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Immunoenhancement Effects of the Herbal Formula Hemomine on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Mice. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12104935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hemomine is an herbal blend comprising Angelicae Gigantis Radix and other herbs known to have immunomodulatory effects. We examined the immunopotentiating effect of this herbal blend on cyclophosphamide (CPA)-induced immunosuppression. Male mice were assigned to one of six groups: the intact control and five CPA treatment groups (one control, one reference (β-glucan), and three with the application of hemomine at different concentrations; 4, 2, or 1 mL/kg; n = 10 per group). Mice were injected with CPA to induce myelosuppression and immunosuppression, after which they received one of the experimental treatments. In immunosuppressed mice, hemomine treatment alleviated the noticeable reductions in body, spleen, and submandibular lymph node weights caused by CPA; caused changes in hematological markers; induced the reduced levels of serum IFN-γ and spleen TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 by CPA; improved natural killer cell activities in the spleen and peritoneal cavity; and also improved lymphoid organ atrophy in a dose-dependent manner. We demonstrate that hemomine, a mixture of six immunomodulatory herbs, is an effective immunomodulatory agent, with the potential to enhance immunity.
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2
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Sharma N, Tapwal A, Verma R, Kumar D, Nepovimova E, Kuca K. Medicinal, nutritional, and nutraceutical potential of Sparassis crispa s. lat.: a review. IMA Fungus 2022; 13:8. [PMID: 35513833 PMCID: PMC9074205 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-022-00095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sparassis crispa is an edible mushroom exhibiting a wide range of medicinal properties. It is recognized for therapeutic value because of the high β-glucan content in the basidiomes. The broad range of its reported curative effects include anti-tumour, anti-cancer, immune-enhancing, hematopoietic, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, wound-healing, antioxidant, anti-coagulant, and anti-hypertensive properties. However, most of the studies are conducted on immunomodulatory and anticancer activities. Besides this, it also exhibits anti-microbial properties due to the presence of sparassol. Technology is now available for the cultivation of S. crispa on coniferous sawdust. This review is an attempt to focus on its distribution, taxonomy, chemical composition, medicinal properties, potential applications, and artificial cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Conifer Campus, Panthaghati, Shimla, 171013, India
| | - Ashwani Tapwal
- Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Conifer Campus, Panthaghati, Shimla, 171013, India.
| | - Rachna Verma
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences , Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India.
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences , Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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3
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Zhang M, Lou BY, Zhang YJ, Mei SJ, Gao LY, Chen WJ. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules. OPEN CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2022-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In order to effectively protect the biological activity of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan, improve its stability, and realize its high-value utilization, single-factor test and orthogonal test were carried out to optimize the microencapsulation conditions of S. latifolia β-glucan prepared using spray drying method. The β-glucan microcapsules were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and laser particle size analyzer. The results showed that the optimal microencapsulation conditions were as follows: maltodextrin and whey protein with a mass ratio of 1:2, core and wall material with a mass ratio of 1:2, and monoglyceride and core material with a mass percentage of 0.3. Under these conditions, the powder yield and embedding rate of β-glucan microcapsules were 47.32 ± 0.58% and 86.76 ± 1.19%, respectively. The preparation technique was proved to be stable. The β-glucan microcapsules were spherical particles, with the characteristics of a smooth surface, no cracks. The particle size of microcapsules was smaller, and its Dv (50) was 8.43 µm. The distribution of microcapsules was more uniform, and its uniformity was 0.503. The good embedding performance and high thermal stability can effectively protect the biological activity of the core material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Research and Testing Center of Pharmaceuticals, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350108 , China
| | - Ben-Yong Lou
- Research and Testing Center of Pharmaceuticals, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350108 , China
| | - Yan-Jie Zhang
- Research and Testing Center of Pharmaceuticals, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350108 , China
| | - Shu-Jia Mei
- Research and Testing Center of Pharmaceuticals, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350108 , China
| | - Lu-Yao Gao
- Research and Testing Center of Pharmaceuticals, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350108 , China
| | - Wei-Jian Chen
- Research and Testing Center of Pharmaceuticals, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350108 , China
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Zhang W, Hu B, Han M, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Qian H. Purification, structural characterization and neuroprotective effect of a neutral polysaccharide from Sparassis crispa. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 201:389-399. [PMID: 34998886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a purified polysaccharide (named SCP-1, Mw 1.368 × 104 Da) was isolated from Sparassis crispa, and its biological activity was evaluated in an oxidative stress model caused by H2O2 in hippocampal neuronal HT22 cells. SCP-1 was a heteropolysaccharide mainly comprising glucose, galactose, fucose, and mannose in a molar ratio of 52.10: 31.10: 15.04: 1.76. The main backbone of SCP-1 was predominantly composed of (1→6)-α-D-Galp, (1→6)-β-D-Glcp, (1→3)-β-D-Glcp, (1→2,6)-α-D-Galp and (1→3,6)-β-D-Glcp. The branches, substituted at the O-2 of Gal and O-3 of Glc, contained (1→6)-2-OMe-α-D-Galp, (1→4)-β-D-Glcp, (1→3)-β-D-Glcp, and terminated by T-α-L-Fucp and T-β-D-Glcp. Besides, SCP-1 could effectively protect the HT22 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative injury via decreasing the intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, modulating antioxidant enzymes, and reducing cell apoptosis. The findings suggested that SCP-1 holds a potential to be a natural antioxidant or as a neuroprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China
| | - Bin Hu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Shanghai Business School, Shanghai 200235, P.R.China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China.
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5
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Narrative Review: Bioactive Potential of Various Mushrooms as the Treasure of Versatile Therapeutic Natural Product. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090728. [PMID: 34575766 PMCID: PMC8466349 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms have remained an eternal part of traditional cuisines due to their beneficial health potential and have long been recognized as a folk medicine for their broad spectrum of nutraceuticals, as well as therapeutic and prophylactic uses. Nowadays, they have been extensively investigated to explain the chemical nature and mechanisms of action of their biomedicine and nutraceuticals capacity. Mushrooms belong to the astounding dominion of Fungi and are known as a macrofungus. Significant health benefits of mushrooms, including antiviral, antibacterial, anti-parasitic, antifungal, wound healing, anticancer, immunomodulating, antioxidant, radical scavenging, detoxification, hepatoprotective cardiovascular, anti-hypercholesterolemia, and anti-diabetic effects, etc., have been reported around the globe and have attracted significant interests of its further exploration in commercial sectors. They can function as functional foods, help in the treatment and therapeutic interventions of sub-optimal health states, and prevent some consequences of life-threatening diseases. Mushrooms mainly contained low and high molecular weight polysaccharides, fatty acids, lectins, and glucans responsible for their therapeutic action. Due to the large varieties of mushrooms present, it becomes challenging to identify chemical components present in them and their beneficial action. This article highlights such therapeutic activities with their active ingredients for mushrooms.
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Do TTH, Lai TNB, Stephenson SL, Tran HTM. Cytotoxicity activities and chemical characteristics of exopolysaccharides and intracellular polysaccharides of Physarum polycephalum microplasmodia. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:28. [PMID: 33773573 PMCID: PMC8005236 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial polysaccharides have been reported to possess remarkable bioactivities. Physarum polycephalum is a species of slime mold for which the microplasmodia are capable of rapid growth and can produce a significant amount of cell wall-less biomass. There has been a limited understanding of the polysaccharides produced by microplasmodia of slime molds, including P. polycephalum. Thus, the primary objectives of this research were first to chemically characterize the exopolysaccharides (EPS) and intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) of P. polycephalum microplasmodia and then to evaluate their cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines. RESULTS The yields of the crude EPS (4.43 ± 0.44 g/l) and partially purified (deproteinated) EPS (2.95 ± 0.85 g/l) were comparable (p > 0.05) with the respective crude IPS (3.46 ± 0.36 g/l) and partially purified IPS (2.45 ± 0.36 g/l). The average molecular weight of the EPS and IPS were 14,762 kDa and 1788 kDa. The major monomer of the EPS was galactose (80.22%), while that of the IPS was glucose (84.46%). Both crude and purified IPS samples showed significantly higher cytotoxicity toward Hela cells, especially the purified sample and none of the IPSs inhibited normal cells. Only 38.42 ± 2.84% Hela cells remained viable when treated with the partially purified IPS (1 mg/ml). However, although only 34.76 ± 6.58% MCF-7 cells were viable when exposed to the crude IPS, but the partially purified IPS displayed non-toxicity to MCF-7 cells. This suggested that the cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 would come from some component associated with the crude IPS sample (e.g. proteins, peptides or ion metals) and the purification process would have either completely removed or reduced amount of that component. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry suggested that the mechanism of the toxicity of the crude IPS toward MCF-7 and the partially purified IPS toward Hela cells was due to apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The EPS and IPS of P. polycephalum microplasmodia had different chemical properties including carbohydrate, protein and total sulfate group contents, monosaccharide composition and molecular weights, which led to different cytotoxicity activities. The crude and partially purified IPSs would be potential materials for further study relating to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyen T H Do
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran N B Lai
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Steven L Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Hanh T M Tran
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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7
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Chaichian S, Moazzami B, Sadoughi F, Haddad Kashani H, Zaroudi M, Asemi Z. Functional activities of beta-glucans in the prevention or treatment of cervical cancer. J Ovarian Res 2020. [PMID: 32138756 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth-ranked cancer in the world and is associated with a large number of deaths annually. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are known as the common therapeutic approaches in the treatment of cervical cancer, but because of their side effects and toxicity, researchers are trying to discovery alternative therapies. Beta-glucans, a group of glucose polymers that are derived from the cell wall of fungi, bacteria, and etc. it has been showed that beta-glucans have some anti-cancer properties which due to their impacts on adaptive and innate immunity. Along to these impacts, these molecules could be used as drug carriers. In this regard, the application of beta-glucans is a promising therapeutic option for the cancer prevention and treatment especially for cervical cancer. Herein, we have summarized the therapeutic potential of beta-glucans alone or as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of cervical cancer. Moreover, we highlighted beta-glucans as drug carriers for preventive and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Chaichian
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Moazzami
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadoughi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R, Iran.
| | - Hamed Haddad Kashani
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Marsa Zaroudi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R, Iran.
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8
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Chaichian S, Moazzami B, Sadoughi F, Haddad Kashani H, Zaroudi M, Asemi Z. Functional activities of beta-glucans in the prevention or treatment of cervical cancer. J Ovarian Res 2020; 13:24. [PMID: 32138756 PMCID: PMC7057557 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-020-00626-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth-ranked cancer in the world and is associated with a large number of deaths annually. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are known as the common therapeutic approaches in the treatment of cervical cancer, but because of their side effects and toxicity, researchers are trying to discovery alternative therapies. Beta-glucans, a group of glucose polymers that are derived from the cell wall of fungi, bacteria, and etc. it has been showed that beta-glucans have some anti-cancer properties which due to their impacts on adaptive and innate immunity. Along to these impacts, these molecules could be used as drug carriers. In this regard, the application of beta-glucans is a promising therapeutic option for the cancer prevention and treatment especially for cervical cancer. Herein, we have summarized the therapeutic potential of beta-glucans alone or as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of cervical cancer. Moreover, we highlighted beta-glucans as drug carriers for preventive and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Chaichian
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Moazzami
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadoughi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R, Iran.
| | - Hamed Haddad Kashani
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Marsa Zaroudi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R, Iran.
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Ivashchenko O, Peplińska B, Przysiecka Ł, Coy E, Jarek M, Chybczyńska K, Jurga S. Nanocomposite Gel as Injectable Therapeutic Scaffold: Microstructural Aspects and Bioactive Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:7840-7853. [PMID: 31977186 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of tissue scaffolds able to provide proper and accelerated regeneration of tissue is a main task of tissue engineering. We developed a nanocomposite gel that may be used as an injectable therapeutic scaffold. The nanocomposite gel is based on biocompatible gelling agents with embedded nanoparticles (iron oxide, silver, and hydroxyapatite) providing therapeutic properties. We have investigated the microstructure of the nanocomposite gel exposed to different substrates (porous materials and biological tissue). Here we show that the nanocomposite gel has the ability to self-reassemble mimicking the substrate morphology: exposition on porous mineral substrate caused reassembling of nanocomposite gel into 10× smaller scale structure; exposition to a section of humerus cortical bone decreased the microstructure scale more than twice (to ≤3 μm). The reassembling happens through a transitional layer which exists near the phase separation boundary. Our results impact the knowledge of gels explaining their abundance in biological organisms from the microstructural point of view. The results of our biological experiments showed that the nanocomposite gel may find diverse applications in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Ivashchenko
- NanoBioMedical Centre , Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań , 61614 Poznań , Poland
| | - Barbara Peplińska
- NanoBioMedical Centre , Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań , 61614 Poznań , Poland
| | - Łucja Przysiecka
- NanoBioMedical Centre , Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań , 61614 Poznań , Poland
| | - Emerson Coy
- NanoBioMedical Centre , Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań , 61614 Poznań , Poland
| | - Marcin Jarek
- NanoBioMedical Centre , Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań , 61614 Poznań , Poland
| | | | - Stefan Jurga
- NanoBioMedical Centre , Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań , 61614 Poznań , Poland
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Zhang W, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Zhao W, Zheng Y, Qian H. Ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction of Sparassis crispa polysaccharides possessing protective ability against H 2O 2-induced oxidative damage in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells. RSC Adv 2020; 10:22164-22175. [PMID: 35516616 PMCID: PMC9054537 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01581d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Extraction optimization, structural characterization, and neuroprotective effects of polysaccharides from Sparassis crispa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Wenjin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Yuenan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
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Simultaneous determination of the bioactive compounds from Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) by HPLC-DAD and their inhibitory effects on LPS-stimulated cytokine production in bone marrow-derived dendritic cell. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:823-829. [PMID: 30039376 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) belonging to the family of Sparassidaceae, has been widely used as an edible mushroom due to its unique flavor and functions to improve health. In this study, the compounds isolated from the extract of this mushroom were simultaneously quantified by the developed HPLC-DAD method and evaluated for the inhibitory activities on the production of the LPS-stimulated cytokines (IL-12p40, IL-6, and TNF-α) in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). The contents of this compounds were 0.1928 ± 0.0118, 4.4137 ± 0.0240, 0.5237 ± 0.0005, 2.7303 ± 0.0206 mg/g for sparoside A (1), methyl 2,4-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-6-methylbenzoate (2), sparalide A (3), and 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (4), respectively, which demonstrated that they are the major constituents of this mushroom. Thus, our results were found that the sparoside A (1), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyphthalide (6), 5-methoxy-7-hydroxyphthalide (7), nicotinamide (10), and adenosine (11) inhibit LPS-stimualted cytokine production, compound 6 is the most potent inhibitory activities on the production of IL-12p40, IL-6, and TNF-α with IC50 values of 0.19, 0.18, and 0.91 μM, respectively.
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12
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Effects of Sparassis crispa in Medical Therapeutics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051487. [PMID: 29772715 PMCID: PMC5983641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential and medical applications of Sparassis crispa (S. crispa) by conducting a systematic review of the existing literature and performing a meta-analysis. The original efficacy treatment of the mushroom extract is considered primarily and searched in electronic databases. A total of 623 articles were assessed, 33 randomized controlled experiments were included after the manual screening, and some papers, review articles, or editorials that did not contain data were excluded. A comparative standard means difference (SMD) and a funnel plot between control and S. crispa groups were used as parameters to demonstrate the beneficial effects of S. crispa for diabetes and cancer treatment, as well as anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal and antioxidant activities. The meta-analysis was carried out using Review Manager 5.1 software. Although for therapeutic diabetes there was heterogeneity in the subgroup analysis (I2 = 91.9%), the overall results showed statistically significant SMDs in major symptoms that decreased serum insulin levels (SMD = 1.92, 95% CI (1.10, 2.75), I2 = 0%), wound rates (SMD = 3.55 (2.56, 4.54), I2 = 40%) and contributions to an increase in nutrient intake content (SMD = 0.32 (−0.15, 0.78), I2 = 0%). Simultaneously, the study confirmed the utility of S. crispa treatment in terms of not only anti-cancer activity (reduction of tumor activity and survival of cancer cells I2 = 42 and 34%, respectively) but also anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal and antioxidant activities (I2 = 50, 44, and 10%, respectively). Our findings suggest that S. crispa extracts are useful for prevention and treatment of human diseases and might be the best candidates for future medicines.
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13
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Ayeka PA. Potential of Mushroom Compounds as Immunomodulators in Cancer Immunotherapy: A Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:7271509. [PMID: 29849725 PMCID: PMC5937616 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7271509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since time immemorial, plants and their compounds have been used in the treatment and management of various ailments. Currently, most of conventional drugs used for treatment of diseases are either directly or indirectly obtained from plant sources. The fungal group of plants is of significance, which not only provides food directly to man but also has been source of important drugs. For instance, commonly used antibiotics are derived from fungi. Fungi have also been utilized in the food industry, baking, and alcohol production. Apart from the economic importance of the microfungi, macrofungi have been utilized directly as food, which is usually got from their fruiting bodies, commonly known as mushrooms. Due to their richness in proteins, minerals, and other nutrients, mushrooms have also been associated with boosting the immune system. This makes mushrooms an important food source, especially for vegetarians and immunosuppressed individuals including the HIV/AIDS persons. In complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs), mushrooms are increasingly being accepted for treatment of various diseases. Mushrooms have been shown to have the ability to stimulate the immune system, modulate humoral and cellular immunity, and potentiate antimutagenic and antitumorigenic activity, as well as rejuvenating the immune system weakened by radiotherapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment. This potential of mushrooms, therefore, qualifies them as candidates for immunomodulation and immunotherapy in cancer and other diseases' treatment. However, a critical review on mushroom's immune modulating potential in cancer has not been sufficiently addressed. This review puts forward insights into the immune activities of mushroom associated with anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Amwoga Ayeka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
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Bang S, Chae HS, Lee C, Choi HG, Ryu J, Li W, Lee H, Jeong GS, Chin YW, Shim SH. New Aromatic Compounds from the Fruiting Body of Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) and Their Inhibitory Activities on Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 mRNA Expression. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6152-6157. [PMID: 28689410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Successive chromatography of EtOAc-soluble extracts of the fruiting body of Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) resulted in isolation of four new aromatic compounds, sparoside A (1) and sparalides A-C (3-5), two new naturally occurring compounds, 2 and 6, and eight known compounds, 7-14. The chemical structures were determined by interpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry spectroscopic data. Extract, solvent-soluble fractions of the extract, and all of the pure compounds isolated from the fractions were subjected to the mRNA expression assay for proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). Among them, sparoside A (1), hanabiratakelide A (8), adenosine (11), and 5α,6α-epoxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-8(14),22-diene-3β,7β-diol (14) exhibited potent inhibitory activities on PCSK9 mRNA expression, with IC50 values of 20.07, 7.18, 18.46, and 8.23 μM, respectively (berberine, positive control, IC50 = 8.04 μM), suggesting that compounds 1, 8, 11, and 14 are suitable for use in supplements to the statins for hyperlipidemia treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghee Bang
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University , Samyang-ro, Dobong-gu, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sung Chae
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul , 32 Dongguk-lo, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyeol Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University , Samyang-ro, Dobong-gu, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Gyu Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University , Samyang-ro, Dobong-gu, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University , Samyang-ro, Dobong-gu, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Li
- Korea Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine , Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanna Lee
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine , Gyeongsan 38540, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil-Saeng Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University , Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul , 32 Dongguk-lo, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Shim
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University , Samyang-ro, Dobong-gu, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
There is significant interest in the use of mushrooms and/or mushroom extracts as dietary supplements based on theories that they enhance immune function and promote health. To some extent, select mushrooms have been shown to have stimulatory action on immune responsiveness, particularly when studied in vitro. However, despite their widespread use for potential health benefits, there is a surprising paucity of epidemiologic and experimental studies that address the biologic activities of mushrooms after oral administration to animals or humans. There have been a number of studies that have addressed the ability of mushrooms to modulate mononuclear cell activation and the phenotypic expression of cytokines and their cognate receptors. There have also been a number of attempts to determine antitumor activities of mushrooms. Such studies are important because many of the components of mushrooms do potentially have significant biologic activity. All data, however, should be tempered by the Possibility that there are toxic levels of metals, including arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury as well as the presence of radioactive contamination with 137Cs. In this review, we will Present the comparative biology with respect to both immunological and antitumor activities of mushroom extracts and also highlight the need for further evidence-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Borchers
- Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA
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16
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Effects of Lentinula edodes consumption on biochemical, hematologic and oxidative stress parameters in rats receiving high-fat diet. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:2255-2264. [PMID: 27388463 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Functional foods can prevent/reduce the risks related to obesity. Lentinula edodes is a highly nutritious mushroom rich in protein, vitamins and minerals. Some studies have demonstrated the hypocholesterolemic effects from L. edodes in high doses, which does not represent the consumption in humans. We evaluated ingestion of a realistic dose of L. edodes associated with a high-fat diet (HFD) on hematologic, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters. METHODS Eighteen male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control (normal diet); HFD; and HFD + L. edodes (100 mg/kg/day). After 30 days, blood was collected. Biochemical and hematologic parameters were analyzed, as well as oxidative stress biomarkers. RESULTS The HFD increased levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Lentinula edodes reduced these parameters significantly to concentrations found in the control group. The HFD increased levels of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase (markers of liver damage). Lentinula edodes returned the levels of these enzymes to normal levels and normalized serum levels of urea (which were also increased owing to consumption of the HFD). Lentinula edodes reduced levels of urea and glucose. Lipid peroxidation was increased in rats receiving the HFD, and L. edodes reduced malondialdehyde levels, thereby preventing oxidation of fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS Lentinula edodes was shown to have hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective and renoprotective features in doses that are suitable for humans.
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Meng X, Liang H, Luo L. Antitumor polysaccharides from mushrooms: a review on the structural characteristics, antitumor mechanisms and immunomodulating activities. Carbohydr Res 2016; 424:30-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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18
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Orally and Topically AdministeredSparassis crispa(Hanabiratake) Improved Healing of Skin Wounds in Mice with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:1303-5. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.121016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Harada T, Kawaminami H, Miura NN, Adachi Y, Nakajima M, Yadomae T, Ohno N. Mechanism of Enhanced Hematopoietic Response by Soluble β-Glucan SCG in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 50:687-700. [PMID: 16985290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SCG is a major 6-branched 1,3-beta-D-glucan in Sparassis crispa Fr. SCG shows antitumor activity and also enhances the hematopoietic response in cyclophosphamide (CY)-treated mice. In the present study, the molecular mechanism of the enhancement of the hematopoietic response was investigated. The levels of interferon-(IFN-)gamma, tumor necrosis factor-(TNF-)alpha, granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-(IL-) 6 and IL-12p70 were significantly increased by SCG in CY-treated mice. GM-CSF production in the splenocytes from the CY-treated mice was higher than that in normal mice regardless of SCG stimulation. Neutralizing GM-CSF significantly inhibited the induction of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-12p70 by SCG. The level of cytokine induction by SCG was regulated by the amount of endogenous GM-CSF produced in response to CY treatment in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of beta-glucan receptors, such as CR3 and dectin-1, was up-regulated by CY treatment. Blocking dectin-1 significantly inhibited the induction of TNF-alpha and IL-12p70 production by SCG. Taken together, these results suggest that the key factors in the cytokine induction in CY-treated mice were the enhanced levels of both endogenous GM-CSF production and dectin-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Harada
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Science, Japan
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20
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Tanioka A, Tanabe K, Hosono A, Kawakami H, Kaminogawa S, Tsubaki K, Hachimura S. Enhancement of intestinal immune function in mice by β-D-glucan from aureobasidium pullulans ADK-34. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:61-8. [PMID: 23672535 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucans, glucose polymers that are the main constituents of the outer cell walls of micro-organisms such as fungi and yeast, are known to play an immunostimulatory role. We prepared β-glucan (β-(1-3),(1-6)-D-glucan) from an edible cultured fungus through fermentation techniques using a strain of Aureobasidium pullulans ADK-34. The purity of this β-glucan preparation (AP-FBG) was demonstrated to be high through various instrumental analyses. We then examined the effects of AP-FBG on intestinal immune systems. We prepared Peyer's patch (PP) cells and measured interleukin (IL)-5, IL-6, and IgA production in culture media with AP-FBG. We found that both cytokines and IgA increased; furthermore, IL-6 secreted by PP dendritic cells (PPDCs) cultured in the presence of AP-FBG significantly increased. We tested IgA production after oral administration of AP-FBG for 2 weeks and found that AP-FBG tended to promote the production of IgA in the small intestine. Interestingly, we observed a significant increase in IgA production in the small intestines of mice treated with cyclophosphamide (CY; an immunosuppressant) after oral administration of AP-FBG diet compared with CY-treated and control diet mice. Production of IL-6 and IgA by PP cells and IL-6 production by PPDCs in AP-FBG-fed and CY-treated mice also increased. These results demonstrate that AP-FBG has the ability to activate PPDC and induce IL-6 production and IgA secretion in PP cells. These abilities were more clearly expressed when AP-FBG was orally administered in a CY-induced immunosuppressed condition. Therefore, AP-FBG may be a useful ingredient for preparing functional foods with immunomodulatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tanioka
- Life Science Materials Laboratory, R&D Division, ADEKA Corporation, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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21
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Sparassis crispa (Hanabiratake) ameliorates skin conditions in rats and humans. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:1961-3. [PMID: 24018675 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sparassis crispa (SC) is an edible mushroom with various medicinal properties. In this study, we investigated to determine whether SC would affect skin conditions in rats and humans. Oral administration of SC increased both turnover of the stratum corneum and dermal soluble collagen content in collagen synthetic activity-reduced model rats. To investigate the effects of oral intake of SC in humans, we performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. We found that cheek transepidermal water loss was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group at 4 weeks of ingestion. This study suggests that SC is effective and safe for the improvement of skin conditions.
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22
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Seo YJ, Oh DS, Lee JW. Study on the possibility of waste mushroom medium as a biomass resource for biorefinery. J IND ENG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Zhou H, Sun F, Li H, Zhang S, Liu Z, Pei J, Liang C. Effect of recombinantGanoderma lucidumimmunoregulatory protein on cyclophosphamide-induced leukopenia in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2013; 35:426-33. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2013.791834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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24
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Bae IY, Kim HW, Yoo HJ, Kim ES, Lee S, Park DY, Lee HG. Correlation of branching structure of mushroom β-glucan with its physiological activities. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Natural products and biological activity of the pharmacologically active cauliflower mushroom Sparassis crispa. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:982317. [PMID: 23586068 PMCID: PMC3613060 DOI: 10.1155/2013/982317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sparassis crispa, also known as cauliflower mushroom, is an edible mushroom with medicinal properties. Its cultivation became popular in Japan about 10 years ago, a phenomenon that has been attributed not only to the quality of its taste, but also to its potential for therapeutic applications. Herein, I present a comprehensive summary of the pharmacological activities and mechanisms of action of its bioactive components, such as beta-glucan, and other physiologically active substances. In particular, the immunomodulatory mechanisms of the beta-glucan components are presented herein in detail.
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26
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Tanioka A, Hayama K, Mitsuya M, Tansho S, Ono Y, Tsubaki K, Abe S. [Effect of oral administration of β-D-glucan from Aureobasidium pullulans ADK-34 on Candida and MRSA infections in immunosuppressed mice]. Med Mycol J 2013; 53:41-8. [PMID: 22467130 DOI: 10.3314/mmj.53.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We examined the effect of the oral administration of β-D-glucan derived from Aureobasidium pullulans ADK-34 (AP-FBG) on Candida albicans or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in immunosuppressed mice. Mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide (CY) were intraperitoneally administered AP-FBG for 4 days and then infected with 6×10(4) C. albicans cells. In a preliminary experiment, the survival time of the Candida-infected mice treated with AP-FBG was clearly prolonged. Similarly, the effect of the oral administration of AP-FBG was examined. Mice were orally given 2.5% AP-FBG in feed for 42 days from 14 days prior to 2×10(4) C. albicans cells infection. The survival time of mice treated with AP-FBG was significantly prolonged and the viable cell count in the kidneys of the survivors was significantly decreased at 30 days after infection. The effects of the oral administration of AP-FBG on intestinal MRSA infection were also examined. Mice were given 2.5% AP-FBG orally in feed for 30 days before and after oral MRSA infection and treated with CY 12 days after the infection. The number of viable MRSA cells or the IgA production in feces did not significantly change, while AP-FBG administration seemed to relieve temporally the loss of body weight of mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that oral pre-administration of AP-FBG promoted resistance of CY-treated mice to C. albicans and lessened the weight reduction of CY-mice infected by MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Tanioka
- Life Science Department, Advanced Materials R&D Laboratory, ADEKA Corporation
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27
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Lee MA, Park JK, Um MH, Jeon JW, Lee JM, Park YK. Lipolytic Effect of Sparassis crispa Extracts in Differentiated 3T3-L1 Cells and High Fat Diet-induced Obese Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2012.41.12.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Bae IY, Kim KJ, Lee S, Lee HG. Response surface optimization of β-glucan extraction from cauliflower mushrooms (Sparassis crispa). Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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29
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Kakutani R, Adachi Y, Kajiura H, Takata H, Kuriki T, Ohno N. The effect of orally administered glycogen on anti-tumor activity and natural killer cell activity in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 12:80-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Kakutani R, Adachi Y, Takata H, Kuriki T, Ohno N. Essential role of Toll-like receptor 2 in macrophage activation by glycogen. Glycobiology 2011; 22:146-59. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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31
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Hida T, Kawaminami H, Ishibashi KI, Miura N, Adachi Y, Ohno N. [Gene expression in murine splenocytes induced by soluble beta-glucan]. NIHON ISHINKIN GAKKAI ZASSHI = JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MYCOLOGY 2010; 51:199-206. [PMID: 21060213 DOI: 10.3314/jjmm.51.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SCG is a 6-branched 1,3-β-D-glucan, and is a major cell wall structural component in fungi. The leukocytes from DBA/1 and DBA/2 mice are highly sensitive to SCG, producing cytokines, such as GM-CSF, IFN-γ and TNF-α. GM-CSF plays a key biological role in this activity. We analyzed factors induced by SCG in splenocytes from DBA/2 mice by DNA microarray analysis on the condition of high sensitivity to β-glucan. Splenocytes were stimulated with SCG at 0, 24 or 30 h, and then supernatant was collected at 48 h to measure cytokines. SCG stimulated splenocytes to produce GM-CSF, IFN-γ and TNF-α in all the supernatants of 0, 24, and 30 h. The amount of IFN-γ production thus stimulated at 24 h was comparable to that at 0 h. Cytokine induction was observed at 4 h after SCG-stimulation even in the splenocytes pre-cultured for 36 h. The gene expression induced by SCG was analyzed with DNA microarray in the splenocytes in this condition. SCG up-regulated the expression of genes including Edn1 and Ptgs2 as well as genes associated with cytokine and chemokine. PGE(2) was detected in the medium of splenocytes stimulated with SCG. Taken together, these results indicated that splenocytes enhanced the sensitivity to SCG in earlier culture periods, and then responded to SCG to induce not only the cytokines but also various other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Hida
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences
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32
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Kim HS, Kim JY, Ryu HS, Park HG, Kim YO, Kang JS, Kim HM, Hong JT, Kim Y, Han SB. Induction of dendritic cell maturation by β-glucan isolated from Sparassis crispa. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1284-94. [PMID: 20699131 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sparassis crispa is a medicinal mushroom containing high 6-branched 1,3-β-D-glucan (sparan) content, which exhibits immune-mediated antitumor activity. In the present study, we investigated the stimulating effect of sparan on phenotypic and functional maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). Phenotypic maturation was confirmed by the elevated expressions of CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC-I/II molecules. Functional activation was proved by increased cytokine production of IL-12, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-α/β, enhanced IL-2 production and proliferation of allogenic T cells, and decreased endocytosis. The role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) as a membrane receptor of sparan was proved by the impaired maturation of DCs generated from bone marrow cells of tlr4⁻/⁻ knock-out mice and TLR4-mutated C3H/HeJ mice, and by using anti-MD-2/TLR4 neutralizing antibody. Sparan increased phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and JNK, and enhanced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p50/p65 in DCs. These results indicate that sparan activates DCs via MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, which are signaling molecules downstream of TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Sook Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center (CICT), Chungbuk National University, 410 Seongbong, Heungduk, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
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33
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Kimura Y, Sumiyoshi M, Suzuki T. Protective effects of water-soluble low-molecular-weight β-(1,3-1,6)D-glucan purified from Aureobasidium pullulans GM-NH-1A1 against UFT toxicity in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 61:795-800. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.06.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
5-Fluorouracil and its derivatives are widely used in the treatment of a variety of tumours. However, their use is associated with gastrointestinal toxicity, myelotoxicity and immune toxicity. In this study, we examined the protective effects of low-molecular-weight β-glucan isolated from Aureobasidium pullulans GM-NH-1A1 against toxicity of UFT (combination of tegafur (1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil) and uracil) in mice bearing colon 26 tumours.
Methods
UFT was administered orally at 50 mg/kg once daily for 14 days alone or with orally administered low-molecular-weight β-glucan, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg twice daily.
Key findings
Tumour growth was inhibited equally in all treatment groups. Onset of diarrhoea, which started on day 9 of UFT administration, was delayed by concomitant administration of the β-glucan (50 and 100 mg/kg twice daily). Histological analysis showed that damage to small-intestine villi by UFT was inhibited by the orally administered β-glucan.
Conclusions
Oral administration of low-molecular-weight β-glucan prevents gastrointestinal mucositis associated with UFT therapy without interfering with its anti-tumour activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kimura
- Department of Basic Medical Research, Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Japan
| | - Maho Sumiyoshi
- Department of Functional Biomedicine, Division of Functional Histology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, Japan
| | - Toshio Suzuki
- Research and Development, Daiso Co. Ltd, Amagasaki City, Hyogo, Japan
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Yamamoto K, Kimura T. Dietary Sparassis crispa (Hanabiratake) Ameliorates Plasma Levels of Adiponectin and Glucose in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.56.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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35
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Yoshikawa K, Kokudo N, Hashimoto T, Yamamoto K, Inose T, Kimura T. Novel Phthalide Compounds from Sparassis crispa (Hanabiratake), Hanabiratakelide A—C, Exhibiting Anti-cancer Related Activity. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:1355-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Naoki Kokudo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
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36
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37
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Kakutani R, Adachi Y, Kajiura H, Takata H, Ohno N, Kuriki T. Stimulation of macrophage by enzymatically synthesized glycogen: the relationship between structure and biological activity. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420701804541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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38
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Hida TH, Kawaminami H, Ishibashi KI, Miura NN, Adachi Y, Yadomae T, Ohno N. Effect of GM-CSF on cytokine induction by soluble β-glucan SCGin vitroin β-glucan-treated mice. Microbiol Immunol 2009; 53:391-402. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Ryu SR, Ka KH, Park H, Bak WC, Lee BH. Cultivation Characteristics of Sparassis crispa Strains Using Sawdust Medium of Larix kaempferi. 한국균학회지 2009. [DOI: 10.4489/kjm.2009.37.1.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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40
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Effects of medicinal mushroom (Sparassis crispa) on wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Am J Surg 2009; 197:503-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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41
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Yamamoto K, Kimura T, Sugitachi A, Matsuura N. Anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic effects of beta-1,3-D-glucan purified from Hanabiratake, Sparassis crispa. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:259-63. [PMID: 19182386 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sparassis crispa (SC), Hanabiratake in Japanese, is an edible mushroom with medicinal properties, that contains more than 40% beta-D-glucan. It was concluded from results of the methylation study that beta-D-glucan from SC (SBG) was composed of a backbone of beta-(1-->3)-linked D-glucopyranosyl residues, and had beta-D-glucopyranosyl groups joined through O-6 and O-2 of D-glucose of the backbone. We purified SBG and investigated its anti-angiogenic functions and anti-metastatic effects on neoplasm using different animal models. The oral administration of the purified SBG suppressed B16-F10 cell-induced angiogenesis in the dorsal air sac assay using female ICR mice as well as vascular endothelial growth factor induced neovascularization in the Matrigel plug assay using female C57BL/6J mice. Furthermore, it suppressed the growth and numbers of the metastatic tumor foci in lung, along with the primary tumor growth in the spontaneous metastatic model using female C57BL/6J mice. From these results, it is apparent that the oral administration of SBG results in suppressive effect on tumor growth and metastasis in lung through the inhibition of tumor induced-angiogenesis. These effects are not a result of direct action on the endothelial cells because cell growth, migration and capillary-like tube formation were not affected in the human umbilical vein endothelial cells by SBG application. This is the first report showing that the oral administration of SBG is capable of suppressing angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Lin H, De Stanchina E, Zhou XK, She Y, Hoang D, Cheung SW, Cassileth B, Cunningham-Rundles S. Maitake beta-glucan enhances umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation in the NOD/SCID mouse. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:342-53. [PMID: 19144872 DOI: 10.3181/0807-rm-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta glucans are cell wall constituents of yeast, fungi and bacteria, as well as mushrooms and barley. Glucans are not expressed on mammalian cells and are recognized as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) by pattern recognition receptors (PRR). Beta glucans have potential activity as biological response modifiers for hematopoiesis and enhancement of bone marrow recovery after injury. We have reported that Maitake beta glucan (MBG) enhanced mouse bone marrow (BMC) and human umbilical cord blood (CB) cell granulocyte-monocyte colony forming unit (GM-CFU) activity in vitro and protected GM-CFU forming stem cells from doxorubicin (DOX) toxicity. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of MBG on expansion of phenotypically distinct subpopulations of progenitor and stem cells in CB from full-term infants cultured ex vivo and on homing and engraftment in vivo in the nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mouse. MBG promoted a greater expansion of CD34+CD33+CD38- human committed hematopoietic progenitor (HPC) cells compared to the conventional stem cell culture medium (P = 0.002 by ANOVA). CD34+CXCR4+CD38- early, uncommitted human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) numbers showed a trend towards increase in response to MBG. The fate of CD34+ enriched CB cells after injection into the sublethally irradiated NOS/SCID mouse was evaluated after retrieval of xenografted human CB from marrow and spleen by flow cytometric analysis. Oral administration of MBG to recipient NOS/SCID mice led to enhanced homing at 3 days and engraftment at 6 days in mouse bone marrow (P = 0.002 and P = 0.0005, respectively) compared to control mice. More CD34+ human CB cells were also retrieved from mouse spleen in MBG treated mice at 6 days after transplantation. The studies suggest that MBG promotes hematopoiesis through effects on CD34+ progenitor cell expansion ex vivo and when given to the transplant recipient could enhance CD34+ precursor cell homing and support engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cornell University Weill Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Abstract
A new sesquiterpenoid (1) was isolated from the mushroom, Sparassis crispa, along with a known sesquiterpenoid (2). The structure of 1 was determined as (3R(*), 3aS(*), 4S(*), 8aR(*))-3-(1'-hydroxy-1'-methylethyl)-5,8a-dimethyldecahydroazulen-4-ol by the combination of NMR and ESI-MS analyses.
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Harada T, Miura NN, Adachi Y, Nakajima M, Yadomae T, Ohno N. Highly Expressed Dectin-1 on Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells Regulates the Sensitivity to β-Glucan in DBA/2 Mice. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2008; 28:477-86. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2007.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Harada
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko N. Miura
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Adachi
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Toshiro Yadomae
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohito Ohno
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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Effects of the antlered form of Ganoderma lucidum on tumor growth and metastasis in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2008; 72:1399-408. [PMID: 18540114 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We examined the alleviation of cyclophosphamide-induced immunodepression by the antlered form of Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum AF) and also evaluated the anti-tumor and anti-metastatic effects of G. lucidum AF in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. G. lucidum AF alleviated cyclophosphamide-induced decrease in body weight, natural killer (NK) activity, interferon (IFN)-gamma production, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, and inhibited the abnormal increase and decrease in interleukine (IL)-4 level due to cyclophosphamide administration. Post-treatment with cyclophosphamide and G. lucidum AF significantly inhibited tumor growth in MM 46-bearing mice. When Lewis lung carcinoma cells were injected into mice after a cyclophosphamide administration, metastasis of these cells to the lung was increased, but G. lucidum AF suppressed it. The anti-tumor and anti-metastatic effects of the combination of G. lucidum AF and cyclophosphamide might influence the modulatory effects of G. lucidum AF on both cellular and humoral immunity. These findings suggest that G. lucidum AF would be beneficial in alleviating the reduction of immune response by chemotherapeutic anti-cancer drugs.
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Harada T, Ohno N. Contribution of dectin-1 and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to immunomodulating actions of beta-glucan. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:556-66. [PMID: 18328447 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
beta-Glucans are major cell wall structural components in fungi. As they are not found in animals, these carbohydrates are considered to be classic pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and are recognized by the innate immune system. Although their immunomodulating activities have been shown to be associated with the recognition of some fungi, and with their medicinal properties in the field of cancer immunotherapy, it is still unclear how beta-glucans mediate their effects. Recent studies have started to shed some light on their cellular receptors, such as dectin-1, and their molecular mechanisms of action. We have extensively investigated the response of leukocytes to beta-glucan, focusing on cytokine induction by SCG, which is a major 6-branched 1,3-beta-d-glucan in Sparassis crispa Fr. There is a strain difference in the reactivity of mice to SCG, and DBA/1 and DBA/2 mice are highly sensitive strains. In the process of research on cytokine induction by SCG in DBA/2 mice, we found that GM-CSF plays a key biological role in this activity. Cytokine induction by SCG was completely abolished in dendritic cells from dectin-1 knockout mice. On the other hand, controlling the level of endogenous GM-CSF production and/or dectin-1 expression could regulate the reactivity to beta-glucan. These results indicate that the key factors in the responsiveness to beta-glucan are GM-CSF production and dectin-1 expression. In this review, we describe how the key molecules related to the expression of the immunomodulating activities of beta-glucan were identified, and how the response to beta-glucan is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Harada
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Kakutani R, Adachi Y, Kajiura H, Takata H, Kuriki T, Ohno N. Relationship between structure and immunostimulating activity of enzymatically synthesized glycogen. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:2371-9. [PMID: 17761154 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen acts as energy and carbon reserves in animal cells and in microorganisms. Although anti-tumor activity has recently been reported for shellfish glycogen and enzymatically synthesized glycogen, the activity of glycogen has not yet been fully clarified. We enzymatically prepared various sizes of glycogens with controlled structures to investigate the relationship between the structure and immunostimulating activity of glycogen. The results revealed that glycogens with a weight-average molecular weight (M(w)) of more than 10,000K hardly activated RAW264.7, a murine macrophage cell line, whereas glycogens of M(w) 5000K and 6500K strongly stimulated RAW264.7 in the presence of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), leading to augmented production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Comparing the fine structure of the glycogens, the average-number of chain length, as well as the exterior and the interior chain lengths of the glycogens, had minor correlation between active and less-active glycogen derivatives. The available evidence suggests that the macrophage-stimulating activity of glycogen is strictly related to its molecular weight rather than to any fine structural property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kakutani
- Biochemical Research Laboratory, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd, Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka 555-8502, Japan.
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Shin HJ, Oh DS, Lee HD, Kang HB, Lee CW, Cha WS. Analysis of Mineral, Amino Acid and Vitamin Contents of Fruiting Body of Sparassis crispa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2007.17.9.1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Tada R, Harada T, Nagi-Miura N, Adachi Y, Nakajima M, Yadomae T, Ohno N. NMR characterization of the structure of a beta-(1-->3)-D-glucan isolate from cultured fruit bodies of Sparassis crispa. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:2611-8. [PMID: 17868661 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2007] [Revised: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SCG, a purified beta-d-glucan, obtained from Sparassis crispa, exhibits various biological activities including an antitumor effect, enhancement of the hematopoietic response in cyclophosphamide-induced leukopenic mice, and induction of the production of cytokines. The mechanisms of these effects have been extensively investigated; however, an unambiguous structural characterization of SCG is yet to be achieved. It is well accepted that the biological effects of beta-glucan depend on its primary structures, conformation, and molecular weight. In the present study, we examine the difference of biological effects among beta-glucans, elucidate the primary structure of SCG, and compare with SPG from Schizophyllum commune using NMR spectroscopy. Our data reveal that SCG but not SPG induce cytokine production from bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and their major structural units are a beta-(1-->3)-d-glucan backbone with single beta-(1-->6)-d-glucosyl side branching units every three residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tada
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Kawagishi H, Hayashi K, Tokuyama S, Hashimoto N, Kimura T, Dombo M. Novel bioactive compound from the Sparassis crispa mushroom. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007; 71:1804-6. [PMID: 17617705 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel compound (2) and a known one (1) were isolated from the mushroom, Sparassis crispa. Both compounds inhibited melanin synthesis and MRSA growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kawagishi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya, Shizuoka, Japan.
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