hydroxyproline. Therefore, treatment with water extracted Lycium barbarum and Rehmannia glutinosa (0.05% and 0.15% for each) for eight weeks protects against necrotic damage, indicated by decreases in plasma ALT and AST activities, and suppresses liver fibrosis by down-regulation of liver inflammation in rats with CCl4-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Shan Wu
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ju Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Tsai
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ho Lin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Jane C.-J. Chao
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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Chiu K, Zhou Y, Yeung SC, Lok CKM, Chan OOC, Chang RCC, So KF, Chiu JF. Up-regulation of crystallins is involved in the neuroprotective effect of wolfberry on survival of retinal ganglion cells in rat ocular hypertension model. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:311-20. [PMID: 20336662 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Wolfberry (fruit of Lycium barbarum Linn) has been known for balancing 'Yin' and 'Yang' in the body, nourishing the liver and kidney, improving visual acuity for more than 2,500 years in oriental countries. The active components in wolfberry include L. barbarum polysaccharide (LBP), zeaxanthine, betaine, cerebroside and trace amounts of zinc, iron, and copper. Each of them confers distinct beneficial effects and together they help to explain widespread use of wolfberry in the eastern world. Earlier study reported the neuroprotective effects of LBP on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) in an experimental model of glaucoma and the underlying in vivo cellular mechanisms of LBP neuroprotection deserve further exploration. In this study, we adopted proteomics, functional genomics, to evaluate pharmacological effects of LBP on the neuronal survival pathways. Among the significantly changed proteins induced by LBP feeding on ocular hypertension (OH) retinas, only proteins in crystallin family were focused in this study. The proteomic results were further confirmed using the Western blotting of the retinas and immunohistochemical staining of the retinal sections. We demonstrated that neuroprotective effect of-wolfberry extract-LBP on the survival of RGCs may be mediated via direct up-regulation of neuronal survival signal betaB2-crystallin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Chiu
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Anatomy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Zhang R, Kang KA, Piao MJ, Kim KC, Kim AD, Chae S, Park JS, Youn UJ, Hyun JW. Cytoprotective effect of the fruits of Lycium chinense Miller against oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 130:299-306. [PMID: 20546868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Fruits of Lycium chinense Miller (Solanaceae), distributed in northeast Asia, have gained attraction for their hepatoprotective role in traditional oriental medicine. The excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is hazardous for living organisms and damage major cellular constituents such as DNA, lipid, and protein. The cytoprotective effect of Lycium chinense fruits (Lycium extract) was assessed against H(2)O(2)-induced Chang liver cell damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of Lycium extract against H(2)O(2)-induced cell death was determined by the MTT assay. Radical scavenging activity was determined through the assessments of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, intracellular ROS, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide. The inductions of antioxidant enzymes were determined via their protein expressions and activities. DNA damage was measured using comet assay and expression of phospho-histone H2A.X. Lipid peroxidation was measured using 8-isoprostane level and fluorescent probe. Protein modification was measured using protein carbonyl moiety. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Lycium extract scavenged the DPPH free radicals, intracellular ROS, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide. Lycium extract recovered activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) decreased by H(2)O(2). Lycium extract decreased DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl values increased by H(2)O(2) exposure. In addition, Lycium extract increased the cell viability of Chang liver cells exposed to H(2)O(2) via inhibition of apoptosis. These results show that Lycium extract protected Chang liver cells against oxidative stressed cell damage by H(2)O(2) via scavenging ROS and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Republic of Korea
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Badr AM, El-Demerdash E, Khalifa AE, Ghoneim AI, Ayoub NA, Abdel-Naim AB. Rubus sanctus protects against carbon tetrachloride-induced toxicity in rat isolated hepatocytes: isolation and characterization of its galloylated flavonoids. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.11.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Rubus sanctus Schreb., known from the Bible as ‘holy thorn bush’, grows wild in Egypt. Rubus sanctus aqueous alcoholic extract (RE) contains a complicated phenolic mixture (ellagitanins, flavonoids and caffeic acid derivatives). In this study, the phytochemical investigation of the plant was re-evaluated. Herein, we report on the isolation and identification of three galloylated flavonoids, namely kaempferol-3-O-(6″-O-galloyl)-4C1-β-d-galactopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-(6″-O-galloyl)-4C1-β-d-galactopyranoside and myricetin-3-O-(6″-O-galloyl)- C1-β-d-galactopyranoside for the first time from the Rubus genus. We further aimed at evaluating the potential protective effects of RE against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes.
Methods
Based on an initial concentration-response experiment, a concentration of 100 μg/ml was selected to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of RE.
Key findings
Pretreatment with RE afforded protection as indicated by counteracting CCl4-induced cell death, and reduced glutathione depletion. In addition, RE ameliorated CCl4-induced enzyme leakage by 40% for lactate dehydrogenase, 30% for alanine aminotransferase and 20% for aspartate aminotransferase as compared with CCl4-treated cells. Moreover, RE counteracted CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation and inhibited spontaneous lipid peroxidation in the control group.
Conclusions
In conclusion, RE protects against CCl4-induced toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira M Badr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ebtehal El-Demerdash
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amani E Khalifa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asser I Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nahla A Ayoub
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf B Abdel-Naim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Lee MK, Kim SH, Yang H, Lim DY, Ryu JH, Lee ES, Jew SS, Park HG, Sung SH, Kim YC. Asiatic Acid Derivatives Protect Primary Cultures of Rat Hepatocytes against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Injury via the Cellular Antioxidant System. Nat Prod Commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0900400605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We attempted to elucidate the hepatoprotective mechanism of two asiatic acid (AS) derivatives, 3β,23-dihydroxyurs-2-oxo-12-ene-28-oic acid (AS-10) and 3β,23-dihydroxyurs-12-ene-28-oic acid (AS-14), which exhibited significant protective activity against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Our findings showed that AS-10 and AS-14 preserved the level of glutathione and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. In addition, these compounds ameliorated lipid peroxidation, as demonstrated by a reduction in the production of malondialdehyde. Furthermore, AS-10 and AS-14 did not restore the reduced total GSH level by BSO, indicating that the hepatoprotective activities of these compounds may be involved, in part, by regulating GSH synthesis. From these results, we suggest that both AS-10 and AS-14 exerted their hepatoprotective activities against CCl4-induced injury by preserving the cellular antioxidative defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyekyung Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Yeon Lim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Ho Ryu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung Seok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Sup Jew
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeung-Guen Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Sung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Choong Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Noguchi A, Sasaki N, Nakao M, Fukami H, Takahashi S, Nishino T, Nakayama T. cDNA cloning of glycosyltransferases from Chinese wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) fruits and enzymatic synthesis of a catechin glucoside using a recombinant enzyme (UGT73A10). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Chang RCC, So KF. Use of anti-aging herbal medicine, Lycium barbarum, against aging-associated diseases. What do we know so far? Cell Mol Neurobiol 2007; 28:643-52. [PMID: 17710531 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lycium barbarum (Gouqizi, Fructus Lycii, Wolfberry) is well known for nourishing the liver, and in turn, improving the eyesight. However, many people have forgotten its anti-aging properties. Valuable components of L. barbarum are not limited to its colored components containing zeaxanthin and carotene, but include the polysaccharides and small molecules such as betaine, cerebroside, beta-sitosterol, p-coumaric, and various vitamins. Despite the fact that L. barbarum has been used for centuries, its beneficial effects to our bodies have not been comprehensively studied with modern technology to unravel its therapeutic effects at the biochemical level. Recently, our laboratory has demonstrated its neuroprotective effects to counter neuronal loss in neurodegenerative diseases. Polysaccharides extracted from L. barbarum can protect neurons against beta-amyloid peptide toxicity in neuronal cell cultures, and retinal ganglion cells in an experimental model of glaucoma. We have even isolated the active component of polysaccharide which can attenuate stress kinases and pro-apoptotic signaling pathways. We have accumulated scientific evidence for its anti-aging effects that should be highlighted for modern preventive medicine. This review is to provide background information and a new direction of study for the anti-aging properties of L. barbarum. We hope that new findings for L. barbarum will pave a new avenue for the use of Chinese medicine in modern evidence-based medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Anatomy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Chao JCJ, Chiang SW, Wang CC, Tsai YH, Wu MS. Hot water-extracted Lycium barbarum and Rehmannia glutinosa inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:4478-84. [PMID: 16874858 PMCID: PMC4125633 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i28.4478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of hot water-extracted Lycium barbarum (LBE) and Rehmannia glutinosa (RGE) on cell proliferation and apoptosis in rat and/or human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.
METHODS: Rat (H-4-II-E) and human HCC (HA22T/VGH) cell lines were incubated with various concentrations (0-10 g/L) of hot water-extracted LBE and RGE. After 6-24 h incubation, cell proliferation (n = 6) was measured by a colorimetric method. The apoptotic cells (n = 6) were detected by flow cytometry. The expression of p53 protein (n = 3) was determined by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting.
RESULTS: Crude LBE (2-5 g/L) and RGE (2-10 g/L) dose-dependently inhibited proliferation of H-4-II-E cells by 11% (P < 0.05) to 85% (P < 0.01) after 6-24 h treatment. Crude LBE at a dose of 5 g/L suppressed cell proliferation of H-4-II-E cells more effectively than crude RGE after 6-24 h incubation (P < 0.01). Crude LBE (2-10 g/L) and RGE (2-5 g/L) also dose-dependently inhibited proliferation of HA22T/VGH cells by 14%-43% (P < 0.01) after 24 h. Crude LBE at a dose of 10 g/L inhibited the proliferation of HA22T/VGH cells more effectively than crude RGE (56.8% ± 1.6% vs 70.3% ± 3.1% of control, P = 0.0003 < 0.01). The apoptotic cells significantly increased in H-4-II-E cells after 24 h treatment with higher doses of crude LBE (2-5 g/L) and RGE (5-10 g/L) (P < 0.01). The expression of p53 protein in H-4-II-E cells was 119% and 143% of the control group compared with the LBE-treated (2, 5 g/L) groups, and 110% and 132% of the control group compared with the RGE -treated (5, 10 g/L) groups after 24 h.
CONCLUSION: Hot water-extracted crude LBE (2-5 g/L) and RGE (5-10 g/L) inhibit proliferation and stimulate p53-mediated apoptosis in HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C-J Chao
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, China
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Ha KT, Yoon SJ, Choi DY, Kim DW, Kim JK, Kim CH. Protective effect of Lycium chinense fruit on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 96:529-535. [PMID: 15619574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of Lycium chinense Miller (Solanaceae) fruit (LFE) against CCl(4)-induced hepatotoxicity and the mechanism underlying these protective effects in rats. The pretreatment of LFE has shown to possess a significant protective effect by lowering the serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase (AST and ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). This hepatoprotective action was confirmed by histological observation. In addition, pretreatment of LFE prevented the elevation of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and the depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) content and catalase activity in the liver of CCl(4)-injected rats. The LFE also displayed hydroxide radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manner (IC(50) = 83.6 microg/ml), as assayed by electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping technique. The expression level of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) mRNA and protein, as measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis, was significantly decreased in the liver of LFE-pretreated rats when compared with that in the liver of control group. Based on these results, it was suggested that the hepatoprotective effects of the LFE might be related to antioxidative activity and expressional regulation of CYP2E1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Tae Ha
- Department of Pathology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, 707 Suk-Jang Dong, Kyungju City, Kyungbuk 780-714, Korea
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Kim SY, Lee EJ, Kim HP, Lee HS, Kim YC. LCC, a cerebroside from Lycium chinense, protects primary cultured rat hepatocytes exposed to galactosamine. Phytother Res 2000; 14:448-51. [PMID: 10960900 DOI: 10.1002/1099-1573(200009)14:6<448::aid-ptr635>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes exposed to galactosamine (GalN) were used as a screening system to assess whether a new cerebroside, LCC, isolated from the fruits of Lycium chinense, exhibits hepatoprotective activity. Cultured rat hepatocytes injured with GalN routinely release glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) into the culture medium. Treatment of these GalN-injured primary cultures with LCC markedly blocked the release of both GPT and SDH in a dose-dependent manner over concentrations of LCC ranging from 1 microM to 10 microM. To investigate the mechanism of action for the hepatoprotective activity of LCC, the extent of [(3)H]-uridine incorporation into RNA was measured in GalN-injured cultures of rat hepatocytes. [(3)H]-Uridine incorporation was significantly decreased in injured hepatocytes. LCC, however significantly restored the incorporation of [(3)H]-uridine into RNA in a dose-dependent manner over concentrations ranging from 1 microM to 10 microM. LCC also blocked the suppression of RNA synthesis caused by actinomycin D in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that LCC may have prominent hepatoprotective activity and that its therapeutic value should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Kim
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyunghee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Yu YU, Kang SY, Park HY, Sung SH, Lee EJ, Kim SY, Kim YC. Antioxidant lignans from Machilus thunbergii protect CCl4-injured primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. J Pharm Pharmacol 2000; 52:1163-9. [PMID: 11045899 DOI: 10.1211/0022357001774949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Eleven lignans (1-11) were isolated from the CH2Cl2 fraction of the bark of Machilus thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc. (Lauraceae). These were identified as (-)-acuminatin (1), (-)-isoguaiacin (2), meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid (3), (+)-galbacin (4), (-)-sesamin (5), (+)-galbelgin (6), machilin A (7), machilin G (8), licarin A (9), and nectandrin A (10) and B (11). Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes were co-incubated for 90 min with the hepatotoxin CCl4 and each of the 11 lignans (50 microM). Hepatoprotective activity was determined by measuring the level of glutamic pyruvic transaminase released into the medium from the primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. (-)-Acuminatin, (-)-isoguaiacin and meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid all significantly reduced the level of glutamic pyruvic transaminase released. Further investigation revealed that these three compounds significantly preserved the levels and the activities of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase. (-)-Acuminatin, (-)-isoguaiacin and meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid also ameliorated lipid peroxidation as demonstrated by a reduction of malondialdehyde production. These results suggest that (-)-acuminatin, (-)-isoguaiacin and meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid exert diverse hepatoprotective activities, perhaps by serving as potent antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y U Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Kwanak-Gu, Korea
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