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Orhan C, Gencoglu H, Tuzcu M, Sahin N, Ozercan IH, Morde AA, Padigaru M, Sahin K. Allyl isothiocyanate attenuates LED light-induced retinal damage in rats: exploration for the potential molecular mechanisms. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2021; 40:376-386. [PMID: 34493133 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2021.1978478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Environmental light pollution due to artificial light may increase the rate and severity of retinal diseases, and plant-based nutritional interventions with antioxidant properties have the potential to reverse this phenomenon. We aimed to investigate the potential effects of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) against white light-emitting diode (LED)-induced retinal degeneration (RD) in the rats. METHODS Twenty-eight male rats were allocated as: (i) Control, (ii) LED, (iii) LED + AITC (10 mg/kg BW), (iv) LED + AITC (20 mg/kg BW). Rats were administered with AITC for 28 days, followed by two days of intense environmental LED light (750 Lux) exposure to the eyes. Animals were sacrificed immediately at the end of the study, then the blood and eyeballs were taken for the biochemical, western blotting, and histopathology examinations. RESULTS AITC lowered the serum and retina malondialdehyde (MDA) levels while significantly (p < 0.05) improving the retinal antioxidant enzyme activities in a dose-dependent manner. AITC improved retinal and outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness as compared to the LED group (p < 0.05). AITC increased the levels of Bax, caspase-3, HO-1, GAP43, and VEGF, while decreasing IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB, Bcl-2, GFAP, Grp78, activating ATF4 and ATF6 as compared to the LED group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, four weeks of AITC administration to the rats showed specific protective effects against two days of intense LED light-induced retinal damage; through antiinflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and modulating mitochondrial metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemal Orhan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Hasan Gencoglu
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tuzcu
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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Zhu JM, Hu N. Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in rat retina during development. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:52-6. [PMID: 25709907 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.01.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the spatiotemporal expression pattern of PPARγ in embryonic and early postnatal stages of rat retina. METHODS Fetal rats were collected at 13-18d of gestation (GD) from pregnant females and postnatal rats at 1d (P1) and 5d (P5) after birth were also used. We used RT-PCR to detect PPARγ mRNA and immunohistochemical to observe PPARγ protein. And at last, we chose HE staining showed the structural changes of rat retina during development. RESULTS RT-PCR analysis showed that PPARγ mRNA was expressed as early as GD13 and gradually decreased as maturation continued. However, the PPARγ gene expression significantly increased after birth, especially in P5. Immunohistochemical analysis showed PPARγ protein was expressed throughout the retinal neuroepithelium at GD13 and GD14, and then decreased during late embryogenesis but remained relatively high in the predicted ganglion cell zone. During postnatal development, PPARγ protein was remarkably increased and the positive signals were mainly located in nerve fiber layer (NFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL) and outer layers of the retina. CONCLUSION The spatiotemporal changes of PPARγ expression demonstrated that PPARγ might play a role in regulating the differentiation and maturation of retinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Ming Zhu
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong Medical College, Yancheng City No.1 People's Hospital, Yancheng 224006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
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Finnie JW, Manavis J, Casson RJ, Chidlow G. Retinal microvascular damage and vasogenic edema produced by Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin in rats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:470-472. [PMID: 24741023 DOI: 10.1177/1040638714530127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
When the brain is exposed to large circulating levels of Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin (EXT), microvascular damage with resulting severe, generalized, vasogenic edema seems to be principally responsible for the ensuing acute, and frequently fatal, neurologic disorder. However, although the blood-retinal barrier resembles in many respects the blood-brain barrier, retinal changes in livestock with acute epsilon intoxication have not, to the authors' knowledge, been previously reported. In rats given an acute dose of ETX, retinal microvascular endothelial injury led to widespread vasogenic edema as assessed immunohistochemically by marked plasma albumin extravasation. As laboratory rodents are a good model of the domestic livestock disease produced by ETX, it is probable that the latter sustain some visual deficit when exposed to large doses of this potent neurotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Finnie
- SA Pathology (Finnie, Manavis), Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaOphthalmic Research Laboratories, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology (Casson, Chidlow), Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaSchool of Veterinary Science (Finnie), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Casson, Chidlow), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jim Manavis
- SA Pathology (Finnie, Manavis), Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaOphthalmic Research Laboratories, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology (Casson, Chidlow), Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaSchool of Veterinary Science (Finnie), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Casson, Chidlow), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert J Casson
- SA Pathology (Finnie, Manavis), Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaOphthalmic Research Laboratories, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology (Casson, Chidlow), Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaSchool of Veterinary Science (Finnie), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Casson, Chidlow), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Glyn Chidlow
- SA Pathology (Finnie, Manavis), Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaOphthalmic Research Laboratories, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology (Casson, Chidlow), Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaSchool of Veterinary Science (Finnie), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Casson, Chidlow), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Kim SA, Jeon JH, Son MJ, Cha J, Chun MH, Kim IB. Changes in transcript and protein levels of calbindin D28k, calretinin and parvalbumin, and numbers of neuronal populations expressing these proteins in an ischemia model of rat retina. Anat Cell Biol 2010; 43:218-29. [PMID: 21212862 PMCID: PMC3015040 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2010.43.3.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive calcium is thought to be a critical step in various neurodegenerative processes including ischemia. Calbindin D28k (CB), calretinin (CR), and parvalbumin (PV), members of the EF-hand calcium-binding protein family, are thought to play a neuroprotective role in various pathologic conditions by serving as a buffer against excessive calcium. The expression of CB, PV and CR in the ischemic rat retina induced by increasing intraocular pressure was investigated at the transcript and protein levels, by means of the quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blot and immunohistochemistry. The transcript and protein levels of CB, which is strongly expressed in the horizontal cells in both normal and affected retinas, were not changed significantly and the number of CB-expressing horizontal cells remained unchanged throughout the experimental period 8 weeks after ischemia/reperfusion injury. At both the transcript and protein levels, however, CR, which is strongly expressed in several types of amacrine, ganglion, and displaced amacrine cells in both normal and affected retinas, was decreased. CR-expressing ganglion cell number was particularly decreased in ischemic retinas. Similar to the CR, PV transcript and protein levels, and PV-expressing AII amacrine cell number were decreased. Interestingly, in ischemic retinas PV was transiently expressed in putative cone bipolar cell types possibly those that connect with AII amacrine cells via gap junctions. These results suggest that these three calcium binding proteins may play different neuroprotective roles in ischemic insult by their ability to buffer calcium in the rat retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Ae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Szabadfi K, Mester L, Reglodi D, Kiss P, Babai N, Racz B, Kovacs K, Szabo A, Tamas A, Gabriel R, Atlasz T. Novel neuroprotective strategies in ischemic retinal lesions. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:544-561. [PMID: 20386654 PMCID: PMC2852854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11020544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ischemia can be effectively modeled by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, which leads to chronic hypoperfusion-induced degeneration in the entire rat retina. The complex pathways leading to retinal cell death offer a complex approach of neuroprotective strategies. In the present review we summarize recent findings with different neuroprotective candidate molecules. We describe the protective effects of intravitreal treatment with: (i) urocortin 2; (ii) a mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channel opener, diazoxide; (iii) a neurotrophic factor, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide; and (iv) a novel poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (HO3089). The retinoprotective effects are demonstrated with morphological description and effects on apoptotic pathways using molecular biological techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Szabadfi
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(K.S.);
(N.B.);
(R.G.)
| | - Laszlo Mester
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(L.M.);
(B.R.);
(K.K.);
(A.S.)
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(D.R.);
(P.K.);
(A.T.)
| | - Peter Kiss
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(D.R.);
(P.K.);
(A.T.)
| | - Norbert Babai
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(K.S.);
(N.B.);
(R.G.)
| | - Boglarka Racz
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(L.M.);
(B.R.);
(K.K.);
(A.S.)
| | - Krisztina Kovacs
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(L.M.);
(B.R.);
(K.K.);
(A.S.)
| | - Aliz Szabo
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(L.M.);
(B.R.);
(K.K.);
(A.S.)
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(D.R.);
(P.K.);
(A.T.)
| | - Robert Gabriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(K.S.);
(N.B.);
(R.G.)
| | - Tamas Atlasz
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(K.S.);
(N.B.);
(R.G.)
- Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel.: +36-72-503-600/4613; Fax: +36-72-501-517
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Hidaka S, Akahori Y, Kurosawa Y. Dendrodendritic electrical synapses between mammalian retinal ganglion cells. J Neurosci 2004; 24:10553-67. [PMID: 15548670 PMCID: PMC6730298 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3319-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Revised: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 09/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical synapses between alpha-type ganglion cells were detected using combined techniques of dual patch-clamp recordings, intracellular labeling, electron microscopy, and channel subunit connexin immunocytochemistry in the albino rat retina. After intracellular injection of Neurobiotin into alpha-cells of inner (ON-center) and outer (OFF-center) ramifying types, measurement of tracer coupling resulted in a preferentially homologous occurrence among cells of the same morphological type (n = 19 of 24). In high-voltage as well as conventional electron microscopic analysis, direct dendrodendritic gap junctions (average size, 0.86 mum long) were present in contact sites between tracer-coupled alpha-cells. In simultaneous dual whole-cell recordings from pairs of neighboring alpha-cells, these cells generated TTX-sensitive sustained spiking against extrinsic current injection, and bidirectional electrical synapses (maximum coupling coefficient, 0.32) with symmetrical junction conductance (average, 1.35 nS) were observed in pairs with cells of the same morphological type. Precise temporal synchronization of spike activity (average time delay, 2.7 msec) was detected when depolarizing currents were simultaneously injected into the pairs. To address whether physiologically identified electrical synapses constitute gap junctional connectivity between cell pairs, identified neuronal connexin36 immunoreactivity was undertaken in Lucifer yellow-labeled cell pairs after patch-clamp recordings. All alpha-cells expressed connexin36, and confocal laser-scanning imaging demonstrated that connexin36 is primarily located at dendritic crossings between electrically coupled cells (seven sites in a pair, on average). These results give conclusive evidence for electrical synapses via dendrodendritic gap junctions involving connexin36 in alpha retinal ganglion cells of the same physiological type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soh Hidaka
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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Koulen P, Kuhn R, Wässle H, Brandstätter JH. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR1alpha and mGluR5a: localization in both synaptic layers of the rat retina. J Neurosci 1997; 17:2200-11. [PMID: 9045744 PMCID: PMC6793758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the distribution of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR1alpha and mGluR5a, in the adult rat retina and during postnatal development using receptor-specific antisera. In contrast to the restricted localization of group II and group III mGluRs to either the outer plexiform layer (OPL) or the inner plexiform layer (IPL), group I mGluRs are present in both synaptic layers in the rat retina. Double-labeling experiments and electron microscopy showed that in the OPL the two receptors are localized on the dendritic tips of bipolar cells postsynaptic to photoreceptor terminals. In the IPL the two mGluRs are localized on amacrine cell processes postsynaptic to bipolar cell terminals. These results suggest that group I mGluRs are involved in synaptic processing in both plexiform layers and in both the scotopic and photopic pathways in the rat retina. We propose that mGluR1alpha and mGluR5a play an important modulatory role in the responses of retinal neurons to inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Koulen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung, Abteilung für Neuroanatomie, D-60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Brandstätter JH, Koulen P, Kuhn R, van der Putten H, Wässle H. Compartmental localization of a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR7): two different active sites at a retinal synapse. J Neurosci 1996; 16:4749-56. [PMID: 8764662 PMCID: PMC6579013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGluR7) was studied in the rat retina using a specific antiserum. Punctate immunofluorescence that corresponded to synaptic localization was present exclusively in the inner plexiform layer. Double-labeling experiments suggested that mGluR7 is expressed at the synaptic terminals of certain cone bipolar cells. Electron microscopy showed that mGluR7 was present both presynaptically, as an autoreceptor in cone bipolar cell ribbon synapses, and postsynaptically in amacrine cells. There are usually two postsynaptic processes at a bipolar cell ribbon synapse; however, the presynaptic aggregation of mGluR7 was restricted to one half of the active zone and therefore was opposed to only one of the postsynaptic processes. This selective localization of mGluR7 could differentially regulate the glutamate release from the ribbon synapse, thus leading to a differential activation of the postsynaptic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Brandstätter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung, Abteilung für Neuroanatomie, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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