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Neun BW, Dobrovolskaia MA. Detection of Beta-Glucan Contamination in Nanoparticle Formulations. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2789:101-108. [PMID: 38506995 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3786-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Beta-glucans with diverse chemical structures are produced by a variety of microorganisms and are commonly found in microbial cell walls. β-(1,3)-D-glucans are present in yeast and fungi, and, for this reason, their traces are commonly used as a sign of yeast or fungal infection or contamination. Despite being less immunologically active than endotoxins, beta-glucans are pro-inflammatory and can activate cytokines and other immunological responses via their cognate pattern recognition receptors. Unlike endotoxins, there is no established threshold pyrogen dose for beta-glucans; as such, their quantity in pharmaceutical products is not regulated. Nevertheless, regulatory agencies recognize the potential contribution of beta-glucans to the immunogenicity of protein-containing drug products and recommend assessing beta-glucans to aid the interpretation of immunotoxicity studies and assess the risk of immunogenicity. The protocol for the detection and quantification of β-(1,3)-D-glucans in nanoparticle formulations is based on a modified limulus amoebocyte lysate assay. The results of this test are used to inform immunotoxicity studies of nanotechnology-based drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry W Neun
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
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2
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Song Y, Shin H, Sianipar HGJ, Park JY, Lee M, Hah J, Park HS, Lee HJ, Lee S, Kang H. Oral administration of Euglena gracilis paramylon ameliorates chemotherapy-induced leukocytopenia and gut dysbiosis in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 211:47-56. [PMID: 35490767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis (EUG) is a food supplement rich in beta-glucans, which are stored in the form of granules called paramylon. We determined whether EUG improved chemotherapy-induced leukocytopenia and dysbiosis. Mice were orally administered EUG prior to gemcitabine treatment. Analyses of the blood cell count, leukocyte population in the spleen, granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production by splenocytes, and fecal microbiome were conducted. The recovery of total leukocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes was accelerated after a single gemcitabine treatment. A more rapid lymphocyte recovery rate was observed after four gemcitabine treatments. No difference was observed in the percentage of T, B, or myeloid cells or in the expression of Dectin-1 in the spleens of the gemcitabine and EUG/gemcitabine groups. The EUG/gemcitabine group showed an enhanced GM-CSF production by lipopolysaccharides-stimulated splenocytes. Next-generation sequencing revealed that gemcitabine-induced dysbiosis was alleviated. This study demonstrated that EUG-derived beta-glucans could act as a biological response modifier as well as prebiotics for ameliorating chemotherapy-induced adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngju Song
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hocheol Shin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ji Yun Park
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Migi Lee
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Hah
- Graduate School of East-West Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Shik Park
- Department of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Lee
- Department of Herbology, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukchan Lee
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee Kang
- Humanitas College, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
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Kleftaki SA, Simati S, Amerikanou C, Gioxari A, Tzavara C, Zervakis GI, Kalogeropoulos N, Kokkinos A, Kaliora AC. Pleurotus eryngii improves postprandial glycaemia, hunger and fullness perception, and enhances ghrelin suppression in people with metabolically unhealthy obesity. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:105979. [PMID: 34798266 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine potential postprandial benefits of Pleurotus eryngii in nineteen volunteers with metabolically unhealthy obesity. An acute, randomized, crossover-designed trial comparing a meal with Pleurotus eryngii and a control meal was performed. The two meals matched in macronutrient and caloric content. Participants consumed both meals in random order after an overnight fast. Blood samples were drawn before and 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min after meal consumption (in total 266 samples) to determine glucose, insulin, ghrelin, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1 and glicentin. Visual analog scales measuring the subjective perception of hunger and fullness were completed at the same time points. The test meal resulted in lower glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC). Additionally, the iAUC of the ghrelin response over time was substantially lower after the test meal (p = 0.033). Lower desire to eat and higher fullness was reflected by significantly lower hunger iAUC (p = 0.046) and higher fullness iAUC (p = 0.042) after the test meal. No differences in insulin, PYY, GLP-1 and glicentin were observed. Pleurotus eryngii can ameliorate postprandial glycaemia, appetite and regulate ghrelin levels at the postprandial state. This effect is attributed to the bioactive polysaccharides that inhibit the activity of enzymes catalysing carbohydrate hydrolysis, cause a delayed gastric emptying and glucose absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatia-Angeliki Kleftaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatia Simati
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampia Amerikanou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristea Gioxari
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Chara Tzavara
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios I Zervakis
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Nick Kalogeropoulos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andriana C Kaliora
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
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Sadoughi F, Asemi Z, Hallajzadeh J, Mansournia MA, Yousefi B. Beta-glucans is a potential inhibitor of ovarian cancer: based on molecular and biological aspects. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:1142-1152. [PMID: 34375183 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210810090728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a lethal type of cancer which is initiated in the ovaries and affects 1 out of every 75 women. Due to the high number of deaths (almost 152,000) related to this cancer, it seems that novel effiecient therapeutic methods are required in this field. Beta-glucans are a type of glucose linear polymers which have proven to have a lot of advantageous activities. Recently, investigations have declared that these polysaccharides have the potential to be used as anti-cancer drugs. These agents are able to affect several mechanisms such as inflammation and apoptosis and that is how cancers are prone to be affected by them. In this review, we attempt to investigate the role of beta-glucans on ovarian cancer. We hope that this paper might give novel insights in the field of ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadoughi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R., Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R., Iran
| | - Jamal Hallajzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Research Center for Evidence-Based Health Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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de Graaff P, Berrevoets C, Rӧsch C, Schols HA, Verhoef K, Wichers HJ, Debets R, Govers C. Curdlan, zymosan and a yeast-derived β-glucan reshape tumor-associated macrophages into producers of inflammatory chemo-attractants. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:547-561. [PMID: 32860527 PMCID: PMC7889676 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02707-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anti-cancer T-cell responses are often halted due to the immune-suppressive micro-environment, in part related to tumor-associated macrophages. In the current study, we assessed indigestible β-glucans (oatβG, curdlan, grifolan, schizophyllan, lentinan, yeast whole glucan particles (yWGP), zymosan and two additional yeast-derived β-glucans a and b) for their physicochemical properties as well as their effects on the plasticity of human monocyte-derived macrophages that were polarized with IL-4 to immune-suppressive macrophages. Beta-glucans were LPS/LTA free, and tested for solubility, molecular masses, protein and monosaccharide contents. Curdlan, yeast-b and zymosan re-polarized M(IL-4) macrophages towards an M1-like phenotype, in particular showing enhanced gene expression of CCR7, ICAM1 and CD80, and secretion of TNF-α and IL-6. Notably, differential gene expression, pathway analysis as well as protein expressions demonstrated that M(IL-4) macrophages treated with curdlan, yeast-b or zymosan demonstrated enhanced production of chemo-attractants, such as CCL3, CCL4, and CXCL8, which contribute to recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils. The secretion of chemo-attractants was confirmed when using patient-derived melanoma-infiltrating immune cells. Taken together, the bacterial-derived curdlan as well as the yeast-derived β-glucans yeast-b and zymosan have the unique ability to preferentially skew macrophages towards a chemo-attractant-producing phenotype that may aid in anti-cancer immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla de Graaff
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Cor Berrevoets
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christiane Rӧsch
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Verhoef
- Department of General Surgery, Erasmus MC-Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry J Wichers
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Reno Debets
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Coen Govers
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Carballo C, Mateus AP, Maya C, Mantecón L, Power DM, Manchado M. Microalgal extracts induce larval programming and modify growth and the immune response to bioactive treatments and LCDV in Senegalese sole post-larvae. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 106:263-272. [PMID: 32750543 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Immunostimulants are key molecules in aquaculture since they heighten defensive responses and protection against pathogens. The present study investigated the treatment of Senegalese sole larvae with a whole-cell crude extract of the microalgae Nannochloropsis gaditana (Nanno) and programming of growth and the immune system. Larvae at hatch were treated with the Nanno extracts for 2 h and thereafter were cultivated for 32 days post-hatch (dph) in parallel with an untreated control group (CN). Dry weight and length at 21 days post-hatch (dph) were higher in post-larvae of the Nanno than CN group. These differences in weight were later confirmed at 32 dph. To evaluate changes in the immune response associated with Nanno-programming treatments, the Nanno and CN post-larvae were supplied with two bioactive compounds yeast β-glucan (Y) and a microalga extract from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (MAe). The bioactive treatments were administrated to the treatment groups through the live prey (artemia metanauplii, 200 artemia mL-1) enriched for 30 min with MAe or Y (at 2 mg mL-1 SW) or untreated prey in the case of the negative control (SW). The effect of the treatments was assessed by monitoring gene expression, enzyme activity and mortality over 48 h. The post-larvae sole supplied with the bioactive compounds Y and MAe had increased mortality at 48 h compared to the SW group. Moreover, mortality was higher in Nanno-programmed than CN post-larvae. Lysozyme and total anti-protease enzymatic activities at 6 and 24 h after the start of the trial were significantly higher in the Nanno and MAe supplied post-larvae compared to their corresponding control (CN and SW, respectively). Immune gene transcripts revealed that il1b, cxc10 and mx mRNAs were significantly different between Nanno and CN post-larvae at 6 and 24 h. Moreover, the expression of il1b, tnfa, cxc10, irf3, irf7 and mx was modified by bioactive treatments but with temporal differences. At 48 h after bioactive treatments, Y and SW post-larvae were challenged with the lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV). No difference existed in viral copy number between programming or bioactive treatment groups at 3, 6 and 24 h after LCDV challenge although the total number of copies reduced with time. Gene expression profiles in the LCDV-challenged group indicated that post-larvae triggered a wide defensive response compared to SWC 24 h after challenge, which was modulated by programming and bioactive compound treatments. Cluster analysis of expressed genes separated the SW and Y groups indicating long-lasting effects of yeast β-glucan treatment in larvae. A noteworthy interaction between Nanno-programming and Y-treatment on the regulation of antiviral genes was observed. Overall, the data demonstrate the capacity of microalgal crude extracts to modify sole larval plasticity with long-term effects on larval growth and the immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Carballo
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain; Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiologia, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Ana Patricia Mateus
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Claudia Maya
- Fitoplanton Marino S.L., 11500, El Puerto de Santa, María, Spain
| | - Lalia Mantecón
- Fitoplanton Marino S.L., 11500, El Puerto de Santa, María, Spain
| | - Deborah M Power
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Manchado
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain; Crecimiento Azul, Centro IFAPA El Toruño, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Spain.
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Chaichian S, Moazzami B, Sadoughi F, Haddad Kashani H, Zaroudi M, Asemi Z. Functional activities of beta-glucans in the prevention or treatment of cervical cancer. J Ovarian Res 2020. [PMID: 32138756 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth-ranked cancer in the world and is associated with a large number of deaths annually. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are known as the common therapeutic approaches in the treatment of cervical cancer, but because of their side effects and toxicity, researchers are trying to discovery alternative therapies. Beta-glucans, a group of glucose polymers that are derived from the cell wall of fungi, bacteria, and etc. it has been showed that beta-glucans have some anti-cancer properties which due to their impacts on adaptive and innate immunity. Along to these impacts, these molecules could be used as drug carriers. In this regard, the application of beta-glucans is a promising therapeutic option for the cancer prevention and treatment especially for cervical cancer. Herein, we have summarized the therapeutic potential of beta-glucans alone or as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of cervical cancer. Moreover, we highlighted beta-glucans as drug carriers for preventive and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Chaichian
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Moazzami
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadoughi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R, Iran.
| | - Hamed Haddad Kashani
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Marsa Zaroudi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R, Iran.
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Chaichian S, Moazzami B, Sadoughi F, Haddad Kashani H, Zaroudi M, Asemi Z. Functional activities of beta-glucans in the prevention or treatment of cervical cancer. J Ovarian Res 2020; 13:24. [PMID: 32138756 PMCID: PMC7057557 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-020-00626-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth-ranked cancer in the world and is associated with a large number of deaths annually. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are known as the common therapeutic approaches in the treatment of cervical cancer, but because of their side effects and toxicity, researchers are trying to discovery alternative therapies. Beta-glucans, a group of glucose polymers that are derived from the cell wall of fungi, bacteria, and etc. it has been showed that beta-glucans have some anti-cancer properties which due to their impacts on adaptive and innate immunity. Along to these impacts, these molecules could be used as drug carriers. In this regard, the application of beta-glucans is a promising therapeutic option for the cancer prevention and treatment especially for cervical cancer. Herein, we have summarized the therapeutic potential of beta-glucans alone or as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of cervical cancer. Moreover, we highlighted beta-glucans as drug carriers for preventive and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Chaichian
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Moazzami
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadoughi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R, Iran.
| | - Hamed Haddad Kashani
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Marsa Zaroudi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R, Iran.
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de Sales Guilarducci J, Marcelino BAR, Konig IFM, Orlando TM, Varaschin MS, Pereira LJ. Therapeutic effects of different doses of prebiotic (isolated from S accharomyces cerevisiae) in comparison to n-3 supplement on glycemic control, lipid profiles and immunological response in diabetic rats. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2020; 12:69. [PMID: 32793305 PMCID: PMC7418400 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-020-00576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regular intake of fiber generates numerous health benefits. However, the efficacy depends on the duration of consumption and the ingested dose. Studies investigating the optimal dose are of interest to enable the inclusion of fiber in the routine treatment of diabetic patients. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of β-glucan (BG-isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae), in comparison to n-3 supplement, on the inflammatory and metabolic parameters of Wistar rats induced to diabetes by streptozotocin. METHODS Forty animals were randomly divided into six groups receiving 0 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, or 40 mg/kg BG daily for 4 weeks or fish oil derivative [1000 mg/kg of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3)] for the same period. One additional group was composed of healthy controls. Serum metabolic and immunological parameters were evaluated by colorimetric and ELISA assays respectively. Histopathological analysis of the liver, small intestine and pancreas were also conducted. Significant changes due to BG intake were set into regression models with second-degree fit in order to estimate the optimal BG dose to achieve health benefits. RESULTS The animals that ingested BG had lower food and water intake (p < 0.05) than the negative control group (0 mg/kg). However, consumption was still elevated in comparison to healthy controls. Blood glucose and serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-c, and TG (p < 0.05) reduced in comparison to diabetic animals without treatment (better or similar to n-3 group depending on dose), but did not reach normal levels (in comparison to healthy controls). HDL-c was not different (p > 0.05) among all groups. These reductions were already seen with the lowest dose of 10 mg/kg. On average, the serum levels of the hepatic enzymes ALT and AST were 40% and 60% lower in the BG groups in comparison to diabetic animals without treatment (better results than n-3 group). The group receiving 40 mg/kg reached similar values of healthy controls for ALT; whereas the same result occurred from the dose of 10 mg/kg for AST. The ideal dose, estimated from the mean of all metabolic parameters was approximately 30 mg/kg/day. Regarding the immunological profile, TNF-α significantly decreased in the BG groups compared to controls (p < 0.05), reaching better values than n-3 group and similar to healthy controls. No significant differences were found between the groups in IL-1β or IL-10 (p > 0.05). No histological changes were found in the pancreas, liver, or intestine due to treatment among diabetic animals. CONCLUSIONS BG significantly reduced blood glucose as well as serum total cholesterol, LDL-c and TG. There was a hepatoprotective effect due to the reduction in ALT and AST and a reduction in TNF-α, indicating a modulation of the immune response. In general, BG effects were better than n-3 supplement (or at least comparable) depending on the dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina de Sales Guilarducci
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde – DSA, Universidade Federal de Lavras – UFLA, 3037, Lavras, 37200-000 Brazil
| | | | - Isaac Filipe Moreira Konig
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde – DSA, Universidade Federal de Lavras – UFLA, 3037, Lavras, 37200-000 Brazil
| | - Tamira Maria Orlando
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde – DSA, Universidade Federal de Lavras – UFLA, 3037, Lavras, 37200-000 Brazil
| | - Mary Suzan Varaschin
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde – DSA, Universidade Federal de Lavras – UFLA, 3037, Lavras, 37200-000 Brazil
- Departamente de Medicina Veterinária – DMV, Universidade Federal de Lavras – UFLA, 3037, Lavras, 37200-000 Brazil
| | - Luciano José Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde – DSA, Universidade Federal de Lavras – UFLA, 3037, Lavras, 37200-000 Brazil
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Adebowale TO, Yao K, Oso AO. Major cereal carbohydrates in relation to intestinal health of monogastric animals: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:331-339. [PMID: 31890909 PMCID: PMC6920401 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Type, quality, and origin of cereals in diets of poultry and pigs could influence gut microbes and affect their diversity and function, thereby impacting the intestinal function of the monogastric animal. In this review, we focus on the major carbohydrates in cereals that interact directly with gut microbes and lead to the production of key metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and discuss how cereal fiber impact intestinal health of poultry and pigs. An overview of how the cereals and cereals-derived carbohydrates such as beta-glucans, resistant starch, cellulose, and arabinoxylans could promote intestinal health and reduce the use of in-feed antibiotics in animal production are presented. The metabolic pathway utilized by microbes and the mechanism of action underlying the produced SCFA on intestinal health of monogastric animals is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope O. Adebowale
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10008, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, 410125, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Kang Yao
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10008, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, 410125, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Abimbola O. Oso
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, PMB 2240, Nigeria
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Carballo C, Pinto PIS, Mateus AP, Berbel C, Guerreiro CC, Martinez-Blanch JF, Codoñer FM, Mantecon L, Power DM, Manchado M. Yeast β-glucans and microalgal extracts modulate the immune response and gut microbiome in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 92:31-39. [PMID: 31128296 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One bottleneck to sustainability of fish aquaculture is the control of infectious diseases. Current trends include the preventive application of immunostimulants and prebiotics such as polysaccharides. The present study investigated how yeast β-glucan (Y), microalgal polysaccharide-enriched extracts (MAe) and whole Phaeodactylum tricornutum cells (MA) modulated the gut microbiome and stimulated the immune system in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) when administered by oral intubation. Blood, intestine and spleen samples were taken at 3 h, 24 h, 48 h and 7 days after treatment. The short-term response (within 48 h after treatment) consisted of up-regulation of il1b and irf7 expression in the gut of the Y treated group. In contrast, administration of MAe decreased expression of tnfa and the chemokine cxc10 in the gut and spleen. Both treatments down-regulated the expression of irf3 with respect to the control group. Lysozyme activity in plasma decreased at 48 h only in the MAe-treated soles. Medium-term response consisted of the up-regulation of clec and irf7 expression in the gut of the Y, MAe and MA groups and of il1b mRNAs in the spleen of the MA group compared to the control group. Microbiome analysis using 16S rDNA gene sequencing indicated that the intestine microbiome was dominated by bacteria of the Vibrio genus (>95%). All the treatments decreased the relative proportion of Vibrio in the microbiome and Y and MAe decreased and MA increased diversity. Quantitative PCR confirmed the load of bacteria of the Vibrio genus was significantly decreased and this was most pronounced in Y treated fish. These data indicate that orally administrated insoluble yeast β-glucans acted locally in the gut modulating the immune response and controlling the Vibrio abundance. In contrast, the MAe slightly reduced the Vibrio load in the intestine and caused a transient systemic anti-inflammatory response. The results indicate that these polysaccharides are a promising source of prebiotics for the sole aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Carballo
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain; Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiologia, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Patricia I S Pinto
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Patricia Mateus
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Concha Berbel
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cláudia C Guerreiro
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Juan F Martinez-Blanch
- LifeSequencing, Parc Cientific Universidad De Valencia, Edif. 2, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Francisco M Codoñer
- LifeSequencing, Parc Cientific Universidad De Valencia, Edif. 2, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Lalia Mantecon
- Fitoplancton Marino, Dársena Comercial S/N (Muelle Pesquero), 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Deborah M Power
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Manchado
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain.
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Błaszczyk K, Gajewska M, Wilczak J, Kamola D, Majewska A, Harasym J, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J. Oral administration of oat beta-glucan preparations of different molecular weight results in regulation of genes connected with immune response in peripheral blood of rats with LPS-induced enteritis. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:2859-2873. [PMID: 30284595 PMCID: PMC6769091 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1838-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Beta-glucans are biologically active polysaccharides having antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antiinflammatory properties. This study investigated the transcriptomic profile in peripheral blood of rats with LPS-induced enteritis, which were fed a diet supplemented with high- (G1) and low- (G2) molecular-weight oat beta-glucans. Methods Two-color rat gene expression microarrays were applied and the analysis was performed using a common reference design to provide easy means of comparing samples from various experimental conditions against one another. Common reference sample was labeled with cyanine 3 (Cy3) and investigated samples from each experimental group: C-G0 (control group fed semi-synthetic diet), LPS-G0 (LPS-challenged group fed semi-synthetic diet), LPS-G1 (LPS-challenged group fed G1 beta-glucan enriched diet), and LPS-G2 (LPS-challenged group fed G2 beta-glucan enriched diet) were labeled with cyanine 5 (Cy5). Each microarray was performed in quadruplicate. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test (p < 0.05). A multiple testing correction was performed using Benjamini and Hochberg False Discovery Rate < 5%. A quantitative real-time RT-PCR was performed to verify the expression of chosen transcripts. Results The microarray analyses revealed differentially expressed transcripts between: the LPS-G0 and the control groups: C-G0 (138 genes), the LPS-G1 and LPS-G0 groups (533 genes), and the LPS-G2 and LPS-G0 groups (97 genes). Several differentially expressed genes in the beta-glucan-supplemented groups encoded proteins belonging to TLR and NLR signaling pathways, as well as prostaglandin synthesis and regulation pathways. Both beta-glucans up-regulated the expression of Atg10, which belongs to the family of autophagy-related genes, suggesting a possible link between autophagy induction and beta-glucan supplementation. Conclusion The changes in gene expression observed in the peripheral blood indicate that oat beta-glucans exerted a protective effect in rats with an induced inflammatory state caused by LPS challenge. The greater number of differentially expressed genes was observed in group supplemented with G1 beta-glucan, pointing at the differences in the mode of action of high- and low-molecular-weight beta-glucans in the organism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00394-018-1838-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Błaszczyk
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gajewska
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Wilczak
- Dietetics Division, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kamola
- Dietetics Division, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Majewska
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Harasym
- BIO-REF@LAB, Department of Biotechnology and Food Analysis, Faculty of Engineering and Economics, Wrocław University of Economics, Komandorska 118/120, 53-345, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Gromadzka-Ostrowska
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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Wicaksana DA, Suheryanto R, Maharani I. Correlation Between β-Glucan and Neutrophil/Eosinophil Ratio of Paranasal Sinus Mucosa and Blood in the Diagnosis of Chronic Fungal Rhinosinusitis. Oman Med J 2018; 33:393-400. [PMID: 30210718 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2018.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Chronic fungal rhinosinusitis is a major health problem because of the large impact on quality of life and difficult medical treatment. Its prevalence is increasing. There is currently an opportunity to establish the diagnosis without invasive intervention by utilizing β-glucan, which is the largest component of fungal cell wall and neutrophil/eosinophil ratio (NER). We sought to discover the correlation between β-glucan level and the NER of paranasal sinuses mucosa and blood as a potential diagnostic marker for patients with chronic fungal rhinosinusitis. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 20 subjects. Blood sampling and maxillary sinus surgery were performed, and fungal identification in the sinus mucosa was determined using the polymerase chain reaction. If a fungal species with β-glucan was found, then the examination was continued with the measurement of β-glucan by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, neutrophil, and eosinophil flow cytometry in sinus mucosa and blood. Results Aspergillus flavus is the most commonly found fungus. All subjects passed the positive β-glucan limit (3 80 pg/mL) of the mucosal sample and only one subject had intermediate results (60-79 pg/mL) from their blood sample. Seventeen subjects had mucosal eosinophilic inflammation whereas the blood of 12 subjects revealed neutrophilic inflammation. There was no significant difference between the level of β-glucan in blood and mucosal sinus (p = 0.886), so that β-glucan examination of blood can describe β-glucan levels in paranasal sinuses. There was a significant difference between mucosal NER and blood (p < 0.001). β-glucan level with NER in both paranasal sinus mucosa and blood had no significant correlation (p > 0.050). Conclusions β-glucan can be used to establish the diagnosis of chronic fungal rhinosinusitis. However, differential diagnosis of allergy or infection cannot be excluded by examination of blood NER. Still, it is hoped that the process of diagnosis can be obtained quickly and precisely without the need for invasive procedure although it requires more research, especially related to the diagnostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaniel Abdi Wicaksana
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, Siloam Hospitals, Bangka, Indonesia
| | - Rus Suheryanto
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, Saiful Anwar General Hospital/Medical Faculty of Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Iriana Maharani
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, Saiful Anwar General Hospital/Medical Faculty of Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
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Fuentes AL, Millis L, Vapenik J, Sigola L. Lipopolysaccharide-mediated enhancement of zymosan phagocytosis by RAW 264.7 macrophages is independent of opsonins, laminarin, mannan, and complement receptor 3. J Surg Res 2014; 189:304-12. [PMID: 24726062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal and bacterial coinfections are common in surgical settings; however, little is known about the effects of polymicrobial interactions on the cellular mechanisms involved in innate immune recognition and phagocytosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Zymosan particles, cell wall derivatives of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are used to model fungal interactions with host immune cells since they display carbohydrates, including beta-glucan, that are characteristic of fungal pathogens. Using in vitro cell culture, RAW 264.7 macrophages were challenged with zymosan, and phagocytosis determined via light microscopy. The effects of different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on zymosan phagocytosis were assessed. In addition, the transfer of supernatant from LPS-treated cells to naïve cells, the effects of soluble carbohydrates laminarin, mannan, or galactomannan, and the impact of complement receptor 3 (CR3) inhibition on phagocytosis were also determined. RESULTS LPS enhanced phagocytosis of zymosan in a dose-dependent manner. Transfer of supernatants from LPS-primed cells to naïve cells had no effect on phagocytosis. Laminarin inhibited zymosan phagocytosis in naïve cells but not in LPS-primed cells. Neither mannan, galactomannan, nor CR3 inhibition had a significant effect on ingestion of unopsonized zymosan in naïve or LPS-treated cells. CONCLUSIONS Zymosan recognition by naïve cells is inhibited by laminarin, but not mannan, galactomannan, or CR3 inhibition. LPS enhancement of phagocytosis is laminarin insensitive and not mediated by supernatant factors or zymosan engagement by the mannose or CR3 receptors. Our data suggest alternative mechanisms of zymosan recognition in the presence and absence of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Lucía Fuentes
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College, City University of New York, Long Island City, New York
| | - Leonard Millis
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, New Westminster British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Vapenik
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Douglas College, New Westminster British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lynette Sigola
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, New Westminster British Columbia, Canada.
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