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Xie Y, Yan X, Li C, Wang S, Jia L. Characterization and insight mechanism of an acid-adapted β-Glucosidase from Lactobacillus paracasei and its application in bioconversion of glycosides. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1334695. [PMID: 38333082 PMCID: PMC10851751 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1334695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: β-glucosidase is one class of pivotal glycosylhydrolase enzyme that can cleavage glucosidic bonds and transfer glycosyl group between the oxygen nucleophiles. Lactobacillus is the most abundant bacteria in the human gut. Identification and characterization of new β-glucosidases from Lactobacillus are meaningful for food or drug industry. Method: Herein, an acid-adapted β-glucosidase (LpBgla) was cloned and characterized from Lactobacillus paracasei. And the insight acid-adapted mechanism of LpBgla was investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. Results and Discussion: The recombinant LpBgla exhibited maximal activity at temperature of 30°C and pH 5.5, and the enzymatic activity was inhibited by Cu2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and EDTA. The LpBgla showed a more stable structure, wider substrate-binding pocket and channel aisle, more hydrogen bonds and stronger molecular interaction with the substrate at pH 5.5 than pH 7.5. Five residues including Asp45, Leu60, Arg120, Lys153 and Arg164 might play a critical role in the acid-adapted mechanism of LpBgla. Moreover, LpBgla showed a broad substrate specificity and potential application in the bioconversion of glycosides, especially towards the arbutin. Our study greatly benefits for the development novel β-glucosidases from Lactobacillus, and for the biosynthesis of aglycones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinrui Yan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin University, Harbin, China
| | - Changzhuo Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin University, Harbin, China
| | - Shumei Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin University, Harbin, China
| | - Longgang Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
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Joo IH, Choi JH, Kim DH, Chung MJ, Lim MH. Ligularia fischeri ethanol extract: An inhibitor of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:637-644. [PMID: 36030197 PMCID: PMC10087159 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ligularia fischeri is a perennial herb isolated from plants of the Asteraceae family. Ligularia fischeri is distributed throughout Korea, Japan, eastern Siberia, and China. AIMS The aim of this study is to examine the intracellular inhibitory effect of Ligularia fischeri ethanol extract on melanin synthesis and expression of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1 and 2. In addition, we analyzed the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells. METHODS To assess the inhibition of melanogenesis in alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells, the expression of melanogenesis-related genes was investigated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, while western blotting was performed to determine protein expression levels. RESULTS We confirmed that the ethanol extract of Ligularia fischeri inhibited melanin synthesis in vitro by decreasing tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1 and 2 expression. Furthermore, we revealed that tyrosinase expression was regulated by the suppression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor expression and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation. The ethanol extract of Ligularia fischeri inhibited melanogenesis by activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation and suppressing microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and tyrosinase expression. CONCLUSIONS Ligularia fischeri ethanol extract may be used as an effective skin whitening agent in functional cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Hwan Joo
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hee Choi
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Mi-Hye Lim
- Department of Beauty Healthcare, Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Xie Y, Wang Y, Han Y, Zhang J, Wang S, Lu S, Wang H, Lu F, Jia L. Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Lactobacillus paracasei TK1501 and Its Application in the Biosynthesis of Isoflavone Aglycones. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182807. [PMID: 36140935 PMCID: PMC9498081 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus strains are considered safe and healthy probiotics for manufacturing “natural food” products; this is due to their ability to produce bioactive compounds that reduce the incidence of various human diseases. Lactobacillus paracasei TK1501 is a novel probiotic strain isolated from naturally fermented congee; and can produce a high yield of genistein, one of the most widely studied isoflavone aglycones with plenty of physiological functions. To better understand the molecular basis of isoflavone aglycones biosynthesis, the complete 2,942,538 bp genome of L. paracasei TK1501 was sequenced and assembled; a group of genes that are involved in isoflavone aglycones production were identified. Of note, a β-glucosidase was analyzed in the L. paracasei TK1501. Moreover, we also found that L. paracasei TK1501 could be used in soymilk fermentation; which would remarkably increase the contents of genistein, daidzein, and glycitein. This work was meaningful to the application of L. paracasei TK1501 and the molecular mechanism analysis of isoflavone aglycones biosynthesis in Lactobacillus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, China
- Food Processing Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yingxue Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yang Han
- College of Pharmacy, Qilu Medical University, Zibo City 255300, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Qilu Medical University, Zibo City 255300, China
| | - Shumei Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Shuwen Lu
- Food Processing Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Haikuan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Fuping Lu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Longgang Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-22-60912442
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Hao ZQ, Chen ZJ, Chang MC, Meng JL, Liu JY, Feng CP. Rheological properties and gel characteristics of polysaccharides from fruit-bodies of Sparassis crispa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1510838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-qi Hao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Zhen-jia Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Ming-chang Chang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
- Shanxi Research Station for Engineering Technology of Edible Fungi, Taigu, PR China
| | - Jun-long Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Jing-yu Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Cui-ping Feng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
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Simultaneous determination of the bioactive compounds from Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) by HPLC-DAD and their inhibitory effects on LPS-stimulated cytokine production in bone marrow-derived dendritic cell. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:823-829. [PMID: 30039376 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) belonging to the family of Sparassidaceae, has been widely used as an edible mushroom due to its unique flavor and functions to improve health. In this study, the compounds isolated from the extract of this mushroom were simultaneously quantified by the developed HPLC-DAD method and evaluated for the inhibitory activities on the production of the LPS-stimulated cytokines (IL-12p40, IL-6, and TNF-α) in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). The contents of this compounds were 0.1928 ± 0.0118, 4.4137 ± 0.0240, 0.5237 ± 0.0005, 2.7303 ± 0.0206 mg/g for sparoside A (1), methyl 2,4-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-6-methylbenzoate (2), sparalide A (3), and 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (4), respectively, which demonstrated that they are the major constituents of this mushroom. Thus, our results were found that the sparoside A (1), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyphthalide (6), 5-methoxy-7-hydroxyphthalide (7), nicotinamide (10), and adenosine (11) inhibit LPS-stimualted cytokine production, compound 6 is the most potent inhibitory activities on the production of IL-12p40, IL-6, and TNF-α with IC50 values of 0.19, 0.18, and 0.91 μM, respectively.
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Ayeka PA. Potential of Mushroom Compounds as Immunomodulators in Cancer Immunotherapy: A Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:7271509. [PMID: 29849725 PMCID: PMC5937616 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7271509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since time immemorial, plants and their compounds have been used in the treatment and management of various ailments. Currently, most of conventional drugs used for treatment of diseases are either directly or indirectly obtained from plant sources. The fungal group of plants is of significance, which not only provides food directly to man but also has been source of important drugs. For instance, commonly used antibiotics are derived from fungi. Fungi have also been utilized in the food industry, baking, and alcohol production. Apart from the economic importance of the microfungi, macrofungi have been utilized directly as food, which is usually got from their fruiting bodies, commonly known as mushrooms. Due to their richness in proteins, minerals, and other nutrients, mushrooms have also been associated with boosting the immune system. This makes mushrooms an important food source, especially for vegetarians and immunosuppressed individuals including the HIV/AIDS persons. In complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs), mushrooms are increasingly being accepted for treatment of various diseases. Mushrooms have been shown to have the ability to stimulate the immune system, modulate humoral and cellular immunity, and potentiate antimutagenic and antitumorigenic activity, as well as rejuvenating the immune system weakened by radiotherapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment. This potential of mushrooms, therefore, qualifies them as candidates for immunomodulation and immunotherapy in cancer and other diseases' treatment. However, a critical review on mushroom's immune modulating potential in cancer has not been sufficiently addressed. This review puts forward insights into the immune activities of mushroom associated with anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Amwoga Ayeka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
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Mohammadi Sartang M, Mazloomi SM, Tanideh N, Rezaian Zadeh A. The Effects of Probiotic Soymilk Fortified with Omega-3 on Blood Glucose, Lipid Profile, Haematological and Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Parameters in Streptozotocin Nicotinamide-Induced Diabetic Rats. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:696372. [PMID: 26347893 PMCID: PMC4548139 DOI: 10.1155/2015/696372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of probiotic soymilk fortified with omega-3 in diabetic rats. METHODS Soymilk (SM), fermented soymilk (FSM), and fermented soymilk fortified with omega-3 (FSM + omega-3) were prepared. Rats were randomly assigned to five groups of 13 animals per group. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) 15 min after the intraperitoneal administration of nicotinamide (NA). Normal control (NC) and diabetic control (DC) rats received 1 mL/day of distilled water and three groups of diabetic rats were given 1 mL/day of SM, FSM, and FSM + omega-3 products by oral gavage for 28 days. RESULTS Three products significantly (P < 0.05) reduced blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations compared to the DC group, with the maximum reduction seen in the FSM + omega-3 group. Body weight, red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) also significantly increased in the FSM + omega-3 group. In the FSM + omega-3 group, MDA level compared with the SM and FSM groups and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentrations compared with the DC and FSM groups were significantly lower (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Fermented soymilk fortified with omega-3 may be beneficial in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mohammadi Sartang
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7153675541, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mazloomi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Nutrition and Food Sciences Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7153675541, Iran
- *Seyed Mohammad Mazloomi:
| | - Nader Tanideh
- Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134874478, Iran
| | - Abbas Rezaian Zadeh
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7153675541, Iran
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Harada T, Kawaminami H, Miura NN, Adachi Y, Nakajima M, Yadomae T, Ohno N. Mechanism of Enhanced Hematopoietic Response by Soluble β-Glucan SCG in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 50:687-700. [PMID: 16985290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SCG is a major 6-branched 1,3-beta-D-glucan in Sparassis crispa Fr. SCG shows antitumor activity and also enhances the hematopoietic response in cyclophosphamide (CY)-treated mice. In the present study, the molecular mechanism of the enhancement of the hematopoietic response was investigated. The levels of interferon-(IFN-)gamma, tumor necrosis factor-(TNF-)alpha, granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-(IL-) 6 and IL-12p70 were significantly increased by SCG in CY-treated mice. GM-CSF production in the splenocytes from the CY-treated mice was higher than that in normal mice regardless of SCG stimulation. Neutralizing GM-CSF significantly inhibited the induction of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-12p70 by SCG. The level of cytokine induction by SCG was regulated by the amount of endogenous GM-CSF produced in response to CY treatment in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of beta-glucan receptors, such as CR3 and dectin-1, was up-regulated by CY treatment. Blocking dectin-1 significantly inhibited the induction of TNF-alpha and IL-12p70 production by SCG. Taken together, these results suggest that the key factors in the cytokine induction in CY-treated mice were the enhanced levels of both endogenous GM-CSF production and dectin-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Harada
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Science, Japan
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Natural products and biological activity of the pharmacologically active cauliflower mushroom Sparassis crispa. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:982317. [PMID: 23586068 PMCID: PMC3613060 DOI: 10.1155/2013/982317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sparassis crispa, also known as cauliflower mushroom, is an edible mushroom with medicinal properties. Its cultivation became popular in Japan about 10 years ago, a phenomenon that has been attributed not only to the quality of its taste, but also to its potential for therapeutic applications. Herein, I present a comprehensive summary of the pharmacological activities and mechanisms of action of its bioactive components, such as beta-glucan, and other physiologically active substances. In particular, the immunomodulatory mechanisms of the beta-glucan components are presented herein in detail.
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Hosokawa M, Asami M, Yoshino T, Tsujimura N, Takahashi M, Nakasono S, Tanaka T, Matsunaga T. Monitoring of benzene-induced hematotoxicity in mice by serial leukocyte counting using a microcavity array. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 40:110-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Mitogen activated protein kinases are prime signalling enzymes in nitric oxide production induced by soluble β-glucan from Sparassis crispa. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1753-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kim HS, Kim JY, Ryu HS, Park HG, Kim YO, Kang JS, Kim HM, Hong JT, Kim Y, Han SB. Induction of dendritic cell maturation by β-glucan isolated from Sparassis crispa. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1284-94. [PMID: 20699131 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sparassis crispa is a medicinal mushroom containing high 6-branched 1,3-β-D-glucan (sparan) content, which exhibits immune-mediated antitumor activity. In the present study, we investigated the stimulating effect of sparan on phenotypic and functional maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). Phenotypic maturation was confirmed by the elevated expressions of CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC-I/II molecules. Functional activation was proved by increased cytokine production of IL-12, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-α/β, enhanced IL-2 production and proliferation of allogenic T cells, and decreased endocytosis. The role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) as a membrane receptor of sparan was proved by the impaired maturation of DCs generated from bone marrow cells of tlr4⁻/⁻ knock-out mice and TLR4-mutated C3H/HeJ mice, and by using anti-MD-2/TLR4 neutralizing antibody. Sparan increased phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and JNK, and enhanced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p50/p65 in DCs. These results indicate that sparan activates DCs via MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, which are signaling molecules downstream of TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Sook Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center (CICT), Chungbuk National University, 410 Seongbong, Heungduk, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Hida TH, Kawaminami H, Ishibashi KI, Miura NN, Adachi Y, Yadomae T, Ohno N. Effect of GM-CSF on cytokine induction by soluble β-glucan SCGin vitroin β-glucan-treated mice. Microbiol Immunol 2009; 53:391-402. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hematologic and Metabolic Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Agaricus sylvaticus Fungi on Rats Bearing Solid Walker 256 Tumor. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:1341-7. [DOI: 10.3181/0803-rm-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many mushrooms have been used since ancient times for their nutritional and therapeutic properties. Alterations of hematologic parameters are commonly observed in patients with cancer, mainly due to the presence of some inflammatory mediators that have hemolytic effects, and yet can stimulate white blood cell release. Abnormalities in biochemical parameters are also found due to alterations in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Agaricus sylvaticus on hematologic and biochemical parameters of rats inoculated with Walker 256 tumor. Methods: The animals were divided into 4 groups, with 20 in each group. Group 1 was inoculated with Walker 256 tumor and treated with A. sylvaticus. Group 2 was inoculated with Walker 256 tumor and administered a placebo solution. Group 3 was not inoculated with the tumor and was treated with A. sylvaticus, and Group 4 was not inoculated with the tumor and was administered a placebo solution. The rats were sacrificed after 12 days of treatment, and blood was collected following heart sectioning. Results: Statistically significant differences between Groups 1 and 2 were observed in red blood cell count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, C-reactive protein, urea, and triglyceride levels. No significant differences between these two groups were noted in hematimetric indices, leukocyte counts, creatinine, and glucose levels. No significant differences in hematologic and biochemical parameters were noted between Groups 3 and 4. Conclusion: A. sylvaticus is able to reduce anemia and improve biochemical parameters in animals with cancer and has no adverse effects on the blood cells of healthy animals.
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Harada T, Miura NN, Adachi Y, Nakajima M, Yadomae T, Ohno N. Highly Expressed Dectin-1 on Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells Regulates the Sensitivity to β-Glucan in DBA/2 Mice. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2008; 28:477-86. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2007.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Harada
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko N. Miura
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Adachi
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Toshiro Yadomae
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohito Ohno
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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Harada T, Ohno N. Contribution of dectin-1 and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to immunomodulating actions of beta-glucan. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:556-66. [PMID: 18328447 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
beta-Glucans are major cell wall structural components in fungi. As they are not found in animals, these carbohydrates are considered to be classic pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and are recognized by the innate immune system. Although their immunomodulating activities have been shown to be associated with the recognition of some fungi, and with their medicinal properties in the field of cancer immunotherapy, it is still unclear how beta-glucans mediate their effects. Recent studies have started to shed some light on their cellular receptors, such as dectin-1, and their molecular mechanisms of action. We have extensively investigated the response of leukocytes to beta-glucan, focusing on cytokine induction by SCG, which is a major 6-branched 1,3-beta-d-glucan in Sparassis crispa Fr. There is a strain difference in the reactivity of mice to SCG, and DBA/1 and DBA/2 mice are highly sensitive strains. In the process of research on cytokine induction by SCG in DBA/2 mice, we found that GM-CSF plays a key biological role in this activity. Cytokine induction by SCG was completely abolished in dendritic cells from dectin-1 knockout mice. On the other hand, controlling the level of endogenous GM-CSF production and/or dectin-1 expression could regulate the reactivity to beta-glucan. These results indicate that the key factors in the responsiveness to beta-glucan are GM-CSF production and dectin-1 expression. In this review, we describe how the key molecules related to the expression of the immunomodulating activities of beta-glucan were identified, and how the response to beta-glucan is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Harada
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Tada R, Harada T, Nagi-Miura N, Adachi Y, Nakajima M, Yadomae T, Ohno N. NMR characterization of the structure of a beta-(1-->3)-D-glucan isolate from cultured fruit bodies of Sparassis crispa. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:2611-8. [PMID: 17868661 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2007] [Revised: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SCG, a purified beta-d-glucan, obtained from Sparassis crispa, exhibits various biological activities including an antitumor effect, enhancement of the hematopoietic response in cyclophosphamide-induced leukopenic mice, and induction of the production of cytokines. The mechanisms of these effects have been extensively investigated; however, an unambiguous structural characterization of SCG is yet to be achieved. It is well accepted that the biological effects of beta-glucan depend on its primary structures, conformation, and molecular weight. In the present study, we examine the difference of biological effects among beta-glucans, elucidate the primary structure of SCG, and compare with SPG from Schizophyllum commune using NMR spectroscopy. Our data reveal that SCG but not SPG induce cytokine production from bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and their major structural units are a beta-(1-->3)-d-glucan backbone with single beta-(1-->6)-d-glucosyl side branching units every three residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tada
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Harada T, Arii M, Tsuji RF, Adachi Y, Nakajima M, Yadomae T, Ohno N. Soy isoflavone aglycone modulates expression of cell surface antigens in vitro and in vivo. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007; 71:1769-72. [PMID: 17617728 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Soy isoflavone aglycones (IFAs) have a wide range of biological actions. We investigated in this study the effect of IFAs on myeloid cells. The cell surface expression of both CD80 and CD86 was up-regulated by treating myeloid cells with IFAs in vitro and in vivo. The findings suggest that IFAs could modulate the myeloid cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Harada
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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