1
|
Uchida M, Kobayashi O, Shimizu K. Gastric emptying after artificial ulceration in rats: differences due to the site of the ulcer and the effects of prokinetic drugs. J Smooth Muscle Res 2017; 53:48-56. [PMID: 28652516 PMCID: PMC5487827 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.53.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the position of
an acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer and the effects of prokinetic drugs on gastric
emptying. Materials and Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in
this study. Acetic acid ulcers were induced either in the region between the fundus and
pylorus on the anterior wall of the stomach or in the glandular region on the greater
curvature of the stomach to determine whether there were regional differences in the
effect of the ulcers. Gastric emptying was evaluated with a breath test using
[1-13C] acetic acid. In addition, the effects of the prokinetic drugs,
metoclopramide and mosapride, on gastric emptying were also evaluated.
Results Acetic acid induced ulcers in the region between the fundus and
pylorus on the anterior wall of the stomach significantly delayed gastric emptying as
compared with control rats, but not the acetic acid induced ulcers in the glandular region
on the greater curvature of the stomach. Metoclopramide and mosapride did not improve the
delayed gastric emptying even at doses that enhanced gastric emptying in normal rats.
Conclusion These findings show that gastric emptying is influenced by
the position of the ulcer and the region between the fundus and pylorus on the anterior
wall plays an important role in gastric emptying. Moreover, it was found that
metoclopramide and mosapride do not improve the delayed gastric emptying caused by acetic
acid ulcers induced on the anterior wall in the region between the fundus and pylorus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Uchida
- Food Science Research Laboratories, Division of Research and Development, Meiji Co., Ltd., Japan
| | - Orie Kobayashi
- Food Science Research Laboratories, Division of Research and Development, Meiji Co., Ltd., Japan
| | - Kimiko Shimizu
- Food Science Research Laboratories, Division of Research and Development, Meiji Co., Ltd., Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Sleep and energy balance are essential for health. The two processes act in concert to regulate central and peripheral homeostasis. During sleep, energy is conserved due to suspended activity, movement, and sensory responses, and is redirected to restore and replenish proteins and their assemblies into cellular structures. During wakefulness, various energy-demanding activities lead to hunger. Thus, hunger promotes arousal, and subsequent feeding, followed by satiety that promotes sleep via changes in neuroendocrine or neuropeptide signals. These signals overlap with circuits of sleep-wakefulness, feeding, and energy expenditure. Here, we will briefly review the literature that describes the interplay between the circadian system, sleep-wake, and feeding-fasting cycles that are needed to maintain energy balance and a healthy metabolic profile. In doing so, we describe the neuroendocrine, hormonal/peptide signals that integrate sleep and feeding behavior with energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charu Shukla
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - Radhika Basheer
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jakubcakova V, Flachskamm C, Deussing JM, Kimura M. Deficiency of corticotropin-releasing hormone type-2 receptor alters sleep responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:1626-36. [PMID: 21704697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to infectious stimuli, enhanced non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) occurs, which is driven by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Those cytokines further elicit the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), resulting in the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Signals of CRH are mediated by two receptor types, namely CRH-R1 and -R2. The role of CRH-R1 in wake-promoting effects of CRH has been rather clarified, whereas the involvement of CRH-R2 in sleep-wake regulation is poorly understood. To investigate whether CRH-R2 interferes with sleep responses to immune challenge, this study examined effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on sleep in CRH-R2 deficient (KO) mice. CRH-R2 KO mice and control littermates (CL) were implanted with electrodes for recording electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram. After recovery, LPS was applied by intraperitoneal injection at doses of 0.1, 1.0, or 10 μg at dark onset. In response to LPS injection NREMS of both genotypes was enhanced in a dose-dependent manner. However, CRH-R2 KO mice showed a larger increase, in particular after 10 μg of LPS compared to CL mice. During postinjection, reduced delta power for NREMS was detected in both genotypes after each dose, but the highest dose evoked a marked elevation of EEG activity in a limited frequency band (4 Hz). However, the EEG power of lower frequencies (1-2 Hz) increased more in CRH-R2 KO than in CL mice. The results indicated that CRH-R2 KO mice show greater NREMS responses to LPS, providing evidence that CRH-R2 participates in sleep-wake regulation via an interaction with the activated immune system.
Collapse
|
4
|
Szabadfi K, Mester L, Reglodi D, Kiss P, Babai N, Racz B, Kovacs K, Szabo A, Tamas A, Gabriel R, Atlasz T. Novel neuroprotective strategies in ischemic retinal lesions. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:544-561. [PMID: 20386654 PMCID: PMC2852854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11020544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ischemia can be effectively modeled by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, which leads to chronic hypoperfusion-induced degeneration in the entire rat retina. The complex pathways leading to retinal cell death offer a complex approach of neuroprotective strategies. In the present review we summarize recent findings with different neuroprotective candidate molecules. We describe the protective effects of intravitreal treatment with: (i) urocortin 2; (ii) a mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channel opener, diazoxide; (iii) a neurotrophic factor, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide; and (iv) a novel poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (HO3089). The retinoprotective effects are demonstrated with morphological description and effects on apoptotic pathways using molecular biological techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Szabadfi
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(K.S.);
(N.B.);
(R.G.)
| | - Laszlo Mester
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(L.M.);
(B.R.);
(K.K.);
(A.S.)
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(D.R.);
(P.K.);
(A.T.)
| | - Peter Kiss
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(D.R.);
(P.K.);
(A.T.)
| | - Norbert Babai
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(K.S.);
(N.B.);
(R.G.)
| | - Boglarka Racz
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(L.M.);
(B.R.);
(K.K.);
(A.S.)
| | - Krisztina Kovacs
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(L.M.);
(B.R.);
(K.K.);
(A.S.)
| | - Aliz Szabo
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(L.M.);
(B.R.);
(K.K.);
(A.S.)
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(D.R.);
(P.K.);
(A.T.)
| | - Robert Gabriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(K.S.);
(N.B.);
(R.G.)
| | - Tamas Atlasz
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(K.S.);
(N.B.);
(R.G.)
- Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel.: +36-72-503-600/4613; Fax: +36-72-501-517
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Szabadfi K, Atlasz T, Reglodi D, Kiss P, Dányádi B, Fekete EM, Zorrilla EP, Tamás A, Szabó K, Gábriel R. Urocortin 2 protects against retinal degeneration following bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in the rat. Neurosci Lett 2009; 455:42-5. [PMID: 19429103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Urocortin 2 (Ucn 2) is corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) paralog that preferentially activates CRF(2) receptors. Ucns exert CRF(2)-mediated cytoprotective effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in cardiomyocytes. However, little is known regarding potential retinoprotective effects of Ucns despite the known presence of CRF family peptides and their receptors (predominantly CRF(2 alpha)) in retina. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of post-ischemic intravitreal Ucn 2 (2 nmol) administration on ischemia-induced retinal degeneration. Two-month-old rats were subjected to permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, and their retinas were processed histologically after two weeks survival to determine the density of viable cells in the ganglion cell layer and the thickness of all retinal layers. In vehicle-treated subjects, carotid occlusion reduced retina thickness by approximately 60% as compared to sham-operated animals. In contrast, intraocular Ucn 2 treatment led to a marked amelioration of the retinal layers, and the thickness of all layers was significantly increased by 40% compared to ischemic vehicle-treated subjects. Ucn 2 treatment also increased the number of cells by 55% in the ganglion cell layer as compared to those from carotid-occluded retinas of vehicle-treated subjects. These findings suggest that intraocular Ucn 2 treatment may protect against ischemia-induced retinal degeneration, results with potential therapeutic implications for ophthalmic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Szabadfi
- Dept. of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, Univ. of Pécs, Ifjúsag útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wouters K, Abrahantes JC, Molenberghs G, Ahnaou A, Drinkenburg WHIM, Bijnens L. A Comparison of Doubly Hierarchical Discriminant Analyses for Multiple Class Longitudinal Data from EEG Experiments. J Biopharm Stat 2008; 18:1120-35. [DOI: 10.1080/10543400802369111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Wouters
- a Universiteit Hasselt and Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, I-BioStat , Diepenbeek and Leuven, Belgium
| | - José Cortiñas Abrahantes
- a Universiteit Hasselt and Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, I-BioStat , Diepenbeek and Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Molenberghs
- a Universiteit Hasselt and Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, I-BioStat , Diepenbeek and Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abdellah Ahnaou
- b Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development , Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Luc Bijnens
- b Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development , Beerse, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mukherjee S, Simasko SM. Chronic alcohol treatment in rats alters sleep by fragmenting periods of vigilance cycling in the light period with extended wakenings. Behav Brain Res 2008; 198:113-24. [PMID: 19014977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that disturbed sleep produced by chronic alcohol abuse in humans can predict relapse drinking after periods of abstinence. How alcohol produces disturbed sleep remains unknown. In this study we used a novel analysis of sleep to examine the effects of alcohol on sleep patterns in rats. This analysis separates waking into multiple components and defines a period labeled vigilance cycling (VC) in which the rat rapidly cycles through various vigilance states. These VC episodes are separated by long duration wake (LDW) periods. We find that 6 weeks of alcohol (6% in a liquid diet) caused fragmentation of extended VC episodes that normally occur in the light period. However, total daily amounts of slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid-eye movement sleep (REMS) remained constant. The daily amount of wake, SWS, and REMS remained constant because the alcohol treated rats increased the amount of VC in the dark period, and the sleep nature of VC in the dark period became more intense. In addition, we observed more wake and less REMS early in the light period in alcohol treated rats. All effects completely reversed by day 16 of alcohol withdrawal. Comparison of the effects of chronic alcohol to acute alcohol exposure demonstrated the effects of chronic alcohol are due to adaptation and not the acute presence of alcohol. The effects of chronic alcohol treatment in rats mimic the effects reported in humans (REMS suppression, difficulty falling asleep, and difficulty remaining asleep).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Mukherjee
- Program in Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6520, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|