Antiinflammatory Activity of Astilbic Acid from Astilbe chinensis

Oleanane triterpenoids with C-14 carboxyl group from Astilbe grandis inhibited LPS-induced macrophages activation by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway

Background

Excessive inflammation poses significant risks to human physical and mental health. Astilbe grandis, a traditional Miao medicine, is renowned for its anti-inflammatory properties. However, the specific anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of many compounds within this plant remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of two characteristic oleanane triterpenoids, 3α-acetoxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid (1) and 3β-acetoxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid (2), isolated from Astilbe grandis, using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Macrophages.

Methods

The anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of compounds 1 and 2 were investigated by establishing an LPS-induced inflammation model in RAW 264.7 cells and THP-1 cells. Nitric oxide (NO) levels were assessed using the Griess method. The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was determined using western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Additionally, the phosphorylation level of p65 in nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was assessed through western blotting. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 was assessed through immunofluorescence staining. Finally, the binding affinity of the compounds to NF-κB p65 target was validated through molecular docking.

Results

Compounds 1 and 2 significantly inhibited the expression of NO, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, COX-2, and iNOS in LPS-induced Macrophages. Mechanistically, they attenuated the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway by downregulating the phosphorylation level and nuclear translocation of p65.

Conclusion

This study elucidates the anti-inflammatory activities and potential mechanism of the characteristic oleanane triterpenoids with C-14 carboxyl group, compounds 1 and 2, in LPS-induced Macrophages by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway for the first time. These findings suggest that these two compounds hold promise as potential candidates for anti-inflammatory interventions in the future.

Ethanol extract from Astilbe chinensis inflorescence suppresses inflammation in macrophages and growth of oral pathogenic bacteria

Chronic oral inflammation and biofilm-mediated infections drive diseases such as dental caries and periodontitis. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial potential of an ethanol extract from Astilbe chinensis inflorescence (GA-13-6) as a prominent candidate for natural complex substances (NCS) with therapeutic potential. In LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, GA-13-6 significantly suppressed proinflammatory mediators, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and nitric oxide (NO), surpassing purified astilbin, a known bioactive compound found in A. chinensis. Furthermore, GA-13-6 downregulated the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), indicating an inhibitory effect on the inflammatory cascade. Remarkably, GA-13-6 exhibited selective antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, key players in dental caries and periodontitis, respectively. These findings suggest that complex GA-13-6 holds the potential for the treatment or prevention of periodontal and dental diseases, as well as various other inflammation-related conditions, while averting the induction of antibiotic resistance.

Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Genoprotective Effects of Callus Cultures Obtained from the Pulp of Malus pumila cv Miller (Annurca Campana Apple)

Apples are rich in phytochemicals useful for human health. However, environmental factors can greatly affect the accumulation of these compounds. To face this problem, the callus culture technique was used to obtain large quantities of phytochemicals. Specifically, two callus cultures were obtained from ripe Annurca apple pulp (Malus pumila cv Miller) and cultivated under different light conditions: darkness and an 18-h photoperiod. The hydro-alcoholic extracts from the calli underwent analysis using GC-MS, GC-FID, and HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn to determine the qualitative and quantitative content of phenolic and triterpenic acids. The study revealed the predominant presence of triterpenic compounds in both calli. Furthermore, we investigated their radical scavenging and antioxidant activities through DPPH, ABTS, ORAC assays, and lipoxygenase inhibition activity. Genoprotection was evaluated via nicking assay, and the anti-inflammatory effect was investigated via Griess assay on LPS-injured murine macrophages. All the analyses performed were compared with peel and pulp hydroalcoholic extracts. The results showed that both calli primarily show anti-inflammatory activity and moderate antioxidant effect and can protect DNA against oxidative stimuli. This data encouraged further research aimed at utilizing callus as a bioreactor to produce secondary metabolites for use in preventive and therapeutic applications to combat acute or chronic age-associated diseases.

Phytochemicals as treatment for allergic asthma: Therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action

BACKGROUND

Allergic asthma is an inflammatory disease caused by the immune system's reaction to allergens, inflammation and narrowing of the airways, and the production of more than normal mucus. One of the main reasons is an increased production of inflammatory cytokines in the lungs that leads to the appearance of symptoms of asthma, including inflammation and shortness of breath. On the other hand, it has been proven that phytochemicals with their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties can be useful in improving allergic asthma.

PURPOSE

Common chemical treatments for allergic asthma include corticosteroids, which have many side effects and temporarily relieve symptoms but are not a cure. Therefore, taking the help of natural compounds to improve the quality of life of asthmatic patients can be a valuable issue that has been evaluated in the present review.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

In this study, three databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane) with the keywords: allergic asthma, phytochemical, plant, and herb were evaluated. The primary result was 5307 articles. Non-English, repetitive, and review articles were deleted from the study.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Finally, after carefully reading the articles, 102 were included in the study (2006-2022). The results of this review state that phytochemicals suppress the inflammatory pathways via inhibition of inflammatory cytokines production/secretion, genes, and proteins involved in the inflammation process, reducing oxidative stress indicators and symptoms of allergic asthma, such as cough and mucus production in the lungs.

CONCLUSION

With their antioxidant effects, this study concluded that phytochemicals suppress cytokines and other inflammatory indicators and thus can be considered an adjunctive treatment for improving allergic asthma.

Two olean-27-carboxylic acid-type triterpenoids as chemical markers isolated from Saxifraga umbellulata

Two olean-27-carboxylic acid-type triterpenoids ( 1  and 2 ) were isolated from Saxifraga   umbellulata (Saxifragaceae), representing the first case in the chemical discoveries of genus Saxifraga . Compound 1  was determined to be a new compound named 'Saxifragic acid' based on the comprehensive spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses. Compound  2  (deacetylated saxifragic acid) is a known compound reported before, but its absolute configuration through X-ray crystallographic analyses was first described here. In addition, their cytotoxicity against five digestive human cancer cell lines (BGC-823, GBC-SD, CCC-9810, HT-29, and HepG2) and hepatoprotective activity against CCl 4 -induced L-o2 cell injury in vitro were evaluated. Interestingly, UPLC-QTOFMS analysis showed that these two compounds could be used as chemical markers to discriminate between S . umbellulata  and S. tangutica , both of which are used for the treatment of hepatobiliary diseases in traditional Tibetan medicine.

Astilbe Chinensis ethanol extract suppresses inflammation in macrophages via NF-κB pathway

Background

Macrophages play a crucial role in inflammation. Astilbe chinensis is one of perennial herbs belonging to the genus Astilbe. Plants in the genus have been used for pain, headaches, arthralgia, and chronic bronchitis. However, the effect of A.chinensis on inflammation remains unclear. To study the anti-inflammatory action of A.chinensis ethanol extract (ACE), we investigated the effect of ACE on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines in macrophages.

Methods

We evaluated the effectiveness of ACE in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and thioglycollate (TG)-elicited peritoneal macrophages from male C57BL/6 mice. We measured the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, and examined the anti-inflammatory actions of ACE on nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway in the macrophages. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy were used to determine protein level and translocation, respectively.

Results

ACE suppressed the output of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂), and pro-inflammatory cytokines in stimulated macrophages via inhibiting the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins. ACE suppressed mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). We examined the efficacies of ACE on NF-κB activation by measuring the expressions including IκB kinase (IKK), inhibitor of κB (IκB), and nuclear p65 proteins. In addition, the inhibition of NF-κB p65’s translocation was determined with immunofluorescence assay.

Conclusion

Our findings manifested that ACE inhibited LPS or TG-induced inflammation by blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway in macrophages. It indicated that ACE is a potential therapeutic mean for inflammation and related diseases.

Antiobesity Effect of Astilbe chinensis Franch. et Savet. Extract through Regulation of Adipogenesis and AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways in 3T3-L1 Adipocyte and High-Fat Diet-Induced C57BL/6N Obese Mice

Astilbe chinensis Franch. et Savat. (AC) has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of chronic bronchitis, arthralgia, and gastralgia. In this study, we investigated the antiobesity effect of AC extract on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high-fat-diet-fed C57BL/6N obese mice. We found that AC extracts dramatically decreased the lipid content of 3T3-L1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. The action mechanism of AC extract was demonstrated to be the inhibition of lipid accumulation and dose-dependent decrease in the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1). Furthermore, AC extract increased the mitochondrial phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipolysis-related factors. In amice model of high-fat-diet-induced obesity, the mice administered AC extract experienced significant decrease of 64% in weight gain, 55% in insulin resistance index, 22% in plasma triglycerides (TG), 56% in total cholesterol (TC), and 21% in nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels compared with those in the high-fat diet-fed control mice. Collectively, these results indicated that AC extract exerted antiobesogenic activity through the modulation of the AMPK signaling pathway, inhibition of adipogenesis, decreased lipid content, and reduced adipocyte size.

Astilbe chinensis Modulates Platelet Function via Impaired MAPK and PLCγ2 Expression

Background

Platelets play major role in maintaining hemostasis while hyperactivation of platelets may lead to arterial thrombosis. Natural products and ethnomedicine have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Astilbe chinensis is a perennial herb found in China, Korea, Russia, and Japan, which is also known for its medicinal effects, and has been used in Korean traditional medicine to treat inflammation, cancer, chronic bronchitis, and headache. We hypothesized that given herbal plant exhibits pharmacological activities against CVDs, and we specifically explored their effects on platelet function.

Methodology

Platelet aggregation was evaluated using standard light-transmission aggregometry. Intracellular calcium mobilization was assessed using Fura-2/AM, and granule secretion (ATP release) was measured in a luminometer. Fibrinogen binding to integrin α_IIbβ₃ was assessed using flow cytometry. Phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling molecules and activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt were assessed using western blots, and further, glycoprotein VI (GPVI) signaling components were studied using immunoprecipitation.

Key Results

A. chinensis extracts potently and significantly inhibited platelet aggregation, calcium mobilization, granule secretion, and fibrinogen binding to integrin α_IIbβ₃. Moreover, it significantly inhibited MAPK phosphorylation and expression of GPVI downstream signaling molecules.

Conclusion

A. chinensis extract inhibited platelet aggregation and granule secretion and attenuated GPVI downstream signaling, indicating the potential therapeutic effects of this plant extract on the cardiovascular system and platelet function. We suggest that given plant extract may be a potent candidate to treat platelet-related CVDs and to be used as antiplatelet agent.

Effects of astilbic acid on airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in a mouse model of allergic asthma

Bronchial asthma is characterized by chronic lung inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and airway remodeling. Astilbic acid, extracted from the medicinal herb Astilbe chinensis, is used as a headache remedy in traditional medicine and has anti-pyretic and analgesic effects. However, the effect of astilbic acid on asthma remains to be established. In the present study, we therefore examined the effect of astilbic acid in a mouse model in which asthma was established by sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin (OVA). Astilbic acid inhibited OVA-induced AHR to inhaled methacholine and significantly suppressed the levels of T-helper 2-type cytokines (including IL [interleukin]-4, IL-5, and IL-13) and inflammatory cells (including eosinophils) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Histochemical analysis revealed reduced goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus production, as well as attenuated eosinophil-rich leukocyte infiltration, in the astilbic acid-treated group, compared with OVA-challenged mice. Moreover, the compound significantly inhibited synthesis of IL-4-, IL-5-, IL-13-, IL-17-, and eotaxin-encoding mRNA following asthma induction in lung tissue, in addition to suppressing the immunoglobulin E (IgE) response to asthma in both BAL fluid and serum. Our results indicate that astilbic acid has great potential as a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of asthma.

Cytotoxic triterpenoids from the rhizomes of Astilbe chinensis

Six new triterpenoids (1-6) with a carboxylic acid functionality at C-27 were isolated from the rhizomes of a Korean native perennial herb, Astilbe chinensis, along with nine known triterpenoids. The structures of 1-6 were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation. All compounds isolated were evaluated for cytotoxic effects against a small panel of human cancer lines.

Protective effect of triterpenoid fractions from the rhizomes of Astilbe chinensis on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in tumor-bearing mice

AIM OF THE STUDY

The objectives of this study were to investigate the protective effect of the triterpenoid fractions from the rhizomes of Astilbe chinensis (Saxifragaceae) (ATF) on cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced toxicity in tumor-bearing mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The mice inoculated with mouse sarcoma S180 cells were treated with saline or CTX alone, or co-treated with CTX and ATF. The blood, femur bone, and serum samples were collected for determination of the haematological and biochemical parameters and splenocytes were for assay of proliferation, the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, and production of interleukin-2 (IL-2).

RESULTS

ATF significantly increased the peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count and bone marrow cellularity (BMC) in CTX-treated S180-bearing mice. Increase of aspartate transanimase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine in the serum of CTX-treated mice was significantly reversed by ATF. The lowered levels of splenocytes proliferation, NK cells activity, and IL-2 production from splenocytes in S180-bearing mice after CTX treatment were also increased by ATF administration.

CONCLUSIONS

ATF provides significant protection against CTX-induced hematotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and immunotoxicity, and might be helpful in abrogation of CTX-induced toxicity during the chemotherapy.