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Stępniak J, Karbownik-Lewińska M. Protective Effects of Melatonin against Carcinogen-Induced Oxidative Damage in the Thyroid. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1646. [PMID: 38730600 PMCID: PMC11083294 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, primarily synthesized in the pineal gland, plays a crucial role in regulating circadian rhythms and possesses significant antioxidative properties. By neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, melatonin emerges as a promising agent for the prevention and therapy of many different disorders, including cancer. This paper reviews the relationship between the thyroid gland and melatonin, presenting experimental evidence on the protective effects of this indoleamine against oxidative damage to macromolecules in thyroid tissue caused by documented carcinogens (as classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC) or caused by potential carcinogens. Furthermore, the possible influence on cancer therapy in humans and the overall well-being of cancer patients are discussed. The article highlights melatonin's essential role in maintaining thyroid health and its contribution to management strategies in patients with thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stępniak
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Rzgowska St. 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Rzgowska St. 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, Rzgowska St. 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
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Kuo SC, Li Y, Cheng YZ, Lee WJ, Cheng JT, Cheng KC. Molecular mechanisms regarding potassium bromate‑induced cardiac hypertrophy without apoptosis in H9c2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4700-4708. [PMID: 30221729 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is commonly involved in cardiac injury. Oxidative stress can induce cardiac hypertrophy with apoptosis. Potassium bromate (KBrO3) has been widely used as a food additive due to its oxidizing properties. In the present study, the rat‑derived heart cell line H9c2 was used to investigate the effect of KBrO3 on cell size. KBrO3 increased cell size at concentrations <250 µM, in a dose‑dependent manner. Additionally, KBrO3 also promoted the gene expression of two biomarkers of cardiac hypertrophy, brain/B‑type natriuretic peptides (BNP) and β‑Myosin Heavy Chain (β‑MHC). However, apoptosis remained unobserved in these cells. Moreover, mediation of free radicals was investigated using a fluorescence assay, and it was observed that superoxide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels increased with KBrO3. Effects of KBrO3 were significantly reduced by tiron at concentrations sufficient to produce antioxidant‑like action. Additionally, signals involved in cardiac hypertrophy such as calcineurin and nuclear factor of activated T‑cells (NFAT) were also determined using western blot analysis. KBrO3 increased the protein levels of both these molecules which were decreased by tiron in a dose‑dependent manner. Additionally, cyclosporine A attenuated the cardiac hypertrophy induced by KBrO3 in H9c2 cells at concentrations effective to inhibit calcineurin, in addition to reducing mRNA levels of BNP or β‑MHC. Finally, apoptosis was also identified in H9c2 cells incubated with KBrO3 at concentrations >300 µM. Collectively, these results provided a novel perspective that KBrO3 induces cardiac hypertrophy without apoptosis at a low dose through the generation of ROS, activating the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway in H9c2 cells. Therefore, at a dose <250 µM, KBrO3 can be applied as an inducer of cardiac hypertrophy without apoptosis in H9c2 cells. KBrO3 can also be developed as a tool to induce cardiac hypertrophy in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chun Kuo
- Department of Optometry, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 7170, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Yingxiao Li
- Department of Medical Research, Chi‑Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71003, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Yung-Ze Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi‑Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71003, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Jing Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi‑Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71003, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Juei-Tang Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Chi‑Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71003, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Kai-Chun Cheng
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890, Japan
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El-Deeb MEE, Abd-El-Hafez AAA. Can vitamin C affect the KBrO 3 induced oxidative stress on left ventricular myocardium of adult male albino rats? A histological and immunohistochemical study. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2015; 3:120-136. [PMID: 30023191 PMCID: PMC6014280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium bromate (KBrO3) cardiotoxicity is not widely recognized, in spite of its well known oxidative cell and tissue damage. The wide exposure to KBrO3 in food and water necessitates finding of a simple and available antidote for its hazards like vitamin C. There are growing evidences that the regulation of redox reactions in cells is intimately tied to the levels of antioxidants. As the heart is highly vulnerable for oxidative damage, left ventricle muscle was the spotlight of our study. For this purpose 20 adult male albino rats were categorized into four groups (five rats each). Group 1 served as control; group 2 received 30 mg/kg/day vitamin C for 4 weeks. Group 3 was injected intraperitoneally with KBrO3 20 mg/kg/dose twice weekly for 4 weeks, and group 4 received both vitamin C and KBrO3 in the same scheme. Heart specimens were processed for various histological examinations. Sections from KBrO3 treated animals showed focal disruption of cardiac myocytes, deeply stained nuclei and dilated congested blood vessels. Ultrastructurally, irregular indented nuclei, focal lysis of the myofibrils and swelling of mitochondria were also observed. In contrast, minimal changes were observed in rats treated concomitantly with both vitamin C and KBrO3. Caspase 3 immunohistochemical reaction was nonsignificantly increased in group 3 cardiomyocytes. Semiquantitative morphological mitochondrial scoring and statistical analyses revealed significant changes between the studied groups. Finally, KBrO3 induced structural changes in rat cardiac muscle could be ameliorated by concomitant treatment with vitamin C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amal A A Abd-El-Hafez
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, El Geesh street, Tanta, Egypt
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Ahmad MK, Amani S, Mahmood R. Potassium bromate causes cell lysis and induces oxidative stress in human erythrocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:138-145. [PMID: 22012894 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have studied the effect of KBrO3 on human erythrocytes under in vitro conditions. Erythrocytes were isolated from the blood of healthy nonsmoking volunteers and incubated with different concentrations of KBrO3 at 37°C for 60 min. This resulted in marked hemolysis in a KBrO3 -concentration dependent manner. Lysates were prepared from KBrO3 -treated and control erythrocytes and assayed for various parameters. KBrO3 treatment caused significant increase in protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide levels, and decrease in total sulfhydryl content, which indicates induction of oxidative stress in human erythrocytes. Methemoglobin levels and methemoglobin reductase activity were significantly increased while the total antioxidant power of lysates was greatly reduced upon KBrO3 treatment. Intracellular production of reactive oxygen species increased in a dose dependent manner. Exposure of erythrocytes to KBrO3 also caused decrease in the activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase whereas the activities of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase were increased. These results show that KBrO3 induces oxidative stress in human erythrocytes through the generation of reactive oxygen species and alters the cellular antioxidant defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Kaisar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
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Andersen FA. Annual Review of Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Assessments: 2007-2010. Int J Toxicol 2011; 30:73S-127S. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581811412618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Schiar VPP, dos Santos DB, Paixão MW, Nogueira CW, Rocha JBT, Zeni G. Human erythrocyte hemolysis induced by selenium and tellurium compounds increased by GSH or glucose: A possible involvement of reactive oxygen species. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 177:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chen Y, Wei X, Xie H, Deng H. Antioxidant 2-phenylbenzofurans and a coumestan from Lespedeza virgata. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:929-932. [PMID: 18484774 DOI: 10.1021/np800016e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two 2-phenylbenzofurans, lespedezavirgatol (1) and lespedezavirgatal (2), and a coumestan, lespedezacoumestan (3), were isolated from the aerial parts of Lespedeza virgata, together with nine known flavonoids. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data. The three new compounds showed strong oxygen radical absorbance capacity and potent inhibition toward lipid peroxidation in both plasma and kidney homogenate of renal failure rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical UniVersity, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
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Kim NY, Song EJ, Kwon DY, Kim HP, Heo MY. Antioxidant and antigenotoxic activities of Korean fermented soybean. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:1184-9. [PMID: 18191320 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidative and antigenotoxic activities of Korean fermented soybean (Chungkookjang) in vitro and in vivo. The 100% ethanol extract of Chungkookjang (CKJ) inhibited the generation of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) radicals, and had an inhibitory effect on LDL oxidation. CKJ and its constituents (genistein and daidzein) also inhibited H(2)O(2)-induced DNA damage from NIH/3T3 fibroblasts. Furthermore, they showed the cytoprotective effects against H(2)O(2)-induced cell death. In vivo study also demonstrated that an oral administration of CKJ extract (800 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks potently inhibited the formation of malondialdehyde, the damage of DNA and the formation of micronucleated reticulocytes in KBrO(3)-treated mice. The well-known antioxidants, trolox and vitamin C, also showed the potent inhibition on these parameters. All these results indicate that CKJ extract may be a useful antigenotoxic antioxidant by scavenging free radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation and protecting against oxidative DNA damage. The isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, may contribute to these biological effects of CKJ extract at least in part. Korean fermented soybean (Chungkookjang) is suggested to be a promising functional food witch can prevent oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Yee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
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Gultekin F, Hicyilmaz H. Renal deterioration caused by carcinogens as a consequence of free radical mediated tissue damage: a review of the protective action of melatonin. Arch Toxicol 2007; 81:675-81. [PMID: 17823789 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This brief review summarizes some of the publications that document the preventive role of melatonin in kidney damage caused by carcinogens such as 2-nitropropane, arsenic, carbon tetrachloride, nitrilotriacetic acid and potassium bromate. Numerous chemicals generate excessive free radicals that eventually induce renal worsening. Melatonin partially or totally prevents free radical mediated tissue damages induced by many carcinogens. Protective actions of melatonin against the harmful effects of carcinogens are believed to stem from its direct free radical scavenging and indirect antioxidant activities. Dietary or pharmacologically given melatonin may attenuate the oxidative stress, thereby mitigating the subsequent renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Gultekin
- School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Suleyman Demirel University, Tip Fakultesi, Biyokimya AD, 32260 Isparta, Turkey.
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Karbownik M, Stasiak M, Zygmunt A, Zasada K, Lewiński A. Protective effects of melatonin and indole-3-propionic acid against lipid peroxidation, caused by potassium bromate in the rat kidney. Cell Biochem Funct 2007; 24:483-9. [PMID: 16397908 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Potassium bromate (KBrO(3)) is classified as a carcinogenic agent. KBrO(3) induces tumors and pro-oxidative effects in kidneys. Melatonin is a well known antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), an indole substance, also reveals antioxidative properties. Recently, some antioxidative effects of propylthiouracil (PTU)-an antithyroid drug-have been found. The aim of the study was to compare protective effects of melatonin, IPA, and PTU against lipid peroxidation in the kidneys and blood serum and, additionally, in the livers and the lungs, collected from rats, pretreated with KBrO(3). Male Wistar rats were administered KBrO(3) (110 mg/kg b.w., i.p., on the 10th day of the experiment) and/or melatonin, or IPA (0.0645 mmol/kg b.w., i.p., twice daily, for 10 days), or PTU (0.025% solution in drinking water, for 10 days). The level of lipid peroxidation products-malondialdehyde + 4-hydroxyalkenals (MDA + 4-HDA)-was measured spectrophotometrically in thyroid homogenates. KBrO(3), when injected to rats, significantly increased lipid peroxidation in the kidney homogenates and blood serum, but not in the liver and the lung homogenates. Co-treatment with either melatonin or with IPA, but not with PTU, decreased KBrO(3)-induced oxidative damage to lipids in the rat kidneys and serum. In conclusion, melatonin and IPA, which prevent KBrO(3)-induced lipid peroxidation in rat kidneys, may be of great value as protective agents under conditions of exposure to KBrO(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Karbownik
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Łódź, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital--Research Institute, 281/289 Rzgowska Street, 93-338 Łódź, Poland
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Lee SC, Kwon YS, Son KH, Kim HP, Heo MY. Antioxidative constituents fromPaeonia lactiflora. Arch Pharm Res 2005; 28:775-83. [PMID: 16114491 DOI: 10.1007/bf02977342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The ethanol extract of the peony root (Paeonia Lactiflora Pall, Paeoniaceae) as well as its major active components including gallic acid and methyl gallate were evaluated for their protective effects against free radical generation and lipid peroxidation. In addition, the protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative DNA damage in a mammalian cell line were examined. The ethanol extracts of the peony root (PREs) and its active constituents, gallic acid and methyl gallate, exhibited a significant free radical scavenging effect against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) radical generation and had an inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation, as measured by the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) formation. The PREs did not have any pro-oxidant effect. They strongly inhibited the hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage from NIH/3T3 fibroblasts, as assessed by single cell gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, the oral administration of 50% PRE (50% ethanol extract of peony root), gallic acid and methyl gallate potently inhibited the formation of micronucleated reticulocytes (MNRET) in the mouse peripheral blood induced by a KBrO3 treatment in vivo. Therefore, PREs containing gallic acid and methyl gallate may be a useful antigenotoxic antioxidant by scavenging free radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation and protecting against oxidative DNA damage without exhibiting any pro-oxidant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Chul Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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Karbownik M, Stasiak M, Zasada K, Zygmunt A, Lewinski A. Comparison of potential protective effects of melatonin, indole-3-propionic acid, and propylthiouracil against lipid peroxidation caused by potassium bromate in the thyroid gland. J Cell Biochem 2005; 95:131-8. [PMID: 15723291 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is a prooxidant and carcinogen, inducing thyroid tumors. Melatonin and indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) are effective antioxidants. Some antioxidative effects of propylthiouracil (PTU)--a thyrostatic drug--have been found. The aim of the study was to compare protective effects of melatonin, IPA, and PTU against lipid peroxidation in the thyroids, collected from rats treated with KBrO3, and in homogenates of porcine thyroids, incubated in the presence of KBrO3. Wistar rats were administered KBrO3 (110 mg/kg b.w., i.p., on the 10th day of the experiment) and/or melatonin, or IPA (0.0645 mmol/kg b.w., i.p., twice daily, for 10 days), or PTU (0.025% solution in drinking water, for 10 days). Homogenates of porcine thyroids were incubated for 30 min in the presence of KBrO3 (5 mM) plus one of the antioxidants: melatonin (0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 7.5 mM), or IPA (0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 mM), or PTU (0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 mM). The level of lipid peroxidation products (MDA + 4-HDA) was measured spectrophotometrically in thyroid homogenates. In vivo pretreatment with either melatonin or with IPA or with PTU decreased lipid peroxidation caused by KBrO3--injections in rat thyroid gland. Under in vitro conditions, PTU (5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mM), but neither melatonin nor IPA, reduced KBrO3-related lipid peroxidation in the homogenates of porcine thyroids. In conclusion, melatonin and IPA may be of great value as protective agents under conditions of exposure to KBrO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Karbownik
- Department of Endocrinology and Isotope Therapy, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
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