Lutein/Zeaxanthin Isomers and Quercetagetin Combination Safeguards the Retina from Photo-Oxidative Damage by Modulating Neuroplasticity Markers and the Nrf2 Pathway

Exposure to light-emitting diode (LED) light is a primary cause of retinal damage, resulting in vision loss. Several plant-derived substances, such as lutein and quercetagetin (QCG), show promise in supporting eye health. In this study, the impact of lutein/zeaxanthin (L/Z, Lutemax 2020) and QCG were evaluated individually and together in a rat model of LED-induced retinal damage. A total of 63 Wistar rats were allocated into nine groups (n = 7). For 28 days, the rats received L/Z (10 or 20 mg/kg BW), quercetin (QC, 20 mg/kg BW), QCG (10 or 20 mg/kg BW), or a mixture of different lutein and QCG dosages, after which they were exposed to LED light for 48 h. LED exposure led to a spike in serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and inflammatory cytokines, as well as an increase in retinal NF-κB, ICAM, GFAP, and MCP-1 levels (p < 0.0001 for all). It also reduced serum antioxidant enzyme activities and retinal Nrf2, HO-1, GAP43, NCAM, and outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness (p < 0.0001 for all). However, administering L/Z and QCG, particularly a 1:1 combination of L/Z and QCG at 20 mg/kg, effectively reversed these changes. The treatment suppressed NF-κB, ICAM, GFAP, and MCP-1 while enhancing Nrf2, HO-1, GAP43, and NCAM and preventing ONL thickness reduction in LED-induced retinal damage rats. In conclusion, while LED light exposure caused retinal damage, treatment with L/Z, QC, and QCG, particularly a combined L/Z and QCG regimen, exhibited protective effects on the retina. This is possibly due to the modulation of neuroplasticity markers and nuclear transcription factors in the rats' retinal cells.

Protective effect of a novel polyherbal formulation on experimentally induced osteoarthritis in a rat model

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a musculoskeletal disorder mainly found in elderly individuals. Modern treatment of OA, like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, hyaluronic acid injections, etc., is linked to long-term side effects. We evaluated the anti-osteoarthritic properties of a novel joint health formula (JHF) containing Bisdemethoxycurcumin enriched curcumin, 3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-beta-Boswellic acid-enriched Boswellia, and Ashwagandha in monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced knee OA in rats. Twenty-eight female rats were distributed into four groups: Control, OA, OA + JHF (100 mg/kg), and OA + JHF (200 mg/kg). JHF decreased the right joint diameters but increased the paw area and stride length compared to the OA group with no treatment. JHF significantly reduced the arthritic conditions after four weeks of supplementation (p < 0.05). JHF significantly decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, COMP, and CRP in the serum of osteoarthritic rats (p < 0.0001). We observed reduced lipid peroxidation but increased SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT activities in response to JHF treatment in OA animals. JHF down-regulated MMP-3, COX-2, and LOX-5 and improved the histological structure of the knee joint of osteoarthritic rats. JHF demonstrated a protective effect against osteoarthritis, possibly due to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity in experimentally induced osteoarthritis in rats, and could be an effective option in the management of OA.

Efficacy of a Polyherbal Supplement in Enhancing Immune Cells in Individuals Frequently Susceptible to Cold and Flu

Objectives

Human immune system is a complex network of cells and proteins which protects the body from various infections. Therefore, optimal functioning of immune system is critical to fight against infections. OmniActive has developed a polyherbal supplement consisting of Ashwagandha, Boswellia, Neem, Ultrasol Curcumin, and Star Anise to modulate the human immune system and provide protection against infections. Objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of immune supplement (IS) in healthy human subjects frequently susceptible to cold and flu.

Methods

Thirty subjects completed this randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled study. Subjects were randomized to either IS or placebo groups and instructed to consume one tablet every morning after breakfast for 60 days. Efficacy assessments included blood measures for WBC, WBC differential, Absolute Lymphocytes, Platelets, IgG, IgM, CD4 and CD8, CD4/CD8 ratio, CD45, CD3, Natural killer (CD (16 + 56), CRP, Perceived Stress Score (PSS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Common Cold Questionnaire (CCQ) at baseline, day 30 and day 60. Safety was evaluated by monitoring adverse events. Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA to evaluate the mean change from baseline for IS in comparison to placebo.

Results

The IS group showed significant improvement (p &lt; 0.05) as compared to placebo in the markers of innate immunity with an increase in WBC, natural killer cells, and platelet counts. Further IS group also showed significant improvements (p &lt; 0.05) in the markers of adaptive immunity through an increase in the number of absolute lymphocytes, lymphocytes %, CD4 (Helper T Cells), CD8 (Suppressor T-Cells), CD4/CD8 ratio, CD3 (T Cells), CD45, IgG at several time points in the study. A significant decrease (p &lt; 0.05) was also noted in CRP levels and common cold symptoms with the IS group. No adverse events related to the treatment were observed.

Conclusions

The clinical study findings suggest that there was a significant improvement in the overall immune status of subjects without any adverse events related to immune supplement. The immune supplement could be beneficial for individuals looking for herbal alternatives to enhance immune system and protection from infections.

Funding Sources

OmniActive Health Technologies Limited.

A Novel Formulation of Curcumin and 3-O-Acetyl-11-Keto-Beta-Boswellic Acid Enriched Boswellia Extract Ameliorates Experimentally Induced Osteoarthritis in Rats

Objectives

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic musculoskeletal disorder of knee joint, characterized by inflammation and cartilage damage. Current therapeutic approaches for osteoarthritis directed at amelioration of symptoms are associated with clinically significant adverse events upon long-term use. We evaluated a formulation provided by OmniActive Health Technologies that contained combination of highly bioavailable form of curcumin (Curcuwin ultra+) and 3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-beta-Boswellic acid (AKBA) enriched Boswellia extract in monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)‐induced knee OA in rats.

Methods

Thirty-five female rats were distributed into five groups groups: Control, OA, OA + CA (Curcuminoids + AKBA 15 mg/kg), OA + UCII (4 mg/kg) and OA + Move Free advanced Glucosamine and Chondroitin (197 mg/kg). OA was induced by a single administration of MIA into right knee joint through the infrapatellar ligament and followed by treatment for 4 weeks. Animals were evaluated for various biochemical, radiological, histopathological and protein expression for various inflammatory and catabolic markers involved in the biology of OA.

Results

Monosodium iodoacetate induced OA in rats after two weeks of administration. All the three treatment CA, UCII and Move Free formula exhibited an anti-arthritic effect after 4 weeks of treatment with significant (P< 0.05) reduction of both serum and joint tissue TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein and additionally C-reactive protein in the serum of OA rats. We also observed an overall reduction of oxidative stress with significant (P< 0.05) reduction of lipid peroxidation, and increased antioxidant activities with SOD, GSH-Px and CAT levels in response to treatment in OA animals associated with improved histological structure of the knee joint of OA rats along gross improvement of joint architecture.

Conclusions

The novel formulation of Curcuwin ultra+ and AKBA provided protective effect against osteoarthritis possibly due to anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity in experimentally induced OA in rats with comparable activity to extensivley used supplements against OA in the market such as UCII and Move Free formula and could serve an effective alternative treatment option against OA.

Funding Sources

OmniActive Health Technologies (India) and partially by Turkish Academy of Sciences (Turkey)

Immunomodulatory Activity of a Polyherbal Immune Blend in Wistar Rats

Objectives

The immune system plays an important role in protection against foreign organisms and its modulation is implicated in infection, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Several plant extracts have been explored as immune modulators which work either as immunosuppressive or immune-stimulating agents. he present study explores an in vivo immunomodulatory activity of an in-house formulated combination of plant extracts, called as Immune blend consisting of extracts of Boswellia, Ashwagandha, Neem, Ultrasol Curcumin, and Star anise.

Methods

The study was performed using 32 male wistar rats divided into 4 groups (vehicle control, dexamethasone, immune blend, dexamethasone + immune blend). Immunosuppression was induced in rats using dexamethasone (5 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally. The in-vivo immunomodulatory activity of Immune blend (at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight) was evaluated by measurement of hemagglutination titer, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response against a foreign antigen and carbon clearance test. Additionally, synergy of the combination of plant extracts was measured in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced THP1 cells for their ability to inhibit inflammatory cytokines through fluorescence-activated cell-sorting (FACS).

Results

Immune blend demonstrated significant (P &lt; 0.05) increase in hemagglutination titer against sheep red blood cell (SRBC) as compared to dexamethasone control animals. Further immune blend also led to significant increase (P &lt; 0.05) in cell mediated immune response against SRBC as measured by foot paw edema as compared to dexamethasone control animals. Pretreatment with the immune blend also showed a significant rise (P &lt; 0.01) in phagocytic index indicated by phagocytic activity. Immune blend significantly inhibited expression of TNF-α and IL-2 in LPS-stimulated THP1 cells with synergistic response with the blend as compared to individual ingredients.

Conclusions

The study revealed that the immune blend stimulates both the cellular and the humoral immune responses under normal and immunosuppressed conditions in wistar rat model suggesting its therapeutic usefulness.

Funding Sources

OmniActive Health Technologies Limited.

Effect of a Novel Valerian Extract on Sleep Duration, Latency, Pro-sleep Neurotransmitters and Neuronal Receptors in a Pentobarbital-Induced Sleep Model in Mice

Objectives

Insomnia and sleep associated disorders continue to remain one of the significant health challenges affecting more than 30% of adult population. Valeriana officinalis is being used since ancient times for treatment of conditions associated with sleep. The current study aimed to validate the effect of a novel valerian (VA) extract on sleep quality and molecular mechanisms of action using pentobarbital-induced sleep model in mice.

Methods

Thirty-five male BALB/c mice were divided into 5 groups: 1) Control, 2) Pentobarbital (42 mg/kg), 3) Pentobarbital + melatonin (2 mg/kg BW) 4) Pentobarbital + VA1 (100 mg/kg BW), 5) Pentobarbital + VA2 (300 mg/kg BW). Forty-five minutes following oral treatment, mice were injected with a hypotonic dose of pentobarbital into the left side of abdomen. Sleep duration was measured as the time elapsed between reflex loss and recovery. Sleep latency was measured as the period between pentobarbital injection and sleep onset. Melatonin was used as reference in the study. Animals were euthanized at the end of the study and analyzed for serum neurotransmitter levels and various neurotransmitter receptor levels in the brain tissues.

Results

Melatonin and VA extract increased the sleep duration and decreased the sleep latency as compared to Pentobarbital group (P &lt; 0.05), wherein the VA2 group showed significantly higher improvements in sleep latency compared to VA1 and melatonin groups (P &lt; 0.05). Further, both groups of valerian (VA1 & VA2) and melatonin increased the serum levels of pro-sleep neurotransmitters; serotonin, melatonin, and dopamine along with increased expression of their receptors (GABAA R2, GABAB R1- R2, serotonin receptor, Glutamate receptors GluA1, GluN2A, and GluN1) in the brain tissues. We also observed increased expression of modulators of apoptotic pathway and reduced oxidative stress in valerian as well as melatonin groups.

Conclusions

Valerian extract 2% powder prolongs sleep duration and decreases sleep latency in a pentobarbital-induced sleep model in mice. Further valerian extract modulated the serum levels of all three pro-sleep neurotransmitters and enhanced the expression of various sleep promoting neuronal receptors of brain involved in sleep biology in a dose-dependent manner.

Funding Sources

OmniActive Health Technologies (India) and partially by the Turkish Academy of Sciences (Turkey).

Protective Effect of Allyl Isothiocyanate in an Experimentally Induced Rat Model for Dry Eye Syndrome

PURPOSE/AIM OF THE STUDY

Growing evidence emphasizes the role of inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Dry Eye Syndrome (DES). Concordantly, the importance of agents targeting the inflammatory cascade and oxidative stress in the treatment is also progressively increasing. Herein, the study has investigated the protective effects and underlying mechanism of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) on the ocular surface in a benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-induced dry eye rat model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of twenty-one Wistar albino rats were used to form the following three groups: Control, BAC, BAC + AITC. DES was established by topical application of BAC (four times daily for two weeks) in two groups, of which one group was treated with AITC (10 mg/kg BW daily oral dosage) for four weeks. Rats were monitored by dry eye diagnostic tests during the study period, and eventually, corneal tissues were used to evaluate for histopathologic analyzes and inflammatory and oxidative status.

RESULTS

A significant improvement was observed in various histopathologic and ophthalmologic findings, including tear volume, tear film integrity, ocular surface damage, ocular inflammatory signs, corneal thickness, and edema through AITC supplementation. AITC prominently balanced the inflammatory status and oxidative stress by lowering key proinflammatory mediators (NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) and increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH-Px). Also, levels of protective tear proteins, including Muc1, Muc4, and Muc5 were recovered with AITC supplementation.

CONCLUSION

AITC alleviates clinical and histopathologic signs related to DES. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of AITC play a significant role in the mechanism of action.

Next-Generation Ultrasol Curcumin Boosts Muscle Endurance and Reduces Muscle Damage in Treadmill-Exhausted Rats

Curcumin positively affects performance during exercise and subsequent recovery. However, curcumin has limited bioavailability unless consumed in larger doses. In the current study, we examined the impact of a new formulation of curcumin, Next-Generation Ultrasol Curcumin (NGUC), which is relatively more bioavailable than natural curcumin on exhaustion time, grip strength, muscle damage parameters, and serum and muscle proteins. A total of 28 rats were randomly grouped as control (C, non-supplemented), exercise (E, non-supplemented), E+NGUC100 (supplemented with 100 mg/kg BW NGUC), and E+NGUC200 (supplemented with 200 mg/kg NGUC). Grip strength and exhaustion time were increased with NGUC supplementation (p < 0.0001). Creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lactic acid (LA), myoglobin, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were reduced in serum, and muscle tissue in NGUC supplemented groups (p < 0.05). In contrast, NGUC supplementation elevated the antioxidant enzyme levels compared to the non-supplemented exercise group (p < 0.01). Additionally, inflammatory cytokines were inhibited with NGUC administration (p < 0.05). NGUC decreased PGC-1α, p-4E-BP1, p-mTOR, MAFbx, and MuRF1 proteins in muscle tissue (p < 0.05). These results indicate that NGUC boosts exercise performance while reducing muscle damage by targeting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and muscle mass regulatory pathways.

Allyl isothiocyanate attenuates LED light-induced retinal damage in rats: exploration for the potential molecular mechanisms

PURPOSE

Environmental light pollution due to artificial light may increase the rate and severity of retinal diseases, and plant-based nutritional interventions with antioxidant properties have the potential to reverse this phenomenon. We aimed to investigate the potential effects of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) against white light-emitting diode (LED)-induced retinal degeneration (RD) in the rats.

METHODS

Twenty-eight male rats were allocated as: (i) Control, (ii) LED, (iii) LED + AITC (10 mg/kg BW), (iv) LED + AITC (20 mg/kg BW). Rats were administered with AITC for 28 days, followed by two days of intense environmental LED light (750 Lux) exposure to the eyes. Animals were sacrificed immediately at the end of the study, then the blood and eyeballs were taken for the biochemical, western blotting, and histopathology examinations.

RESULTS

AITC lowered the serum and retina malondialdehyde (MDA) levels while significantly (p < 0.05) improving the retinal antioxidant enzyme activities in a dose-dependent manner. AITC improved retinal and outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness as compared to the LED group (p < 0.05). AITC increased the levels of Bax, caspase-3, HO-1, GAP43, and VEGF, while decreasing IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB, Bcl-2, GFAP, Grp78, activating ATF4 and ATF6 as compared to the LED group (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, four weeks of AITC administration to the rats showed specific protective effects against two days of intense LED light-induced retinal damage; through antiinflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and modulating mitochondrial metabolic pathways.

Effect of a Novel Multi-Ingredient Formulation on Management of Dry Eye Discomfort in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Human Clinical Study

Objectives

Dry eye is a chronic condition associated with insufficient tear production and faster tear evaporation and commonly accompanied by inflammation that may lead to ocular surface damage. We have developed a multi-ingredient formulation containing lutein, zeaxanthin, curcumin, and vitamin D3 to address conditions associated with dry eye. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of our formulation in subjects with mild to moderate dry eye symptoms.

Methods

This was a randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled study. Sixty subjects with mild to moderate DES were randomly assigned in a 1 : 1 ratio to the test or placebo groups. Subjects consumed one capsule of the test or placebo product every morning

through the study duration of 56 days. The test product comprised 20 mg lutein, 4 mg zeaxanthin, 200 mg curcuminoids, and 600 IU vitamin D3 in form of a capsule. The placebo product contained soybean oil.  Changes in tear volume by Schirmer's test and severity of dry eye discomfort measured by Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score, changes in Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) questionnaire, tear film break up time (TBUT), corneal & conjunctival staining, tear osmolarity, Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 levels in tear fluid, and artificial tear usage were evaluated.

Results

Thirty subjects in Test and 29 in Placebo group completed study. We observed statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05) improvements in tear volume, TBUT, and a reduction in dry eye discomfort as measured by OSDI and SPEED scores from baseline to day 56 in the Test group. Mean corneal & conjunctival staining scores, tear osmolarity and tear MMP-9 levels also showed significant improvements (P &lt; 0.05) when compared to Placebo on day 56. Artificial tear usage & frequency of usage were significantly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) in test group as compared to Placebo. Products were well tolerated without any adverse events.

Conclusions

Our multi-ingredient formulation demonstrated significant improvement in dry eye conditions including eye hydration and moisture, tear stability and quality, and overall improvements in eye comfort.

Funding Sources

OmniActive Health Technologies

Capsimax Increases Resting Energy Expenditure in Males Under Fasting State: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Cross-Over Study

Objectives

Obesity is caused by an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Resting energy expenditure (REE) represents the calories burned at rest and accounts for &gt; 60% of total energy expenditure. Energy expenditure plays an important role in obesity development, hence an increase in REE could facilitate body weight reduction. Capsaicinoids, extracted from capsicum annuum have been known to increase metabolism, lipolysis & induce satiety. The study objective was to evaluate the effects of Capsimax™ on REE and thermal sensation.

Methods

This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, cross-over study. Efficacy analysis included subsets of 17 males and 7 females who received single dose of Capsimax™ 100 mg (2 mg total capsaicinoids) and placebo in a cross-over fashion with washout period of 3–6 days as per randomization schedule. REE was measured using Cosmed Q-NRG by

indirect calorimetry. Secondary objectives were Area under curve (AUC) for REE, VO2, VCO2 & subject's innate thermal sensation using American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) scale. REE, VO2, VCO2, ASHRAE scale were evaluated at 0 (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3 & 4 hours and additional measures for ASHRAE scale at 0.5 & 1.5 hours post-dose. Safety was assessed throughout the study with measurements of ECG, blood pressure, pulse rate, body temperature & adverse event occurrences.

Results

In males, CapsimaxTM consumption significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05) the change in REE at 1 hr (+90.19 ± 36.99 kcal Vs -92.97 ± 35.95 kcal), 2 hr (+77.17 ± 35.12 kcal Vs -41.90 ± 35.12 kcal), 3 hr (+48.47 ± 38.60 kcal Vs −51.74 ± 37.69 kcal) & 4 hr (+30.17 ± 40.37 kcal Vs −43.88 ± 40.37 kcal) as compared to placebo. Significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) were also seen for AUC0–2 REE, VO2 at 1, 2 & 3 hrs and VCO2 at 3 hrs for CapsimaxTM versus placebo.  Although not significantly different, subject's in CapsimaxTM group showed higher feelings of warmth at all time points post dose based on ASHRAE score versus placebo. No significant differences were observed for any of the endpoints in females. No safety issues or adverse events were seen.

Conclusions

Our study findings demonstrate that CapsimaxTM supplementation increases REE in males and may represent a useful nutritional strategy to help weight management efforts.

Funding Sources

OmniActive Health Technologies Ltd.

Comparative Pharmacokinetics of a Novel, Patented Sustained Release Caffeine Versus Immediate Release Caffeine and Their Effects on Alertness & Mood

Objectives

Oral caffeine consumption results in rapid absorption with high blood levels followed by its sharp decline and is typically associated with reduction in beneficial effects of caffeine. To help extend the benefits of caffeine over a six-eight hour time period, we developed a new sustained release caffeine (SRC) formulation called XtenergyTM. The primary study objective was to compare the pharmacokinetic profile of SRC with immediate release caffeine (IRC). Secondary objectives were comparing the effects of SRC and IRC using caffeine research visual analogue scales (Caff - VAS) and evaluate its safety.

Methods

Twenty-six subjects were randomized to receive 200 mg of caffeine from SRC and IRC in a double blind, single-dose, two-period, crossover study in healthy subjects under fasting state. A washout duration of 7 days was followed between the two periods. Blood samples were collected at –4, 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 & 24 hours in each period. Plasma caffeine levels were analysed using a validated LCMS/MS method. The changes in Caff-VAS for relaxed, alert, jittery, tired, tense, headache & overall mood from baseline (0) to 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 & 12 hrs were evaluated.

Results

Twenty-four male subjects with mean age 32.71 ± 6.18 yrs completed the study. Median tmax was 325.53% higher (4.00 vs 0.94 hrs) and mean t1/2 was 21.34% higher (9.24 ± 4.56 vs 7.61 ± 3.98 hrs) for SRC (P &lt; 0.05) compared to IRC, respectively. Geometric least squares means (GLSM) for AUC4–8 (11,673.52 vs 10,930.25 hr.ng/mL) & AUC6–12 (14,043.79 vs 11,432.41 hr.ng/mL) were 6.80% and 22.84% higher for SRC compared to IRC, respectively. SRC showed an equivalent total absorption as IRC based on 90% CI for AUC0–24 (43,312.07 vs 44,009.64 hr*ng/mL). SRC demonstrated significant effects (P &lt; 0.05) on feelings of being more alert, less tired, better overall mood, less jittery & less tense compared to IRC. SRC was well tolerated with no adverse events.

Conclusions

The SRC formulation resulted in slow & sustained levels of plasma caffeine associated with feelings of being more alert, less tired, better overall mood, less jittery and less tense for longer time periods without any safety concerns. SRC could be beneficial for those involved in sustained operations demanding peak cognitive & physical performance for a longer time.

Funding Sources

OmniActive Health Technologies Ltd.

Superior Bioavailability of a Patented Lutein & Zeaxanthin Macular Carotenoid (MC) Formulation

Objectives

Lutein (L) and Zeaxanthin (Z) are the only dietary carotenoids exclusively deposited in the macula and supplementation of these nutrients is associated with visual and cognitive benefits. Ensuring their bioavailability is an important consideration for efficacy. We developed and patented a unique LZ formulation designed for enhanced MC absorption (Test). Our objective was to clinically measure the bioavailability of this Test formulation in comparison to a commercially available formulation (Reference).

Methods

This randomized, double-blind, parallel study involved ninety healthy, adult human volunteers. All subjects stayed within the study facility three days before administration of the study products and three days post-dose. Volunteers consumed a single-dose of the Test or Reference product, each comprising of 10 mg L and 2 mg Z immediately

after breakfast. Blood samples were collected prior to dosing @ −48, −24 & 0 hrs and subsequently at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, 48 and 72 hrs post-dose. L and Z levels were measured in serum using the validated HPLC method. The primary outcomes of the study included Cmax, AUC0–72, AUC0-T. Secondary outcomes included AUC0-12, AUC0-24, AUC0-48, AUC0-inf, Tmax and t1/2.

Results

All subjects completed the study with 100% compliance and no drop-outs. Serum L and Z levels were significantly higher in the Test group vs. the Reference group with a 2-fold and 1.5-fold greater absorption of L and Z levels, respectively, at all time points. Cmax, AUC0-72 and AUC0-T for serum L levels were 2.5, 2.9 and 3.2-fold greater, respectively, in the group receiving the Test formula. Similarly, the Cmax, AUC0-72 and AUC0-T for serum Z were also significantly greater with the Test formula. Finally, the Cmax and AUC parameters were significantly higher than the 80–125% criteria established by the FDA for bioequivalence confirming the superior bioavailability of Test product compared to Reference product.

Conclusions

These clinical findings support the superior bioavailability of this novel and uniquely formulated L Z dietary supplement product. The enhanced bioavailability behavior of this proprietary formulation can be advantageous for individuals looking to quickly improve their L and Z status and enhance their vision protection and performance.

Funding Sources

OmniActive Health Technologies.

Accumulating evidence to support the safe and efficacious use of a proprietary blend of capsaicinoids in mediating risk factors for obesity

Obesity is a significant public health concern, and finding safe and effective means for combating this condition is needed. This study investigates the safety and efficacy of supplementation of a blend of capsaicinoids on weight gain, fat mass, and blood chemistry in a high-fat diet (HFD) model of obesity in mice and on adipocyte differentiation and gene expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. High-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice were treated with a proprietary capsaicinoid concentrate (Capsimax®; OmniActive Health Technologies Ltd., India) and compared to orlistat (ORL) and normal chow-fed mice (NC). Mice fed a high-fat diet showed significantly lower weight gain upon Capsimax® (CAP) administration than their HFD counterparts and similar to that observed with ORL animals. In addition, CAP decreased the high-fat diet-induced increases in adipose tissue and epididymal fat pad mass and hypertrophy after 52 days of treatment. Both the CAP and ORL groups had increased plasma concentrations of leptin. CAP extracts decreased triacylglycerol content in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and decreased markers of adipogenesis including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-ɣ) and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4). Expression of genes involved in lipogenesis such as stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) and fatty acid synthase (FSN) was decreased by CAP in a dose-dependent manner. Thermogenic genes and markers of brown adipose tissue including uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and PR domain-containing 16 (Prdm16) were induced by CAP in the preadipocyte cells. These in vivo and in vitro data support that this proprietary capsaicinoid concentrate reduces weight gain and adiposity at least in part through decreasing lipogenesis and increasing thermogenesis.

A Next Generation Formulation of Curcumin Ameliorates Experimentally Induced Osteoarthritis in Rats via Regulation of Inflammatory Mediators

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic and debilitating disease of the knee joint. OA of the knee is initiated by physical damage and accumulated oxidative stress, followed by an exaggerated inflammation leading to cartilage damage. Currently, no effective and safe therapeutic option capable of restoring articular cartilage tissue and joint architecture is available. We here report a novel and highly bioavailable formulation of curcumin, labeled as Next Generation Ultrasol Curcumin (NGUC), which was 64.7 times more bioavailable than natural 95% curcumin extract as demonstrated in rat bioavailability studies. We further investigated the protective effect of NGUC against monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)‐induced knee OA in rats. Analysis of X-ray and histopathological images revealed that NGUC supplementation restored joint architecture and reduced swelling of joints induced by MIA. NGUC treatment caused a significant reduction in the levels of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COMP, and CRP, and expressions of MMP-3, 5-LOX, COX-2, and NFκB in synovial tissue of rats with MIA-induced OA. NGUC also decreased serum MDA level and increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GPX. Thus, our results indicate that a novel formulation of curcumin with enhanced bioavailability effectively ameliorates the pathophysiology of OA.

Different Doses of β-Cryptoxanthin May Secure the Retina from Photooxidative Injury Resulted from Common LED Sources

Retinal damage associated with loss of photoreceptors is a hallmark of eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy. Potent nutritional antioxidants were previously shown to abate the degenerative process in AMD. β-Cryptoxanthin (BCX) is an essential dietary carotenoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and provitamin A activity. It is a potential candidate for developing intervention strategies to delay the development/progression of AMD. In the current study, the effect of a novel, highly purified BCX oral formulation on the rat retinal damage model was evaluated. Rats were fed with BCX for four weeks at the doses of 2 and 4 mg/kg body weight in the form of highly bioavailable oil suspension, followed by retinal damage by exposing to the bright light-emitting diode (LED) light (750 lux) for 48 hrs. Animals were sacrificed after 48 hours, and eyes and blood samples were collected and analyzed. BCX supplementations (2 and 4 mg/kg) showed improvements in the visual condition as demonstrated by histopathology of the retina and measured parameters such as total retinal thickness and outer nuclear layer thickness. BCX supplementation helped reduce the burden of oxidative stress as seen by decreased serum and retinal tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and restored the antioxidant enzyme activities in BCX groups. Further, BCX supplementation modulated inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-κB), apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, caspase 3), growth proteins and factors (GAP43, VEGF), glial and neuronal proteins (GFAP, NCAM), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), along with the mitochondrial stress markers (ATF4, ATF6, Grp78, Grp94) in the rat retinal tissue. This study indicates that oral supplementation of BCX exerts a protective effect on light-induced retinal damage in the rats via reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, also protected against mitochondrial DNA damage and cellular death.

A Novel Integrated Active Herbal Formulation Ameliorates Dry Eye Syndrome by Inhibiting Inflammation and Oxidative Stress and Enhancing Glycosylated Phosphoproteins in Rats

Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a chronic condition of the eye with insufficient production of tears leading to inadequate lubrication of eyes. Symptoms of DES are associated with discomfort and redness of the eye, blurred vision, and tear film instability which leads to the damaged ocular surface. Inflammation and oxidative stress play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this study, the protective effect of different doses (100 or 200 mg/kg) of a novel multi-component oral formulation of lutein/zeaxanthin, curcumin, and vitamin D3 (LCD) was evaluated using a rat model with benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-induced dry eye syndrome. The formulation was administered orally to rats for 4 weeks. We observed a significant improvement in tear volume, tear breakup time, tear film integrity, and reduction in overall inflammation in rats fed with the LCD at dose 200 mg/kg performing better than 100 mg/kg. Furthermore, the formulation helped in lowering oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant levels and restored protective tear protein levels including MUC1, MUC4, and MUC5AC with 200 mg of LCD having the most significant effect. The results strongly suggest that the combination of lutein/zeaxanthin, curcumin, and vitamin-D3 is effective in alleviating the symptoms of dry eye condition with a multi-modal mechanism of action.

Efficacy of a Novel Integrated Active Herbal Formulation in Experimentally Induced Rat Model for Dry Eye Disease

Objectives

Dry eye is common condition of eye with insufficient production of tears leading to inadequate lubrication of eyes. It is chronic in nature & may be associated with discomfort & eye redness, blurred vision & tear film instability leading to potentially damaged ocular surfaces. Inflammation & oxidative stress play significant role in pathogenesis of disease by causing ocular surface disruption. Traditional Rx for dry eyes such as artificial tears, punctual plugs, prescription eye drops, etc. doesn't adequately address underlying causes of dry eyes. Further many of treatments are in form of eye drops that require regular administration to eyes, which is inconvenient & contains preservatives that further irritate eyes. We evaluated integrated active formulation administered orally to alleviate symptoms of dry eyes in rat model.

Methods

We used proprietary formulation technology to blend multiple ingredients into an integrated oil suspension (OS) that can be conveniently used in an oral dosage form. Ingredients included bioavailable form of Curcumin, Lutein/Zeaxanthin (L/Z) and Vit D3 formulated as an integrated product. Dry eye condition was created by administration of BAK (benzalkonium chloride) to eyes of female Wistar rat twice daily for 14 days, followed by initiation of supplementation by administering integrated dry eye formulation by oral gavage for 4 weeks at dose of 100 & 200 mg/kg b.w. to evaluate effect of this novel formulation. 7 rats were included in each group.

Results

There was significant improvement in tear volume, tear breakup time, tear film integrity & reduced overall inflammation, histopathological examination with supplementation. Our formulation helped in lowering oxidative stress as evidenced by significant reduced serum & corneal MDA, increased corneal SOD & corneal GPx. Levels of inflammatory cytokines such as NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 & IL-8 were significantly reduced & protective proteins such as MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC and MMP-9 were restored by supplementation with integrated dry eye formulation which were otherwise lowered in dry eye condition.

Conclusions

Our results strongly suggest that our novel integrated active formulation of Curcumin, L/Z, Vit D3 is effective in alleviating symptoms of dry eye condition with multi-modal mechanism of action in dose dependent manner.

Funding Sources

OmniActive Health Technologies Limited.

Protective Effect of a Novel Highly Bioavailable Formulation of Curcumin in Experimentally Induced Osteoarthritis Rat Model

Objectives

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a chronic and painful debilitating disease. OA of the knee is initiated by physical damage and accumulated oxidative stress, followed by exaggerated inflammation leading to cartilage damage. Currently, no effective pharmacotherapy capable of restoring the cartilage tissue and joint architecture is available. Hence, there has been an attempt in developing alternative therapeutic approaches including herbal remedies. Curcumin from turmeric root used extensively in traditional medicine is a well-known anti-inflammatory agent. We have developed a novel, improved intestinal pH stable and highly bioavailable formulation of curcumin which is called Advanced Ultrasol Curcumin (AUC) and here we present data to demonstrate the efficacy of AUC in a rat model of knee OA.

Methods

Female Wistar rats were used to induce OA of the knee by intra-articular injection of sodium monoiodoacetate followed by recovery for 14 days. Seven rats were included in each group. Animals were supplemented with AUC for 4 weeks at two different concentrations (20 and 40 mg/kg of total curcuminoids) and assessment of disease was carried out by histopathology including integrity of joint architecture, and effect of supplementation on oxidative stress, inflammation and on extracellular matrix proteinases levels in joint tissue using western blot technique.

Results

We observed a significant restoration of joint architecture and reduction in swelling of joint as demonstrated by X-ray images and histopathology after 4 weeks of AUC administration. There was a significant reduction in serum and synovial tissue malondialdehyde levels and increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase; and catalase levels. Further, there was a significant reduction in synovial inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and CRP) and markers of cartilage damage such as COMP, collagen type 2 and MMP3 levels in synovial tissue.

Conclusions

Curcumin is a well-established herbal ingredient for inflammatory diseases such as OA and AUC, a novel formulation of curcumin with enhanced intestinal stability and bioavailability is effective in ameliorating pathophysiology of OA in experimentally induced rat OA model in a dose dependent manner.

Funding Sources

OmniActive Health Technologies Limited.

Efficacy of a Novel Integrated Active Herbal Formulation in Experimentally Induced Osteoarthritis Rat Model

Objectives

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating chronic illness that affects millions across the globe. Current medical treatment approaches that focus on the reduction of pain and inflammation using pharmaceutical drugs are moderately effective and associated with significant adverse events. Hence health care professionals are exploring alternative approaches that are effective and safe to treat osteoarthritis. We developed a novel integrated active formulation to alleviate symptoms of osteoarthritis using improved plant extracts from Curcumin, Ashwagandha and Boswellia and validated the efficacy of the formulation using a well-established animal model for osteoarthritis.

Methods

We induced OA in female Wistar rats by intra-articular injection of sodium monoiodoacetate followed by recovery for 14 days. Seven rats were included in each group. Animals were supplemented with integrated active herbal formulation of enriched extracts of Curcumin, Boswellia and Ashwagandha for 4 weeks at two different concentrations (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) and assessment of disease was carried out by histopathology including integrity of joint architecture, and effect of supplementation on oxidative stress, inflammation and on extracellular matrix proteinases levels in joint tissue using western blot technique.

Results

We observed a significant restoration of joint architecture and reduction in swelling of joint as demonstrated by X-ray images and histopathology after 4 weeks of administration integrated active herbal supplement. There was a significant reduction in serum and synovial tissue malondialdehyde levels and increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase; and catalase levels. Synovial inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and CRP) and markers of cartilage damage such as COMP, collagen type 2 and MMP-3 levels were significantly reduced in synovial tissue in response to supplementation.

Conclusions

Our data indicate that our integrated active herbal formulation has a strong protective effect against OA in a dose dependent manner by acting through multi-modal pathways as substantiated by significant effects on histopathology, inflammation, oxidative stress and collagen degradation.

Funding Sources

OmniActive Health Technologies Limited.

Structure-Guided Synthesis and Evaluation of Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Protein-Protein Interactions of BRCA1 tBRCT Domain

The tandem BRCT domains (tBRCT) of BRCA1 engage phosphoserine-containing motifs in target proteins to propagate intracellular signals initiated by DNA damage, thereby controlling cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. Recently, we identified Bractoppin, the first small-molecule inhibitor of the BRCA1 tBRCT domain, which selectively interrupts BRCA1-mediated cellular responses evoked by DNA damage. Here, we combine structure-guided chemical elaboration, protein mutagenesis and cellular assays to define the structural features responsible for Bractoppin's activity. Bractoppin fails to bind mutant forms of BRCA1 tBRCT bearing K1702A, a key residue mediating phosphopeptide recognition, or F1662R or L1701K that adjoin the pSer-recognition site. However, the M1775R mutation, which engages the Phe residue in the consensus phosphopeptide motif pSer-X-X-Phe, does not affect Bractoppin binding, confirming a binding mode distinct from the substrate phosphopeptide binding. We explored these structural features through structure-guided chemical elaboration and characterized structure-activity relationships (SARs) in biochemical assays. Two analogues, CCBT2088 and CCBT2103 were effective in abrogating BRCA1 foci formation and inhibiting G2 arrest induced by irradiation of cells. Collectively, our findings reveal structural features underlying the activity of a novel inhibitor of phosphopeptide recognition by the BRCA1 tBRCT domain, providing fresh insights to guide the development of inhibitors that target protein-protein interactions.

Targeting Phosphopeptide Recognition by the Human BRCA1 Tandem BRCT Domain to Interrupt BRCA1-Dependent Signaling

Intracellular signals triggered by DNA breakage flow through proteins containing BRCT (BRCA1 C-terminal) domains. This family, comprising 23 conserved phosphopeptide-binding modules in man, is inaccessible to small-molecule chemical inhibitors. Here, we develop Bractoppin, a drug-like inhibitor of phosphopeptide recognition by the human BRCA1 tandem (t)BRCT domain, which selectively inhibits substrate binding with nanomolar potency in vitro. Structure-activity exploration suggests that Bractoppin engages BRCA1 tBRCT residues recognizing pSer in the consensus motif, pSer-Pro-Thr-Phe, plus an abutting hydrophobic pocket that is distinct in structurally related BRCT domains, conferring selectivity. In cells, Bractoppin inhibits substrate recognition detected by Förster resonance energy transfer, and diminishes BRCA1 recruitment to DNA breaks, in turn suppressing damage-induced G2 arrest and assembly of the recombinase, RAD51. But damage-induced MDC1 recruitment, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) generation, and TOPBP1 recruitment remain unaffected. Thus, an inhibitor of phosphopeptide recognition selectively interrupts BRCA1 tBRCT-dependent signals evoked by DNA damage.

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Bractoppin selectively blocks phosphopeptide recognition by the BRCA1 tBRCT domain

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Bractoppin engages tBRCT residues recognizing pSer, plus an adjacent pocket

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Bractoppin interrupts BRCA1 tBRCT-dependent cellular signals evoked by DNA damage

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This work opens avenues to inhibit intracellular signaling by the tBRCT domain family

High Expression of Three-Gene Signature Improves Prediction of Relapse-Free Survival in Estrogen Receptor-Positive and Node-Positive Breast Tumors

The objective of the present study was to validate prognostic gene signature for estrogen receptor alpha-positive (ER03B1+) and lymph node (+) breast cancer for improved selection of patients for adjuvant therapy. In our previous study, we identified a group of seven genes (GATA3, NTN4, SLC7A8, ENPP1, MLPH, LAMB2, and PLAT) that show elevated messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels in ERα (+) breast cancer patient samples. The prognostic values of these genes were evaluated using gene expression data from three public data sets of breast cancer patients (n = 395). Analysis of ERα (+) breast cancer cohort (n = 195) showed high expression of GATA3, NTN4, and MLPH genes significantly associated with longer relapse-free survival (RFS). Next cohort of ERα (+) and node (+) samples (n = 109) revealed high mRNA expression of GATA3, SLC7A8, and MLPH significantly associated with longer RFS. Multivariate analysis of combined three-gene signature for ERα (+) cohort, and ERα (+) and node (+) cohorts showed better hazard ratio than individual genes. The validated three-gene signature sets for ERα (+) cohort, and ERα (+) and node (+) cohort may have potential clinical utility since they demonstrated predictive and prognostic ability in three independent public data sets.

Molecular mechanisms of anti-tumor properties of P276-00 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Background

Tumors of the head and neck present aggressive pathological behavior in patients due to high expression of CDK/CCND1 proteins. P276-00, a novel CDK inhibitor currently being tested in clinic, inhibits growth of several cancers in vitro and in vivo. The pre clinical activity of P276-00 in head and neck cancer and its potential mechanisms of action at molecular level are the focus of the current studies.

Method

We have investigated the anti-cancer activity of P276-00 in head and neck tumors in vitro and in vivo. Candidate gene expression profiling and cell based proteomic approaches were taken to understand the pathways affected by P276-00 treatment.

Results

It was observed that P276-00 is cytotoxic across various HNSCC cell lines with an IC₅₀ ranging from 1.0-1.5 μmoles/L and culminated in significant cell-cycle arrest in G1/S phase followed by apoptosis. P276-00 treatment suppressed cell proliferation through inhibition of CCND1 expression, reduced phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein and abrogative transcription of E2F1 gene targets. Further, we observed that apoptosis was mediated through P53 activation leading to higher BAX/BCL-2 ratio and cleaved caspase-3 levels. It was also seen that P276-00 treatment reduced expression of tumor micro-environment proteins such as IL-6, secreted EGFR and HSPA8. Finally, P276-00 treatment resulted in significant tumor growth inhibition in xenograft tumor models via lowered proliferative activity of E2F1 and aggravated P53 mediated apoptosis.

Conclusion

In summary, we have observed that P276-00 inhibits cyclin-D/CDK4/P16/pRB/E2F axis and induces apoptosis by increased P53 phosphorylation in HNSCC cells. These results suggest a novel indication for P276-00 in head and neck cancer with a potential role for IL-6 and HSPA8 as candidate serum biomarkers.

NF-κB dependent anti-inflammatory activity of chlorojanerin isolated from Saussurea heteromalla

Medicinal plants have shown great promise as a source of novel drug compounds for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. In our search for new entities with anti-inflammatory potential, the extracts of the whole plant of Saussurea heteromalla (family-Asteraceae), collected from Himalayas, were evaluated in the high throughput screen for TNF-α and IL-6 inhibitors. The extract blocked TNF-α and IL-6 production in LPS stimulated THP-1 cells (human acute monocyte leukemia cell line) completely at 10 and 30 μg/ml. The plant has been found as a new source of chlorojanerin, a guaianolide type of sesquiterpene lactone. Chlorojanerin was shown to be significantly effective in inhibiting TNF-α and IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells (IC(50)=2.3±0.2 μM and 1.8±0.7 μM respectively). The compound also blocked TNF-α and IL-6 production from LPS-stimulated human monocytes (IC(50)=1.5±0.4 and 0.7±0.2 μM respectively) and synovial cells from a patient with rheumatoid arthritis (IC(50)<0.03 and 0.5 μM respectively). Transcriptional profiling of the LPS stimulated THP-1 cells revealed that chlorojanerin exerted its anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the expression of 8 genes involved in activating the transcription factor - NF-κB. Real time analysis of these genes validated the effect of chlorojanerin on the classical downstream targets of NF-κB. Thus, this study clearly delineated 8 genes which were specifically mitigated due to the effect of chlorojanerin on NF-κB induced signaling at the mRNA level. Further, chlorojanerin at 5 μM also inhibited the binding of NF-κB in a GFP reporter assay system by 55.5% thus validating the microarray gene expression data. This work is a step towards the isolation and characterization of lead anti-inflammatory agents from the extract of Saussurea heteromalla, which can be developed into better therapeutic molecules targeted towards some specific inflammatory diseases.

CDK-4 inhibitor P276 sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine-induced apoptosis

Despite advances in molecular pathogenesis, pancreatic cancer remains a major unsolved health problem. It is a rapidly invasive, metastatic tumor that is resistant to standard therapies. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt and mTOR signaling pathways are frequently dysregulated in pancreatic cancer. Gemcitabine is the mainstay treatment for metastatic pancreatic cancer. P276 is a novel CDK inhibitor that induces G(2)/M arrest and inhibits tumor growth in vivo models. Here, we determined that P276 sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine-induced apoptosis, a mechanism-mediated through inhibition of Akt-mTOR signaling. In vitro, the combination of P276 and gemcitabine resulted in a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of proliferation and colony formation of pancreatic cancer cells but not with normal pancreatic ductal cells. This combination also induced apoptosis, as seen by activated caspase-3 and increased Bax/Bcl2 ratio. Gene profiling studies showed that this combination downregulated Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, which was confirmed by Western blot analyses. There was also a downregulation of VEGF and interleukin-8 expression suggesting effects on angiogenesis pathway. In vivo, intraperitoneal administration of the P276-Gem combination significantly suppressed the growth of pancreatic cancer tumor xenografts. There was a reduction in CD31-positive blood vessels and reduced VEGF expression, again suggesting an effect on angiogenesis. Taken together, these data suggest that P276-Gem combination is a novel potent therapeutic agent that can target the Akt-mTOR signaling pathway to inhibit both tumor growth and angiogenesis.

The hepatitis E virus ORF3 protein regulates the expression of liver-specific genes by modulating localization of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4

The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a small RNA virus and the cause of acute viral hepatitis E. The open reading frame 3 protein (pORF3) of HEV appears to be a pleiotropic regulatory protein that helps in the establishment, propagation and progression of viral infection. However, the global cellular effects of this protein remain to be explored. In the absence of traditional in vitro viral infection systems or efficient replicon systems, we made an adenovirus based ORF3 protein expression system to study its effects on host cell gene expression. We infected Huh7 hepatoma cells with recombinant adenoviruses expressing pORF3 and performed microarray-based gene expression analyses. Several genes down regulated in pORF3-expressing cells were found to be under regulation of the liver-enriched hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4), which regulates hepatocyte-specific gene expression. While HNF4 localizes to the nucleus, its phosphorylation results in impaired nuclear localization of HNF4. Here we report that pORF3 increases HNF4 phosphorylation through the ERK and Akt kinases, which results in impaired nuclear translocation of HNF4 and subsequently the down modulation of HNF4-responsive genes in pORF3-expressing cells. We propose that modulation of several hepatocyte specific genes by pORF3 will create an environment favorable for viral replication and pathogenesis.

Phenotypic and genotypic assessment of concomitant drug-induced toxic effects in liver, kidney and blood

Several studies have characterized drug-induced toxicity in liver and kidney. However, the majority of these studies have been performed with 'individual' organs in isolation. Separately, little is known about the role of whole blood as a surrogate tissue in drug-induced toxicity. Accordingly, we investigated the 'concurrent' response of liver, kidney and whole blood during a toxic assault. Rats were acutely treated with therapeutics (acetaminophen, rosiglitazone, fluconazole, isoniazid, cyclophosphamide, amphotericin B, gentamicin and cisplatin) reported for their liver and/or kidney toxicity. Changes in clinical chemistry parameters (e.g. AST, urea) and/or observed microscopic tissue damage confirmed induced hepatotoxicity and/or nephrotoxicity by all drugs. Drug-induced toxicity was not confined to an 'individual' organ. Not all drugs elicited significant alterations in phenotypic parameters of toxicity (e.g. ALT, creatinine). Accordingly, the transcriptional profile of the organs was studied using a toxicity panel of 30 genes derived from literature. Each of the test drugs generated specific gene expression patterns which were unique for all three organs. Hierarchical cluster analyses of purported hepatotoxicants and nephrotoxicants each led to characteristic 'fingerprints' (e.g. decrease in Cyp3a1 indicative of hepatotoxicity; increase in Spp1 and decrease in Gstp1 indicative of nephrotoxicity). In whole blood cells, a set of genes was derived which closely correlated with individual drug-induced concomitant changes in liver or kidney. Collectively, these data demonstrate drug-induced multi-organ toxicity. Furthermore, our findings underscore the importance of transcriptional profiling during inadequate phenotypic anchorage and suggest that whole blood may be judiciously used as a surrogate for drug-induced extra-hematological organ toxicity.

Antitumor activity of NPB001-05, an orally active inhibitor of Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase

Scientists are constantly searching for phytochemical compounds with anti-cancer activity. In this study, activity of plant extract NPB001-05 from Piper betle was tested on human chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) xenograft models. NPB001-05 was active when dosed orally (500 mg/kg) once or twice a day in xenograft tumor models. NPB001-05 showed activity to T315I tumor xenograft, where imatinib failed to show antitumor activity. NPB001-05 showed no relevant toxicity in animal models during 2 weeks exposure to drug. Responsive tumor showed inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity with lowered Bcr-Abl protein levels and increased apoptosis. Microarray based transcription profiling studies demonstrated that both imatinib and NPB001-05 dysregulated imatinib- responsive genes. NPB001-05 showed additional genes selectively dysregulated from ER stress, PI3K/AKT, MAPK pathways. Additionally, we tested gene expression of PI3K, AKT1, JUN, CASP3 and DDIT3 in K562, BaF3P210(BCR-ABL) and BaF3 P210(BCR-ABLT315I) cell line treated for 6- and 12- hours with NPB001-05 and imatinib. The data indicates that NPB001-05 mediated cell death in K562 affects the function of ER stress. NPB001-05 shows antitumor activity with favorable toxicity profile.

Identification of gene expression signature in estrogen receptor positive breast carcinoma

A significant group of patient with estrogen receptor (ER) α positive breast tumors fails to appreciably respond to endocrine therapy. An increased understanding of the molecular basis of estrogen-mediated signal transduction and resultant gene expression may lead to novel strategies for treating breast cancer. In this study, we sought to identify the dysregulated genes in breast tumors related to ERα status. Microarray analyses of 31 tumor samples showed 108 genes differentially expressed in ERα (+) and ERα (−) primary breast tumors. Further analyses of gene lists indicated that a significant number of dysregulated genes were involved in mRNA transcription and cellular differentiation. The majority of these genes were found to have promoter-binding sites for E74-like factor 5 (ELF5; 54.6% genes), E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1; 22.2% genes), and nuclear transcription factor Y alpha (NFYA; 32.4% genes). Six candidate genes (NTN4, SLC7A8, MLPH, ENPP1, LAMB2, and PLAT) with differential expression were selected for further validation studies using RT-qPCR (76 clinical specimen) and immunohistochemistry (48 clinical specimen). Our studies indicate significant over-expression of all the six genes in ERα (+) breast tumors as compared to ERα (−) breast tumors. In vitro studies using T-47D breast cancer cell line confirmed the estrogen dependant expression of four of the above six genes (SLC7A8, ENPP1, LAMB2, and PLAT). Collectively, our study provides further insights into the molecular basis of estrogen-dependent breast cancer and identifies “candidate biomarkers” that could be useful for predicting endocrine responsiveness.

18F9 (4-(3,6-bis (ethoxycarbonyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno (2,3-c) pyridin-2-ylamino)-4-oxobutanoic acid) enhances insulin-mediated glucose uptake in vitro and exhibits antidiabetic activity in vivo in db/db mice

Insulin resistance is central to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Previous studies have demonstrated that compounds that cause adipogenesis and improve glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells are potential insulin sensitizers. Therefore, we evaluated one such compound, 18F9, for (1) adipogenesis in human subcutaneous preadipocyte (SQ) cells, (2) glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle myotubes and SQ cells, and (3) antidiabetic activity in db/db mice. We also investigated its effect on ex vivo glucose uptake in soleus muscle isolated from continuously treated db/db mice. Gene expression profiling in soleus muscle and epididymal fat of db/db mice was performed to understand its effect on glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and thermogenesis. 18F9 enhanced adipogenesis in SQ cells and increased glucose uptake in SQ and human skeletal muscle myotubes cells. In db/db mice, 18F9 exhibited dose-dependent reduction in plasma glucose and insulin level. Interestingly, 18F9 was as efficacious as rosiglitazone but did not cause body weight gain and hepatic adverse effects. In addition, 18F9 demonstrated no change in plasma volume in Wistar rats. Furthermore, it enhanced ex vivo glucose uptake in soleus muscles in these mice, which substantiates our in vitro findings. Human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma transactivation assay revealed a weak peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma transactivation potential (44% of rosiglitazone at 10 mumol/L) of 18F9. Gene expression profiling indicated that 18F9 increased insulin sensitivity mainly through a phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent mechanism. 18F9 also up-regulated genes involved in lipid transport and synthesis at par with rosiglitazone. Unlike rosiglitazone, 18F9 elevated the expression of Pdk4. In addition, 18F9 elevated the expression of glycogen synthase and adiponectin significantly higher than rosiglitazone. Taken together, these observations suggest that 18F9 is a safer and potent insulin sensitizer that demonstrates promising antidiabetic activity and is worth further development.

Angioarrestin: an antiangiogenic protein with tumor-inhibiting properties

The angiopoietins comprise a family of proteins that have pro or antiangiogenic activities. Through a proprietary technology designed to identify transcripts of all expressed genes, we isolated a cDNA encoding an angiopoietin-related protein that we designate angioarrestin. The mRNA expression profile of angioarrestin was striking in that it was down-regulated in many tumor tissues when compared with adjacent nontumor tissue, suggesting a role for this protein in tumor inhibition. To test this hypothesis, we ectopically expressed angioarrestin in HT1080 tumor cells and measured pulmonary tumor nodule formation in nude mice. HT1080 cells expressing angioarrestin showed a marked reduction in the number and size of tumor nodules. In vitro, the recombinant protein was systematically tested in a number of endothelial cell assays and found to block critical processes involved in the angiogenic cascade, such as vascular endothelial growth factor/basic fibroblast growth factor-mediated endothelial cell proliferation, migration, tubular network formation, and adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins. These findings reveal a novel function for angioarrestin as an angiogenesis inhibitor and indicate that the molecule may be a potential cancer therapeutic.

A mutation in a case of early onset narcolepsy and a generalized absence of hypocretin peptides in human narcoleptic brains

We explored the role of hypocretins in human narcolepsy through histopathology of six narcolepsy brains and mutation screening of Hcrt, Hcrtr1 and Hcrtr2 in 74 patients of various human leukocyte antigen and family history status. One Hcrt mutation, impairing peptide trafficking and processing, was found in a single case with early onset narcolepsy. In situ hybridization of the perifornical area and peptide radioimmunoassays indicated global loss of hypocretins, without gliosis or signs of inflammation in all human cases examined. Although hypocretin loci do not contribute significantly to genetic predisposition, most cases of human narcolepsy are associated with a deficient hypocretin system.

Genomic structure and novel variants of myo-inositol monophosphatase 2 (IMPA2)

Recently, we cloned the human myo-inositol monophosphatase 2 (IMPA2) cDNA and established its map location to chromosome 18p11.2, a region previously implicated in bipolar disorder. Because the myo-inositol monophosphatase enzyme has been shown to be inhibited by lithium, an effective therapeutic agent for bipolar disorder, IMPA2 is a plausible positional and functional candidate gene. To permit comprehensive screening for variants we characterized the genomic structure and isolated the potential promoter of IMPA2. The gene was found to encode eight exons spanning;27 kb. The proximal 1-kb 5' flanking region did not contain an obvious TATA box but multiple potential binding sites for Sp1 and consensus motifs for AP2 and other transcription factors were evident. Sequencing of the coding region and splice junctions in unrelated bipolar disorder patients detected novel variants. A missense mutation in exon 2, His76Tyr, was found in one patient. His76 is evolutionarily conserved and replacement with Tyr introduces a potential site for phosphorylation. The other polymorphisms included an RsaI polymorphism, IVS1-15G>A, and a T --> C silent mutation in the third nucleotide of codon 53 in exon 2. By Fisher's exact test the silent mutation showed a trend for association (P = 0.051) with bipolar disorder suggesting that further scrutiny of this gene is warranted.