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Zhang Z, Yan H, Hussain H, Chen X, Park JH, Kwon SW, Xie L, Zheng B, Xu X, Wang D, Duan J. Structural analysis, anti-inflammatory activity of the main water-soluble acidic polysaccharides (AGBP-A3) from Panax quinquefolius L berry. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:454-463. [PMID: 39263308 PMCID: PMC11385391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Panax quinquefolius L, widely recognized for its valuable contributions to medicine, has aroused considerable attention globally. Different from the extensive research has been dedicated to the root of P. quinquefolius, its berry has received relatively scant focus. Given its promising medicinal properties, this study was focused on the structural characterizations and anti-inflammatory potential of acidic polysaccharides from the P. quinquefolius berry. Materials and methods P. quinquefolius berry was extracted with hot water, precipitated by alcohol, separated by DEAE-52-cellulose column to give a series of fractions. One of these fractions was further purified via Sephadex G-200 column to give three fractions. Then, the main fraction named as AGBP-A3 was characterized by methylation analysis, NMR spectroscopy, etc. Its anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by RAW 264.7 cell model, zebrafish model and molecular docking. Results The main chain comprised of α-L-Rhap, α-D-GalAp and β-D-Galp, while the branch consisted mainly of α-L-Araf, β-D-Glcp, α-D-GalAp, β-D-Galp. The RAW264.7 cell assay results showed that the inhibition rates against IL-6 and IL-1β secretion at the concentration of 625 ng/mL were 24.83 %, 11.84 %, while the inhibition rate against IL-10 secretion was 70.17 % at the concentration of 312 ng/mL. In the zebrafish assay, the migrating neutrophils were significantly reduced in number, and their migration to inflammatory tissues was inhibited. Molecular docking predictions correlated well with the results of the anti-inflammatory assay. Conclusion The present study demonstrated the structure of acidic polysaccharides of P. quinquefolius berry and their effect on inflammation, providing a reference for screening anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zhang
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
- Biological Engineering Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Heze Branch of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Heze, China
| | - Huijiao Yan
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Hidayat Hussain
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Lei Xie
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Bowen Zheng
- Biological Engineering Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Heze Branch of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Heze, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Daijie Wang
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
- Biological Engineering Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Heze Branch of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Heze, China
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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2
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Tian L, Gao R, Cai Y, Chen J, Dong H, Chen S, Yang Z, Wang Y, Huang L, Xu Z. A systematic review of ginsenoside biosynthesis, spatiotemporal distribution, and response to biotic and abiotic factors in American ginseng. Food Funct 2024; 15:2343-2365. [PMID: 38323507 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03434h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) has gained recognition as a medicinal and functional food homologous product with several pharmaceutical, nutritional, and industrial applications. However, the key regulators involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis, the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of ginsenosides, and factors influencing ginsenosides are largely unknown, which make it challenging to enhance the quality and chemical extraction processes of the cultivated American ginseng. This review presents an overview of the pharmacological effects, biosynthesis and spatiotemporal distribution of ginsenosides, with emphasis on the impacts of biotic and abiotic factors on ginsenosides in American ginseng. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that American ginseng has neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antitumor, antidiabetic, and anti-obesity effects. Additionally, most genes involved in the upregulation of ginsenoside biosynthesis have been identified, while downstream regulators (OSCs, CYP450, and UGTs) require further investigation. Futhermore, limited knowledge exists regarding the molecular mechanisms of the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on ginsenosides. Notably, the nonmedicinal parts of American ginseng, particularly its flowers, fibrous roots, and leaves, exhibit higher ginsenoside content than its main roots and account for a considerable amount of weight in the whole plant, representing promising resources for ginsenosides. Herein, the prospects of molecular breeding and metabolic engineering based on multi-omics to improve the unstable quality of cultivated American ginseng and the shortage of ginsenosides are proposed. This review highlights the gaps in the current research on American ginseng and proposes solutions to address these limitations, providing a guide for future investigations into American ginseng ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ranran Gao
- The Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100007, China
| | - Yuxiang Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Junxian Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Hongmei Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Zaichang Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Linfang Huang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhichao Xu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150006, China.
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3
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Jen CT, Hsu BY, Chen BH. A study on anti-fatigue effects in rats by nanoemulsion and liposome prepared from American ginseng root residue extract. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Zhao L, Zhang Y, Li Y, Li C, Shi K, Zhang K, Liu N. Therapeutic effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on colorectal cancer. Food Funct 2022; 13:6450-6466. [PMID: 35661189 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00899h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common malignant diseases with high morbidity and mortality rates. Ginseng and its major extracts, ginsenosides, have been used in medical fields for thousands of years. In particular, their huge anti-cancer potential has drawn a great deal of attention in recent years. There is a large body of evidence that has shown that ginseng and its extracts could significantly inhibit tumor development and progression by suppressing cell proliferation, tumor growth, invasion and metastasis, inducing tumor cell apoptosis, regulating tumor-associated immune responses, and improving the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy. Notably, different subtypes of ginsenosides, even those extracted from the same ginseng, have exhibited distinct anti-cancer functions through different mechanisms. Over the past few years, a large number of studies have focused on how ginseng or various ginsenosides influence CRC development. Therefore, the roles and the potential of ginseng and ginsenosides in the treatment of CRC are summarized in this review. In addition, the biochemical properties of ginseng and ginsenosides are also briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxian Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China.
| | - Yueming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yajuan Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food and College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China.
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China.
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5
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The Untapped Potential of Ginsenosides and American Ginseng Berry in Promoting Mental Health via the Gut-Brain Axis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122523. [PMID: 35745252 PMCID: PMC9227060 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the popularity of the ginseng (Panax) root in health research and on the market, the ginseng berry’s potential remains relatively unexplored. Implementing ginseng berry cultivations and designing berry-derived products could improve the accessibility to mental health-promoting nutraceuticals. Indeed, the berry could have a higher concentration of neuroprotective and antidepressant compounds than the root, which has already been the subject of research demonstrating its efficacy in the context of neuroprotection and mental health. In this review, data on the berry’s application in supporting mental health via the gut–brain axis is compiled and discussed.
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6
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Li L, Liu Y, Yu H, Li Z, Lin H, Wu F, Tan L, Wang C, Li P, Liu J. Comprehensive phytochemicals analysis and anti-myocardial ischemia activity of total saponins of American ginseng berry. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14042. [PMID: 34981530 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
American ginseng berry (AGB) is a new medicinal source. Total saponins of American ginseng berry (TSAGB) are the main active ingredients. The effects and active saponins of TSAGB on myocardial ischemia (MI) rats were evaluated for the first time. First, there were 69 saponins identified or tentatively characterized by Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS) combined with UNIFI platform, among which, about 28 saponins were first identified in AGB. Second, MI model was established by ligating left coronary artery. It has been demonstrated that TSAGB could prevent the ST-segment elevation, reduce myocardial infarct size and levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and elevate the superoxide dismutase (SOD) level. Finally, network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to screen out four active saponins (ginsenoside Re, Rb3 , Rg3 , and PF11 ) and five key targets (SOD1, LDHA, CKB, GOT2, and ROS1) closely related to MI. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study enriches the chemical composition of TSAGB, and provides a basis for clarifying the pharmacological substances for anti-myocardial ischemia. TSAGB might be a potential anti-myocardial ischemia agent. The effect might be related to alleviating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Yunhe Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Hongqiang Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Fulin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Luying Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China
| | - Pingya Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China.,Research Centre of Natural Drugs, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinping Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin Uni, Changchun, China.,Research Centre of Natural Drugs, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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7
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Rod-in W, Talapphet N, Monmai C, Jang AY, You S, Park WJ. Immune enhancement effects of Korean ginseng berry polysaccharides on RAW264.7 macrophages through MAPK and NF-κB signalling pathways. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2021.1934419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weerawan Rod-in
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
- East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Natchanok Talapphet
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Chaiwat Monmai
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
- East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - A.-yeong Jang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - SangGuan You
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
- East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Woo Jung Park
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
- East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
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8
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Ryu J, Yoon J, Lee YW. Kinetic study of the thermal conversion of ginsenosides using lumped groups in steaming, hydrothermal reactions, and CO2-assisted hydrothermal reactions. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.105041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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Guo YH, Kuruganti R, Gao Y. Recent Advances in Ginsenosides as Potential Therapeutics Against Breast Cancer. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2334-2347. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191018100848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The dried root of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer or Panax quinquefolius L.) is a traditional
Chinese medicine widely used to manage cancer symptoms and chemotherapy side effects in
Asia. The anti-cancer efficacy of ginseng is attributed mainly to the presence of saponins, which are
commonly known as ginsenosides. Ginsenosides were first identified as key active ingredients in Panax
ginseng and subsequently found in Panax quinquefolius, both of the same genus. To review the recent
advances on anti-cancer effects of ginsenosides against breast cancer, we conducted a literature study of
scientific articles published from 2010 through 2018 to date by searching the major databases including
Pubmed, SciFinder, Science Direct, Springer, Google Scholar, and CNKI. A total of 50 articles authored
in either English or Chinese related to the anti-breast cancer activity of ginsenosides have been
reviewed, and the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on ginsenosides are summarized. This review focuses
on how ginsenosides exert their anti-breast cancer activities through various mechanisms of action
such as modulation of cell growth, modulation of the cell cycle, modulation of cell death, inhibition of
angiogenesis, inhibition of metastasis, inhibition of multidrug resistance, and cancer immunemodulation.
In summary, recent advances in the evaluation of ginsenosides as therapeutic agents against
breast cancer support further pre-clinical and clinical studies to treat primary and metastatic breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-hang Guo
- International Ginseng Institute, School of Agriculture, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, United States
| | - Revathimadhubala Kuruganti
- International Ginseng Institute, School of Agriculture, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, United States
| | - Ying Gao
- International Ginseng Institute, School of Agriculture, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, United States
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10
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Song SY, Park DH, Seo SW, Park KM, Bae CS, Son HS, Kim HG, Lee JH, Yoon G, Shim JH, Im E, Rhee SH, Yoon IS, Cho SS. Effects of Harvest Time on Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Panax ginseng Berry Extracts. Molecules 2019; 24:E3343. [PMID: 31540334 PMCID: PMC6766869 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng) has long been used as a traditional medicine for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Generally, the harvest time and age of ginseng have been regarded as important factors determining the efficacy of ginseng. However, most studies have mainly focused on the root of ginseng, while studies on other parts of ginseng such as its berry have been relatively limited. Thus, the aim of this study iss to determine effects of harvest time on yields, phenolics/ginsenosides contents, and the antioxidant/anti-elastase activities of ethanol extracts of three- and four-year-old ginseng berry. In both three- and fourfour-year-old ginseng berry extracts, antioxidant and anti-elastase activities tended to increase as berries ripen from the first week to the last week of July. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis has revealed that contents of ginsenosides except Rg1 tend to be the highest in fourfour-year-old ginseng berries harvested in early July. These results indicate that biological activities and ginsenoside profiles of ginseng berry extracts depend on their age and harvest time in July, suggesting the importance of harvest time in the development of functional foods and medicinal products containing ginseng berry extracts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the influence of harvest time on the biological activity and ginsenoside contents of ginseng berry extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yeap Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Dae-Hun Park
- Department of Nursing, Dongshin University, Jeonnam 58245, Korea.
| | - Seong-Wook Seo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Mok Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Dongshin University, Jeonnam 58245, Korea.
| | - Chun-Sik Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
| | - Hong-Seok Son
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Jeonnam 58245, Korea.
| | - Hyung-Gyun Kim
- Department of Research Planning, Mokpo Marine Food-industry Research Center, Jeonnam 58621, Korea.
| | - Jung-Hee Lee
- Department of Research Planning, Mokpo Marine Food-industry Research Center, Jeonnam 58621, Korea.
| | - Goo Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Jung-Hyun Shim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Eunok Im
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Sang Hoon Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
| | - In-Soo Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
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Wang Y, Xu H, Fu W, Lu Z, Guo M, Wu X, Sun M, Liu Y, Yu X, Sui D. 20( S)-Protopanaxadiol Inhibits Angiotensin II-Induced Epithelial- Mesenchymal Transition by Downregulating SIRT1. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:475. [PMID: 31133857 PMCID: PMC6514190 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is one of the major active metabolites in ginseng saponin. Our previous studies revealed a broad spectrum of antitumor effects of PPD. Angiotensin II (Ang II), the biologically active peptide of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), plays a critical role in the metastasis of various cancers. However, its role in the anti-metastatic effects of PPD is not clearly understood. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of PPD on Ang II-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, and the potential molecular mechanisms of suppression of NSCLC migration and metastasis by PPD. Treatment of A549 cells with Ang II increased metastases in an experimental model of cancer metastasis in vivo. PPD effectively prevented Ang II-induced EMT, as indicated by upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of vimentin. Additionally, Ang II upregulated the class III deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression in EMT progression, while downregulation of SIRT1 was involved in suppression of Ang II-induced EMT by PPD. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of PPD was reversed by SIRT1 upregulation, and PPD demonstrated synergy with an SIRT1 inhibitor on Ang II-induced EMT. Taken together, our data reveal the mechanism of the anti-metastatic effects of PPD on Ang II-induced EMT and indicate that PPD can be used as an effective anti-tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huali Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenwen Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zeyuan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Minyu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueji Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanzhe Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dayun Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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12
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Liao D, Jia C, Sun P, Qi J, Li X. Quality evaluation of Panax quinquefolium from different cultivation regions based on their ginsenoside content and radioprotective effects on irradiated mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1079. [PMID: 30705366 PMCID: PMC6355895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are one of major types of bioactive compounds in American ginseng (AG) and utilized to assess the quality of various AG samples. The contents of ginsenosides showed cultivation region-related variation, which is possibly associated with AG’s pharmacological effect difference. Therefore, to reveal the quality difference of AGs in different cultivation regions, AG samples from seven cultivation regions were evaluated via analyzing their contents of nine ginsenosides and the biochemical parameters in AG-treated irradiated mice. Pre-administration of AG decoctions could reversely modulate the irradiation-induced changes of antioxidant enzymatic activity, cytokine level and hormone level in irradiated mice, which demonstrated that AG had the radioprotective effects due to its antioxidative, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. However, this radioprotection effect varied among different cultivation regions of AGs. Collectively, Beijing and Canada-cultivated AGs had the best radioprotection. Heilongjiang and Jilin-originated AGs had the similar pharmacological effects while USA, Shandong and Shaanxi-grown AGs had closer pharmacological effects. This biochemical measurements-based PCA and heatmap clustering of AGs from seven cultivation regions was nearly consistent with ginsencoside content- and the previous serum metabolome-based analyses. However, the pearson correlation analysis revealed that only Rb3 and Rd were significantly correlated with some of assayed biochemical parameters in irradiated mice pretreated with different cultivation regions of AG extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengqun Liao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Chan Jia
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Peng Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jianjun Qi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xian'en Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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13
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In-Ho C, Byung-Woo K, Yun-Jae P, Han-Joo L, Sok P, Namju L. Ginseng berry extract increases nitric oxide level in vascular endothelial cells and improves cGMP expression and blood circulation in muscle cells. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2018; 22:6-13. [PMID: 30343553 PMCID: PMC6199483 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2018.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether ginseng berry extract improves blood circulation by regulating vasodilator expression in exposed to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-exposed endothelial cells and muscle cells. METHODS Nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP levels in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and A7r5 cells exposed to ginseng berry extract were investigated. Based on the in vitro results, healthy participants were treated with ginseng berry extract for 4 weeks and then a non-invasive vascular screening device was used to confirm the improvement of blood circulation. RESULTS When TNF-α-treated cells were exposed to the ginseng berry extract, the expression levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), NO, and cGMP were recovered to almost normal levels. In addition, TNF-ɑ-induced overexpression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), e-selectin, and p-selectin was lowered by ginseng berry extract. The ginseng berry extract significantly increased ankle brachial pressure index compared to placebo (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study confirmed that the intake of ginseng berry extract improved blood circulation and therefore, its intake would be helpful for people having problems with blood circulation.
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Liu DQ, Cheng ZQ, Feng QJ, Li HJ, Ye SF, Teng B. Polycaprolactone nanofibres loaded with 20( S)-protopanaxadiol for in vitro and in vivo anti-tumour activity study. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180137. [PMID: 29892448 PMCID: PMC5990777 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD)-loaded polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibres were successfully fabricated by the electrospinning technique using Tween 80 as a solubilizer. Firstly, smooth and continuous nanofibres were collected using suitable solvents and appropriate spinning conditions. Secondly, nanofibre mats were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and mechanical testing. Finally, nanofibrous membranes were evaluated using water contact angle, in vitro drug release, biodegradation test, in vitro and in vivo anti-tumour activity and cell apoptosis assay. Scanning electron microscopic observations indicated that the diameter of the drug-loaded nanofibres increased with the increase of drug concentration. TG analysis and mechanical test showed that nanofibres were equipped with great thermal and mechanical properties. Biodegradation test exhibited that the structure of fabricated nanofibres had a certain degree of change after 15 days. An in vitro release study showed that PPD from drug-loaded nanofibres could be released in a sustained and prolonged mode. The cytotoxic effect of drug-loaded nanofibre mats examined on human laryngeal carcinoma cells (Hep-2 cells) demonstrated that the prepared nanofibres had a remarkable anti-tumour effect. Meanwhile, the drug-loaded fibre mats showed a super anti-tumour effect in an in vivo anti-tumour study. All in all, PCL nanofibres could be a potential carrier of PPD for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-qing Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-qiang Cheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-jie Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - He-jie Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-feng Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Teng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
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15
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Liu DQ, Cheng ZQ, Feng QJ, Li HJ, Ye SF, Teng B. Polycaprolactone nanofibres loaded with 20( S)-protopanaxadiol for in vitro and in vivo anti-tumour activity study. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180137. [PMID: 29892448 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.bt010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD)-loaded polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibres were successfully fabricated by the electrospinning technique using Tween 80 as a solubilizer. Firstly, smooth and continuous nanofibres were collected using suitable solvents and appropriate spinning conditions. Secondly, nanofibre mats were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and mechanical testing. Finally, nanofibrous membranes were evaluated using water contact angle, in vitro drug release, biodegradation test, in vitro and in vivo anti-tumour activity and cell apoptosis assay. Scanning electron microscopic observations indicated that the diameter of the drug-loaded nanofibres increased with the increase of drug concentration. TG analysis and mechanical test showed that nanofibres were equipped with great thermal and mechanical properties. Biodegradation test exhibited that the structure of fabricated nanofibres had a certain degree of change after 15 days. An in vitro release study showed that PPD from drug-loaded nanofibres could be released in a sustained and prolonged mode. The cytotoxic effect of drug-loaded nanofibre mats examined on human laryngeal carcinoma cells (Hep-2 cells) demonstrated that the prepared nanofibres had a remarkable anti-tumour effect. Meanwhile, the drug-loaded fibre mats showed a super anti-tumour effect in an in vivo anti-tumour study. All in all, PCL nanofibres could be a potential carrier of PPD for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Qing Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Cheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Jie Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - He-Jie Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Teng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
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Zhang H, Xu HL, Wang YC, Lu ZY, Yu XF, Sui DY. 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol-Induced Apoptosis in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Line through the Inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041053. [PMID: 29614812 PMCID: PMC5979555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is one of the major active metabolites of ginseng. It has been reported that 20(S)-PPD shows a broad spectrum of antitumor effects. Our research study aims were to investigate whether apoptosis of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells could be induced by 20(S)-PPD by targeting the Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Protein kinase B/Mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signal pathway in vitro and in vivo. Cell cycle analysis was performed by Propidium Iodide (PI) staining. To overexpress and knock down the expression of mTOR, pcDNA3.1-mTOR and mTOR small interfering RNA (siRNA) transient transfection assays were used, respectively. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)-test and Annexin V /PI double-staining after transfection. The antitumor effect in vivo was determined by the nude mice xenograft assay. After 24 h of incubation, treatment with 20(S)-PPD could upregulate phosphorylated-Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (p-PTEN) expression and downregulate PI3K/AKT/mTOR-pathway protein expression. Moreover, G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells could be induced by 20(S)-PPD treatment at high concentrations. Furthermore, overexpression or knockdown of mTOR could inhibit or promote the apoptotic effects of 20(S)-PPD. In addition, tumor volumes were partially reduced by 20(S)-PPD at 100 mg/kg in a MCF-7 xenograft model. Immunohistochemical staining indicated a close relationship between the inhibition of tumor growth and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway-mediated apoptosis may be one of the potential mechanisms of 20(S)-PPD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- R&D Center, Guangzhou Ribobio Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China.
| | - Hua-Li Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yu-Chen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Ze-Yuan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Xiao-Feng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Da-Yun Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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Lu Z, Xu H, Yu X, Wang Y, Huang L, Jin X, Sui D. 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol induces apoptosis in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells by downregulating the protein kinase B signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:1277-1284. [PMID: 29434714 PMCID: PMC5776618 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma is the most common primary liver tumor for children aged <5 years old. 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is a ginsenoside extracted from Pananx quinquefolium L., which inhibits tumor growth in several cancer cell lines. The purpose of the present study was to assess the anticancer activities of 20(S)-PPD in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells. The cytotoxicity of 20(S)-PPD on HepG2 cells was evaluated using an MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected using DAPI staining and flow cytometry. The expression of apoptosis-associated proteins was identified by western blotting. The results demonstrated that 20(S)-PPD inhibited the viability of HepG2 cell in a dose and time-dependent manner. The IC50 values were 81.35, 73.5, 48.79 µM at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Topical morphological changes of apoptotic body formation following 20(S)-PPD treatment were detected by DAPI staining. The percentage of Annexin V-fluoroscein isothyiocyanate positive cells were 3.73, 17.61, 23.44 and 65.43% in HepG2 cells treated with 0, 40, 50 and 60 µM of 20(S)-PPD, respectively. Furthermore, 20(S)-PPD upregulated the expression of Bax and downregulated the expression of Bcl-2 and also activated caspases-3 and −9, and Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase cleavage. In addition, 20(S)-PPD inhibited the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt; Ser473). The results indicate that 20(S)-PPD inhibits the viability of HepG2 cells and induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells by inhibiting the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Huali Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Long Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Dayun Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Comprehensive Profiling and Quantification of Ginsenosides in the Root, Stem, Leaf, and Berry of Panax ginseng by UPLC-QTOF/MS. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122147. [PMID: 29207539 PMCID: PMC6149965 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective production and usage of ginsenosides, given their distinct pharmacological effects, are receiving increasing amounts of attention. As the ginsenosides content differs in different parts of Panax ginseng, we wanted to assess and compare the ginsenosides content in the ginseng roots, leave, stems, and berries. To extract the ginsenosides, 70% (v/v) methanol was used. The optimal ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) method was used to profile various ginsenosides from the different parts of P. ginseng. The datasets were then subjected to multivariate analysis including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). A UPLC-QTOF/MS method with an in-house library was constructed to profile 58 ginsenosides. With this method, a total of 39 ginsenosides were successfully identified and quantified in the ginseng roots, leave, stem, and berries. PCA and HCA characterized the different ginsenosides compositions from the different parts. The quantitative ginsenoside contents were also characterized from each plant part. The results of this study indicate that the UPLC-QTOF/MS method can be an effective tool to characterize various ginsenosides from the different parts of P. ginseng.
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Ma ZN, Liu Z, Wang Z, Ren S, Tang S, Wang YP, Xiao SY, Chen C, Li W. Supplementation of American ginseng berry extract mitigated cisplatin-evoked nephrotoxicity by suppressing ROS-mediated activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 110:62-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Lu KH, Weng CY, Chen WC, Sheen LY. Ginseng essence, a medicinal and edible herbal formulation, ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress and liver injury in rats. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:316-325. [PMID: 28701872 PMCID: PMC5489754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng essence (GE) is a formulation comprising four medicinal and edible herbs including ginseng (Panax ginseng), American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera), and lily bulb (Lilium longiflorum). This study was aimed at investigating the hepatoprotective effect of GE against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats. Methods We treated Wistar rats daily with low, medium, and high [0.625 g/kg body weight (bw), 1.25 g/kg bw, and 3.125 g/kg bw, respectively] doses of GE for 9 wk. After the 1st wk of treatment, rats were administered 20% CCl4 (1.5 mL/kg bw) two times a week to induce liver damage until the treatment ended. Results Serum biochemical analysis indicated that GE ameliorated the elevation of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and albumin decline in CCl4-treated rats. Moreover, CCl4-induced accumulation of hepatic total cholesterol and triglyceride was inhibited. The hepatoprotective effects of GE involved enhancing the hepatic antioxidant defense system including glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. In addition, histological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining showed that GE inhibited CCl4-induced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of alpha-smooth muscle actin indicated that CCl4-triggered activation of hepatic stellate cells was reduced. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that GE improves CCl4-induced liver inflammation and fibrosis by attenuating oxidative stress. Therefore, GE could be a promising hepatoprotective herbal formulation for future development of phytotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hung Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Weng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Center for Food Safety Education and Research, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Corresponding author. Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Number 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.Institute of Food Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan UniversityNumber 1Section 4Roosevelt RoadTaipei10617Taiwan
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Kim J, Cho SY, Kim SH, Cho D, Kim S, Park CW, Shimizu T, Cho JY, Seo DB, Shin SS. Effects of Korean ginseng berry on skin antipigmentation and antiaging via FoxO3a activation. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:277-283. [PMID: 28701867 PMCID: PMC5489743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ginseng berry has various bioactivities, including antidiabetic, anticancer, antiinflammatory, and antioxidative properties. Moreover, we have revealed that the active antiaging component of the ginseng berry, syringaresinol, has the ability to stimulate longevity via gene activation. Despite the many known beneficial effects of ginseng, its effects on skin aging are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of ginseng and the ginseng berry on one of the skin aging processes, melanogenesis, and age-related pigment lipofuscin accumulation, to elucidate the mechanism of action with respect to antiaging. Methods The human melanoma MNT1 cell line was treated with ginseng root extract, ginseng berry extract, or syringaresinol. Then, the cells were analyzed using a melanin assay, and the tyrosinase activity was estimated. The Caenorhabditis elegans wild type N2 strain was used for the life span assay to analyze the antiaging effects of the samples. A lipofuscin fluorescence assay was performed during 10 passages with the syringaresinol treatment. Results A 7-d treatment with ginseng berry extract reduced melanin accumulation and tyrosinase activity more than ginseng root extract. These results may be due to the active compound of the ginseng berry, syringaresinol. The antimelanogenic activity was strongly coordinated with the activation of the longevity gene foxo3a. Moreover, the ginseng berry extract had more potent antiaging effects, caused a life span extension, and reduced lipofuscin accumulation. Conclusion Taken together, our results suggest that these antimelanogenic effects and antiaging effects of ginseng berry mediate the activation of antioxidation–FoxO3a signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juewon Kim
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrated Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Si Young Cho
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hwan Kim
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Cho
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Woong Park
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Takahiko Shimizu
- Department of Advanced Aging Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Bang Seo
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Seok Shin
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Kim MH, Lee J, Jung S, Kim JW, Shin JH, Lee HJ. The involvement of ginseng berry extract in blood flow via regulation of blood coagulation in rats fed a high-fat diet. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:120-126. [PMID: 28413315 PMCID: PMC5386124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The present study investigated the effect of ginseng berry hot water extract (GBx) on blood flow via the regulation of lipid metabolites and blood coagulation in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods Sixty rats were divided into five groups in descending order of body weight. Except for the control group, the other four groups were fed a HFD containing 45% kcal from fat for 11 wk without GBx. GBx groups were then additionally treated by gastric gavage with GBx dissolved in distilled water at 50 (GBx 50) mg/kg, 100 (GBx 100) mg/kg, or 150 (GBx 150) mg/kg body weight for 6 wk along with the HFD. To investigate the effects of GBx on rats fed a HFD, biochemical metabolite, blood coagulation assay, and histological analysis were performed. Results In the experiments to measure the serum levels of leptin and apolipoprotein B/A, GBx treatment attenuated the HFD-induced increases in these metabolites (p < 0.05). Adiponectin and apolipoprotein E levels in GBx-treated groups were significantly higher than the HFD group. Prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were increased in all GBx-treated groups. In the GBx-treated groups, the serum levels of thromboxane A2 and serotonin were decreased and concentrations of serum fibrinogen degradation products were increased (p < 0.05). Moreover, histomorphometric dyslipidemia-related atherosclerotic changes were significantly improved by treatment with GBx. Conclusion These results suggest the possibility that GBx can ameliorate blood flow by decreasing intima-media thickness via the regulation of blood coagulation factors related to lipid metabolites in rats fed a HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hee Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Sehyun Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Joo Wan Kim
- Natural Product Research Center, Aribio Co. Ltd., Gyoenggi-do, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Shin
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Yang L, Yang C, Li C, Zhao Q, Liu L, Fang X, Chen XY. Recent advances in biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2015; 61:3-17. [PMID: 26844006 PMCID: PMC4722072 DOI: 10.1007/s11434-015-0929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Plants synthesize and accumulate large amount of specialized (or secondary) metabolites also known as natural products, which provide a rich source for modern pharmacy. In China, plants have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years. Recent development of molecular biology, genomics and functional genomics as well as high-throughput analytical chemical technologies has greatly promoted the research on medicinal plants. In this article, we review recent advances in the elucidation of biosynthesis of specialized metabolites in medicinal plants, including phenylpropanoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. These natural products may share a common upstream pathway to form a limited numbers of common precursors, but are characteristic in distinct modifications leading to highly variable structures. Although this review is focused on traditional Chinese medicine, other plants with a great medicinal interest or potential are also discussed. Understanding of their biosynthesis processes is critical for producing these highly value molecules at large scale and low cost in microbes and will benefit to not only human health but also plant resource conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai, 201602 China
| | - Changqing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Chenyi Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Qing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Ling Liu
- Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai, 201602 China
| | - Xin Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai, 201602 China ; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
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Xie G, Wang CZ, Yu C, Qiu Y, Wen XD, Zhang CF, Yuan CS, Jia W. Metabonomic Profiling Reveals Cancer Chemopreventive Effects of American Ginseng on Colon Carcinogenesis in Apc(Min/+) Mice. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:3336-47. [PMID: 26136108 PMCID: PMC6098237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is one of the most commonly used herbal medicines in the West. It has been reported to possess significant antitumor effects that inhibit the process of carcinogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying its anticancer effects remain largely unresolved. In this study, we investigated the cancer chemopreventive effects of American ginseng on the progression of high fat (HF) diet-enhanced colorectal carcinogenesis with a genetically engineered Apc(Min/+) mouse model. The metabolic alterations in sera of experimental mice perturbed by HF diet intervention as well as the American ginseng treatment were measured by gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) and liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOFMS) analysis. American ginseng treatment significantly extended the life span of the Apc(Min/+) mouse. Significant alterations of metabolites involving amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates were observed in Apc(Min/+) mouse in sera, which were attenuated by American ginseng treatment and concurrent with the histopathological improvement with significantly reduced tumor initiation, progression and gut inflammation. These metabolic changes suggest that the preventive effect of American ginseng is associated with attenuation of impaired amino acid, carbohydrates, and lipid metabolism. It also appears that American ginseng induced significant metabolic alterations independent of the Apc(Min/+) induced metabolic changes. The significantly altered metabolites induced by American ginseng intervention include arachidonic acid, linolelaidic acid, glutamate, docosahexaenoate, tryptophan, and fructose, all of which are associated with inflammation and oxidation. This suggests that American ginseng exerts the chemopreventive effects by anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Xie
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Chunhao Yu
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Yunping Qiu
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Xiao-Dong Wen
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Chun-Feng Zhang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Wei Jia
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813
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Zhang H, Xu HL, Fu WW, Xin Y, Li MW, Wang SJ, Yu XF, Sui DY. 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol induces human breast cancer MCF-7 apoptosis through a caspase-mediated pathway. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:7919-23. [PMID: 25292087 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.18.7919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD), a ginsenoside isolated from Pananx quinquefolium L., has been shown to inhibit growth and proliferation in several cancer cell lines. The aim of this study was to evaluate its anticancer activity in human breast cancer cells. MCF-7 cells were incubated with different concentrations of 20(S)-PPD and cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. Occurrence of apoptosis was detected by DAPI and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured with Rhodamine 123. The Bcl-2 and Bax expression were determined by Western blot analysis. Caspase activity was measured by colorimetric assay. 20(S)-PPD dose-dependently inhibited cell proliferation in MCF-7 cells, with an IC50 value of 33.3 μM at 24h. MCF-7 cells treated with 20(S)-PPD presented typical apoptosis, as observed by morphological analysis in cell stained with DAPI. The percentages of annexin V-FITC positive cells were 8.92%, 17.8%, 24.5% and 30.5% in MCF-7 cells treated with 0, 15, 30 and 60μM of 20(S)-PPD, respectively. Moreover, 20(S)-PPD could induce mitochondrial membrane potential loss, up-regulate Bax expression and down-regulate Bcl-2 expression. These events paralleled activation of caspase-9, -3 and PARP cleavage. Apoptosis induced by 20(S)-PPD was blocked by z-VAD-fmk, a pan-caspase inhibitor, suggesting induction of caspase-mediated apoptotic cell death. In conclusion, the 20(S)-PPD investigated is able to inhibit cell proliferation and to induce cancer cell death by a caspase-mediated apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China E-mail : ,
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Chung IM, Lim JJ, Ahn MS, Jeong HN, An TJ, Kim SH. Comparative phenolic compound profiles and antioxidative activity of the fruit, leaves, and roots of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) according to cultivation years. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:68-75. [PMID: 26843824 PMCID: PMC4703808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study of phenolic compounds profiles and antioxidative activity in ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots with respect to cultivation years, and has been little reported to date. Hence, this study examined the phenolic compounds profiles and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical-scavenging activities in the fruit, leaves, and roots of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) as a function of cultivation year. Methods Profiling of 23 phenolic compounds in ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots was investigated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with the external calibration method. Antioxidative activity of ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots were evaluated using the method of DPPH free-radical-scavenging activity. Results The total phenol content in ginseng fruit and leaves was higher than in ginseng roots (p < 0.05), and the phenol content in the ginseng samples was significantly correlated to the DPPH free-radical-scavenging activity (r = 0.928****). In particular, p-coumaric acid (r = 0.847****) and ferulic acid (r = 0.742****) greatly affected the DPPH activity. Among the 23 phenolic compounds studied, phenolic acids were more abundant in ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots than the flavonoids and other compounds (p < 0.05). In particular, chlorogenic acid, gentisic acid, p- and m-coumaric acid, and rutin were the major phenolic compounds in 3–6-yr-old ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots. Conclusion This study provides basic information about the antioxidative activity and phenolic compounds profiles in fruit, leaves, and roots of Korean ginseng with cultivation years. This information is potentially useful to ginseng growers and industries involved in the production of high-quality and nutritional ginseng products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Jin Lim
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Seob Ahn
- Ginseng and Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Gangwon ARES, Cheorwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haet-Nim Jeong
- Ginseng and Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Gangwon ARES, Cheorwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin An
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Chung KS, Choi HE, Shin JS, Cho EJ, Cho YW, Choi JH, Baek NI, Lee KT. Chemopreventive effects of standardized ethanol extract from the aerial parts of Artemisia princeps Pampanini cv. Sajabal via NF-κB inactivation on colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 75:14-23. [PMID: 25449198 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is an underlying risk factor of colon cancer, and NF-κB plays a critical role in the development of inflammation-associated colon cancer in an AOM/DSS mouse model. The aim of this study was to determine whether the standardized ethanol extract obtained from the aerial parts of Artemisia princeps Pampanini cv. Sajabal (EAPP) is effective at preventing inflammation-associated colon cancer, and if so, to identify the signaling pathways involved. In the present study, protective efficacy of EAPP on tumor formation and the infiltrations of monocytes and macrophages in colons of an AOM/DSS mouse model were evaluated. It was found that colitis and tumor burdens showed statistically meaningful improvements after EAPP administration. Furthermore, these improvements were accompanied by a reduction in NF-κB activity and in the levels of NF-κB-dependent pro-survival proteins, that is, survivin, cFLIP, XIAP, and Bcl-2. In vitro, EAPP significantly reduced NF-κB activation and the levels of IL-1β and IL-8 mRNA and pro-survival proteins in HT-29 and HCT-116 colon cancer cells. Furthermore, EAPP caused caspase-dependent apoptosis. Based on these results, the authors suggest EAPP suppresses inflammatory responses and induces apoptosis partly via NF-κB inactivation, and that EAPP could be useful for the prevention of colitis-associated tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Sook Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Eun Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Reactive Oxygen Species Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eu-Jin Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Wuk Cho
- Reactive Oxygen Species Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hye Choi
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-In Baek
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Plant Metabolism Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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Vayghan HJ, Ghadimi SS, Nourazarian AR. Preventive and therapeutic roles of ginseng - focus on colon cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:585-8. [PMID: 24568461 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.2.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases all over the world. Early screening and start of chemotherapy is effective in decreasing mortality. This type of cancer can be controlled to some extent via a healthy diet rich in fruit and vegetables. Ginseng is a plant which has been consumed as a herbal medicine for thousands of years in Asian countries. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that this plant not only reduces the incidence of colorectal cancer, but also improves patient's status by enhancing the effects of chemotherapy drugs. However, further studies are needed to prove this relationship. We briefly review ginseng and its components such as ginsenosides reported anticancer effects and their mechanisms of action. Understanding these relationships may produce insights into chemical and pharmacological approaches for enhancing the chemo preventive effects of ginsenosides and for developing novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Jafari Vayghan
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran E-mail :
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Yuan CS, Wang CZ, Wicks SM, Qi LW. Chemical and pharmacological studies of saponins with a focus on American ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2014; 34:160-7. [PMID: 21359120 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2010.34.3.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) are the two most recognized ginseng botanicals. It is believed that the ginseng saponins called ginsenosides are the major active constituents in both ginsengs. Although American ginseng is not as extensively studied as Asian ginseng, it is one of the best selling herbs in the U.S., and has garnered increasing attention from scientists in recent years. In this article, after a brief introduction of the distribution and cultivation of American ginseng, we discuss chemical analysis of saponins from these two ginsengs, i.e., their similarities and differences. Subsequently, we review pharmacological effects of the saponins, including the effects on the cardiovascular system, immune system, and central nervous system as well as the antidiabetes and anti-cancer effects. These investigations were mainly derived from American ginseng studies. We also discuss evidence suggesting that chemical modifications of ginseng saponins would be a valuable approach to develop novel compounds in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 4028, Chicago, Illinois 60637, U.S.A
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Gao JL, Lv GY, He BC, Zhang BQ, Zhang H, Wang N, Wang CZ, Du W, Yuan CS, He TC. Ginseng saponin metabolite 20(S)-protopanaxadiol inhibits tumor growth by targeting multiple cancer signaling pathways. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:292-8. [PMID: 23633038 PMCID: PMC3729206 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived active constituents and their semi-synthetic or synthetic analogs have served as major sources of anticancer drugs. 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) is a metabolite of ginseng saponin of both American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) and Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). We previously demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg3, a glucoside precursor of PPD, exhibits anti-proliferative effects on HCT116 cells and reduces tumor size in a xenograft model. Our subsequent study indicated that PPD has more potent antitumor activity than that of Rg3 in vitro although the mechanism underlying the anticancer activity of PPD remains to be defined. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying the anticancer activity of PPD in human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. PPD was shown to inhibit growth and induce cell cycle arrest in HCT116 cells. The in vivo studies indicate that PPD inhibits xenograft tumor growth in athymic nude mice bearing HCT116 cells. The xenograft tumor size was significantly reduced when the animals were treated with PPD (30 mg/kg body weight) for 3 weeks. When the expression of previously identified Rg3 targets, A kinase (PRKA) anchor protein 8 (AKAP8L) and phosphatidylinositol transfer protein α (PITPNA), was analyzed, PPD was shown to inhibit the expression of PITPNA while upregulating AKAP8L expression in HCT116 cells. Pathway-specific reporter assays indicated that PPD effectively suppressed the NF-κB, JNK and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways. Taken together, our results suggest that the anticancer activity of PPD in colon cancer cells may be mediated through targeting NF-κB, JNK and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways, although the detailed mechanisms underlying the anticancer mode of PPD action need to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Li Gao
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China.
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Anti-proliferative properties of ethyl acetate extract of Phellinus linteus grown on ginseng (Panax ginseng) on HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells through inducing apoptosis. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Nag SA, Qin JJ, Wang W, Wang MH, Wang H, Zhang R. Ginsenosides as Anticancer Agents: In vitro and in vivo Activities, Structure-Activity Relationships, and Molecular Mechanisms of Action. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:25. [PMID: 22403544 PMCID: PMC3289390 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapeutic agents are often toxic not only to tumor cells but also to normal cells, limiting their therapeutic use in the clinic. Novel natural product anticancer compounds present an attractive alternative to synthetic compounds, based on their favorable safety and efficacy profiles. Several pre-clinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the anticancer potential of Panax ginseng, a widely used traditional Chinese medicine. The anti-tumor efficacy of ginseng is attributed mainly to the presence of saponins, known as ginsenosides. In this review, we focus on how ginsenosides exert their anticancer effects by modulation of diverse signaling pathways, including regulation of cell proliferation mediators (CDKs and cyclins), growth factors (c-myc, EGFR, and vascular endothelial growth factor), tumor suppressors (p53 and p21), oncogenes (MDM2), cell death mediators (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, XIAP, caspases, and death receptors), inflammatory response molecules (NF-κB and COX-2), and protein kinases (JNK, Akt, and AMP-activated protein kinase). We also discuss the structure–activity relationship of various ginsenosides and their potentials in the treatment of various human cancers. In summary, recent advances in the discovery and evaluation of ginsenosides as cancer therapeutic agents support further pre-clinical and clinical development of these agents for the treatment of primary and metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasree Ashok Nag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Amarillo, TX, USA
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Dougherty U, Mustafi R, Wang Y, Musch MW, Wang CZ, Konda VJ, Kulkarni A, Hart J, Dawson G, Kim KE, Yuan CS, Chang EB, Bissonnette M. American ginseng suppresses Western diet-promoted tumorigenesis in model of inflammation-associated colon cancer: role of EGFR. Altern Ther Health Med 2011; 11:111. [PMID: 22070864 PMCID: PMC3227598 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Western diets increase colon cancer risk. Epidemiological evidence and experimental studies suggest that ginseng can inhibit colon cancer development. In this study we asked if ginseng could inhibit Western diet (20% fat) promoted colonic tumorigenesis and if compound K, a microbial metabolite of ginseng could suppress colon cancer xenograft growth. Methods Mice were initiated with azoxymethane (AOM) and, two weeks later fed a Western diet (WD, 20% fat) alone, or WD supplemented with 250-ppm ginseng. After 1 wk, mice received 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 5 days and were sacrificed 12 wks after AOM. Tumors were harvested and cell proliferation measured by Ki67 staining and apoptosis by TUNEL assay. Levels of EGF-related signaling molecules and apoptosis regulators were determined by Western blotting. Anti-tumor effects of intraperitoneal compound K were examined using a tumor xenograft model and compound K absorption measured following oral ginseng gavage by UPLC-mass spectrometry. Effects of dietary ginseng on microbial diversity were measured by analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA. Results Ginseng significantly inhibited colonic inflammation and tumorigenesis and concomitantly reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis. The EGFR cascade was up-regulated in colonic tumors and ginseng significantly reduced EGFR and ErbB2 activation and Cox-2 expression. Dietary ginseng altered colonic microbial diversity, and bacterial suppression with metronidazole reduced serum compound K following ginseng gavage. Furthermore, compound K significantly inhibited tumor xenograft growth. Conclusions Ginseng inhibited colonic inflammation and tumorigenesis promoted by Western diet. We speculate that the ginseng metabolite compound K contributes to the chemopreventive effects of this agent in colonic tumorigenesis.
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Karna P, Gundala SR, Gupta MV, Shamsi SA, Pace RD, Yates C, Narayan S, Aneja R. Polyphenol-rich sweet potato greens extract inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1872-80. [PMID: 21948980 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves or greens, extensively consumed as a vegetable in Africa and Asia, are an excellent source of dietary polyphenols such as anthocyanins and phenolic acids. Here, we show that sweet potato greens extract (SPGE) has the maximum polyphenol content compared with several commercial vegetables including spinach. The polyphenol-rich SPGE exerts significant antiproliferative activity in a panel of prostate cancer cell lines while sparing normal prostate epithelial cells. Mechanistically, SPGE perturbed cell cycle progression, reduced clonogenic survival, modulated cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory molecules and induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells both in vitro and in vivo. SPGE-induced apoptosis has a mitochondrially mediated component, which was attenuated by pretreatment with cyclosporin A. We also observed alterations of apoptosis regulatory molecules such as inactivation of Bcl2, upregulation of BAX, cytochrome c release and activation of downstream apoptotic signaling. SPGE caused DNA degradation as evident by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining of increased concentration of 3'-DNA ends. Furthermore, apoptotic induction was caspase dependent as shown by cleavage of caspase substrate, poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase. Oral administration of 400 mg/kg SPGE remarkably inhibited growth and progression of prostate tumor xenografts by ∼69% in nude mice, as shown by tumor volume measurements and non-invasive real-time bioluminescent imaging. Most importantly, SPGE did not cause any detectable toxicity to rapidly dividing normal tissues such as gut and bone marrow. This is the first report to demonstrate the in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of sweet potato greens in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanthi Karna
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA-30303, USA
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Qi LW, Wang CZ, Yuan CS. Ginsenosides from American ginseng: chemical and pharmacological diversity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:689-99. [PMID: 21396670 PMCID: PMC3103855 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng occupies a prominent position in the list of best-selling natural products in the world. Compared to the long history of use and widespread research on Asian ginseng, the study of American ginseng is relatively limited. In the past decade, some promising advances have been achieved in understanding the chemistry, pharmacology and structure-function relationship of American ginseng. To date, there is no systematic review of American ginseng. In this review, the different structures of the ginsenosides in American ginseng are described, including naturally occurring compounds and those resulting from steaming or biotransformation. Preclinical and clinical studies published in the past decade are also discussed. Highlighted are the chemical and pharmacological diversity and potential structural-activity relationship of ginsenosides. The goal is that this article is a useful reference to chemists and biologists researching American ginseng, and will open the door to agents in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Wen Qi
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Chen XP, Qian LL, Jiang H, Chen JH. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits CXCR4 expression and related migrations in a breast cancer cell line. Int J Clin Oncol 2011; 16:519-23. [PMID: 21455623 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-011-0222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginsenoside Rg3 is an extract from the natural product ginseng. Previous studies have linked Rg3 with anti-metastasis of cancer in vivo and in vitro. CXC receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a vital molecule in migration and homing of cancer to the docking regions. METHODS In this study, the effects of Rg3 on CXCR4 expression were investigated in a breast cancer cell line. Immunohistochemistry, chemotaxis and wound healing mobility assays were performed in cultured MDA-MB-231 cells. RESULTS At a dosage without obvious cytotoxicity, Rg3 treatment elicits a weak CXCR4 stain color, decreases the number of migrated cells in CXCL12-elicited chemotaxis and reduces the width of the scar in wound healing. CONCLUSION This work suggests that Rg3 is a new CXCR4 inhibitor from a natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Chen
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chao-Wang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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Abstract
Ginseng occupies a prominent position in the list of best-selling natural products in the world. Because of its complex constituents, multidisciplinary techniques are needed to validate the analytical methods that support ginseng's use worldwide. In the past decade, rapid development of technology has advanced many aspects of ginseng research. The aim of this review is to illustrate the recent advances in the isolation and analysis of ginseng, and to highlight new applications and challenges. Emphasis is placed on recent trends and emerging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Wen Qi
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
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Qu C, Yu S, Bai A, Wang J. Study on the interactions between ginsenosides and lysozyme under acidic condition by ESI-MS and molecular docking. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 78:676-680. [PMID: 21183401 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the different effects of ginsenosides with similar structures, research on interactions between ginsenoside Rg1, Re and lysozyme was carried out by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and molecular docking. The 1:1 and 2:1 noncovalent complexes of ginsenosides and lysozyme were observed in the mass spectra and the dissociation constants for them were directly calculated based on peak intensities of lysozyme and its noncovalent complexes with ginsenosides. The results showed that the 1:1 complex of ginsenoside Rg1 and lysozyme was more stable than that of ginsenoside Re and lysozyme. As the acidity increased, the stabilities of the 1:1 complexes of Rg1, Re and lysozyme both decreased. Interestingly, as the acidity increased, the stability of the 2:1 complex of Rg1 and lysozyme increased while that of Re decreased. From the result of molecular docking, ginsenosides interacted with the active sites of lysozyme. And the stability of the complexes could be affected by the conformation changes of lysozyme as acidity increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenling Qu
- College of Grain Oil and Food Science, Henan University of Technology, 140 Songshan South Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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Hargrove AE, Reyes RN, Riddington I, Anslyn EV, Sessler JL. Boronic acid porphyrin receptor for ginsenoside sensing. Org Lett 2011; 12:4804-7. [PMID: 20860384 DOI: 10.1021/ol1019647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside detection was pursued through the design of a porphyrin receptor containing two boronic acid units. This receptor was found to undergo different degrees of fluorescence quenching with five ginsenoside guests and an acylated derivative. The trends in the 1:1 binding constants, as well as ESI-HRMS analysis, support a binding mode in which the ginsenoside sugar units are bound to the boronic acid groups, while the steroid core and porphyrin ring participate in hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Hargrove
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, United States
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Sun J, Chen P. Differentiation of Panax quinquefolius grown in the USA and China using LC/MS-based chromatographic fingerprinting and chemometric approaches. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 399:1877-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Qi LW, Wang CZ, Yuan CS. American ginseng: potential structure-function relationship in cancer chemoprevention. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:947-54. [PMID: 20599804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng has a prominent position on the list of best-selling herbal products in the world, and its main active constituents are thought to be ginsenosides. Compared with the long history of use and widespread research on Asian ginseng, studies of American ginseng are relatively limited, especially regarding cancer chemoprevention. In recent studies of American ginseng, steaming or heating altered the ginsenoside profile and thereby increased anticancer effects. Yet the ginsenoside structures and their activities have not been systematically elucidated. In this commentary, we introduce the different ginsenosides in American ginseng, both the naturally occurring compounds and those resulting from steaming or biotransformation. We briefly review American ginseng's reported anticancer effects and their mechanisms of action, and explore the possible structural-function relationship with a focus on sugar molecules, hydroxyl groups and stereoselectivity in ginsenosides. Understanding these relationships may produce insights into chemical and pharmacological approaches for enhancing the chemopreventive effects of ginsenoside and for developing novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Wen Qi
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 4028, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
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Cheng H, Li S, Fan Y, Gao X, Hao M, Wang J, Zhang X, Tai G, Zhou Y. Comparative studies of the antiproliferative effects of ginseng polysaccharides on HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Med Oncol 2010; 28:175-81. [PMID: 20165990 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng polysaccharide has anticancer activity. However, the structure-activity relationship and the activity mechanism are still unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to study the anticancer activity of structurally different ginseng polysaccharide fractions and their potential mechanisms. Ginseng polysaccharide fractions and their temperature-modified products were assayed for their effects on HT-29 cell proliferation by MTT assay, on cell cycle progression by flow cytometry, and on caspase-3 activation by western blot analysis. The HG-rich ginseng pectin inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. The temperature-modified HG-rich pectin had dramatically increased antiproliferative effect and induced apoptosis accompanied by the activation of caspase-3. Starch-like glucan and arabinogalactan of ginseng exhibited no antiproliferative effects. Even after temperature modification, their inhibitory effects either remained unchanged or increased slightly. The HG-rich pectin exerts its antiproliferative effect via cell cycle arrest and the temperature modification markedly increased the antiproliferative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, 130024 Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
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