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Hassan NH, Saleh D, Abo El-Khair SM, Almasry SM, Ibrahim A. The relation between autophagy modulation by intermittent fasting and aquaporin 2 expression in experimentally induced diabetic nephropathy in albino rat. Tissue Cell 2024; 88:102395. [PMID: 38692159 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Polyuria is an early sign of diabetic nephropathy (DN) that produces dehydration in diabetic patients. This could be caused by alteration of renal aquaporin 2 (AQP2) expression. This study aimed to describe the relation between autophagy modulation via intermittent fasting (IF) and renal AQP2 expression and polyuria in case of DN. We divided the rats into control, DN and IF groups. After 2 and 4 weeks of diabetes induction, blood glucose (BG), serum creatinine (Scr), urine volume, and 24 hours urine protein (UP) were examined. Diabetic nephropathy histopathological index (DNHI) was calculated to evaluate histopathological changes. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR were performed to measure the levels of AQP2 and the autophagy marker; LC3 in kidney tissue. DNHI was correlated to the PCR and immunoexpression of AQP2 and LC3. Intermittent fasting significantly decreased the BG, Scr, urine volume, 24 hours UP, and DNHI as compared diabetes. Diabetes significantly elevated the immunoreactivity and mRNA expression levels of AQP2 and LC3 as compared to the control. However, the IF decreased AQP2 and stimulated autophagy in cyclic fashion. Our data revealed significant positive correlations between AQP2 and LC3 at the level of immunoexpression and mRNA at 2nd weeks. Taken together, these data showed that autophagy stimulation didn't regulate AQP2 expression in case of diabetic nephropathy, however IF decreased polyuria through improvement of glycemic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Hisham Hassan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.
| | - Dalia Saleh
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Salwa M Abo El-Khair
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Shaima M Almasry
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Amira Ibrahim
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
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2
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Patel J, Torrealba JR, Poggio ED, Bebiak J, Alpers CE, Grewenow SM, Toto RD, Eadon MT. Molecular Signatures of Diabetic Kidney Disease Hiding in a Patient with Hypertension-Related Kidney Disease: A Clinical Pathologic Molecular Correlation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 17:594-601. [PMID: 34911732 PMCID: PMC8993486 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.10350721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Kidney Precision Medicine Project (KPMP) seeks to establish a molecular atlas of the kidney in health and disease and improve our understanding of the molecular drivers of CKD and AKI. Herein, we describe the case of a 66-year-old woman with CKD who underwent a protocol KPMP kidney biopsy. Her clinical history included well-controlled diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and proteinuria. The patient's histopathology was consistent with modest hypertension-related kidney injury, without overt diabetic kidney disease. Transcriptomic signatures of the glomerulus, interstitium, and tubular subsegments were obtained from laser microdissected tissue. The molecular signatures that were uncovered revealed evidence of early diabetic kidney disease adaptation and ongoing active tubular injury with enriched pathways related to mesangial cell hypertrophy, glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, and apoptosis. Molecular evidence of diabetic kidney disease was found across the nephron. Novel molecular assays can supplement and enrich the histopathologic diagnosis obtained from a kidney biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiten Patel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jose R. Torrealba
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Emilio D. Poggio
- Department of Nephrology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jack Bebiak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Charles E. Alpers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephanie M. Grewenow
- Kidney Research Institute and Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robert D. Toto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Michael T. Eadon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Role of Cutaneous Aquaporins in the Development of Xeroderma in Type 2 Diabetes. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020104. [PMID: 33494453 PMCID: PMC7912687 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma is induced by diabetes, reducing patients’ quality of life. We aimed to clarify the roles of cutaneous water channel aquaporin-3 (AQP3) in diabetic xeroderma using type 2 diabetes model db/db mice. Blood glucose levels were unchanged in 5-week-old db/db mice compared to db/+ mice (control mice), but the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes was confirmed in 12-week-old db/db mice. The dermal water content and AQP3 expression in 5-week-old db/db mice were almost the same as those in the control mice. On the other hand, in 12-week-old db/db mice, the dermal water content and AQP3 expression were significantly decreased. The addition of glucose to HaCaT cells had no effect on AQP3, but tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) decreased the AQP3 expression level. Blood TNF-α levels or skin inflammation markers in the 12-week-old db/db mice were significantly higher than those in control mice. AQP3 levels in the skin were decreased in type 2 diabetes, and this decrease in AQP3 may be one of the causes of xeroderma. Therefore, a substance that increases AQP3 may be useful for improving xeroderma. Additionally, a decrease in skin AQP3 may be triggered by inflammation. Therefore, anti-inflammatory drugs may be effective as new therapeutic agents for diabetic xerosis.
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Nawata CM, Pannabecker TL. Mammalian urine concentration: a review of renal medullary architecture and membrane transporters. J Comp Physiol B 2018; 188:899-918. [PMID: 29797052 PMCID: PMC6186196 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-018-1164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian kidneys play an essential role in balancing internal water and salt concentrations. When water needs to be conserved, the renal medulla produces concentrated urine. Central to this process of urine concentration is an osmotic gradient that increases from the corticomedullary boundary to the inner medullary tip. How this gradient is generated and maintained has been the subject of study since the 1940s. While it is generally accepted that the outer medulla contributes to the gradient by means of an active process involving countercurrent multiplication, the source of the gradient in the inner medulla is unclear. The last two decades have witnessed advances in our understanding of the urine-concentrating mechanism. Details of medullary architecture and permeability properties of the tubules and vessels suggest that the functional and anatomic relationships of these structures may contribute to the osmotic gradient necessary to concentrate urine. Additionally, we are learning more about the membrane transporters involved and their regulatory mechanisms. The role of medullary architecture and membrane transporters in the mammalian urine-concentrating mechanism are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Michele Nawata
- Department of Physiology, Banner University Medical Center, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5051, USA.
| | - Thomas L Pannabecker
- Department of Physiology, Banner University Medical Center, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5051, USA
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Marlar S, Arnspang EC, Koffman JS, Løcke EM, Christensen BM, Nejsum LN. Elevated cAMP increases aquaporin-3 plasma membrane diffusion. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C598-606. [PMID: 24452376 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00132.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulated urine concentration takes place in the renal collecting duct upon arginine vasopressin (AVP) stimulation, where subapical vesicles containing aquaporin-2 (AQP2) are inserted into the apical membrane instantly increasing water reabsorption and urine concentration. The reabsorped water exits via basolateral AQP3 and AQP4. Upon long-term stimulation with AVP or during thirst, expression levels of both AQP2 and AQP3 are increased; however, there is so far no evidence for short-term AVP regulation of AQP3 or AQP4. To facilitate the increase in transepithelial water transport, AQP3 may be short-term regulated via changes in protein-protein interactions, incorporation into lipid rafts, and/or changes in steady-state turnover, which could result in changes in the diffusion behavior of AQP3. Thus we measured AQP3 diffusion coefficients upon stimulation with the AVP mimic forskolin to reveal if AQP3 could be short-term regulated by AVP. k-Space image correlation spectroscopy (kICS) analysis of time-lapse image sequences of basolateral enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged AQP3 (AQP3-EGFP) revealed that the forskolin-mediated elevation of cAMP increased the diffusion coefficient by 58% from 0.0147 ± 0.0082 μm(2)/s (control) to 0.0232 ± 0.0085 μm(2)/s (forskolin, P < 0.05). Quantum dot-conjugated antibody labeling also revealed a significant increase in AQP3 diffusion upon forskolin treatment by 44% [0.0104 ± 0.0040 μm(2)/s (control) vs. 0.0150 ± 0.0016 μm(2)/s (forskolin, P < 0.05)]. Immunoelectron microscopy showed no obvious difference in AQP3-EGFP expression levels or localization in the plasma membrane upon forskolin stimulation. Thus AQP3-EGFP diffusion is altered upon increased cAMP, which may correspond to basolateral adaptations in response to the increased apical water readsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saw Marlar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and
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Cipriani P, Kim SL, Klein JD, Sim JH, von Bergen TN, Blount MA. The role of nitric oxide in the dysregulation of the urine concentration mechanism in diabetes mellitus. Front Physiol 2012; 3:176. [PMID: 22685437 PMCID: PMC3368392 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus results in osmotic diuresis. Diabetic patients have lowered nitric oxide (NO) which may exacerbate polyuria. We examined how lack of NO affects the transporters involved in urine concentration in diabetic animals. Diabetes was induced in rats by streptozotocin. Control and diabetic rats were given L-NAME for 3 weeks. Urine osmolality, urine output, and expression of urea and water transporters and the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter were examined. Predictably, diabetic rats presented with polyuria (increased urine volume and decreased urine osmolality). Although metabolic parameters of control rats were unaffected by L-NAME, treated diabetic rats produced 30% less urine and osmolality was restored. UT-A1 and UT-A3 were significantly increased in diabetic rat inner medulla. While L-NAME treatment alone did not alter UT-A1 or UT-A3 abundance, absence of NO prevented the upregulation of both transporters in diabetic rats. Similarly, AQP2 and NKCC2 abundance was increased in diabetic animals however, expression of these transporters were unchanged by L-NAME treatment of diabetes. Increased expression of the concentrating transporters observed in diabetic rats provides a compensatory mechanism to decrease solute loss despite persistent glycosuria. Our studies found that although diabetic-induced glycosylation remained increased, total protein expression was decreased to control levels in diabetic rats treated with L-NAME. While the role of NO in urine concentration remains unclear, lowered NO associated with diabetes may be deleterious to the transporters’ response to the subsequent osmotic diuresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Cipriani
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
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Han X, Chesney RW. The role of taurine in renal disorders. Amino Acids 2012; 43:2249-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ikarashi N, Ogiue N, Toyoda E, Kon R, Ishii M, Toda T, Aburada T, Ochiai W, Sugiyama K. Gypsum fibrosum and its major component CaSO4 increase cutaneous aquaporin-3 expression levels. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:409-413. [PMID: 22138657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE We have previously reported that Byakkokaninjinto improves cutaneous pruritus by increasing the expression level of aquaporin-3 (AQP3). In this study, we examined the effect of Gypsum fibrosum (main component: CaSO(4)), which is the main component of Byakkokaninjinto, on the cutaneous AQP3 expression level. MATERIALS AND METHODS KKAy mice were given a diet containing 0.3% Gypsum fibrosum extract, or a diet containing 0.3% CaSO(4) for 4 weeks. The urine volume, plasma glucose levels, cutaneous AQP3 protein expression, and the Ca(2+) content were measured. RESULTS The 24-h urine volumes and the plasma glucose levels in the Gypsum fibrosum extract group were not significantly different from those in the control group. In the Gypsum fibrosum extract group, the cutaneous AQP3 protein levels increased significantly, by approximately 3.2-fold, compared to the control group. The cutaneous Ca(2+) content in the control group was approximately 35μg/g. In the Gypsum fibrosum extract group, the Ca(2+) content increased to approximately 51μg/g, which was significant compared to the control group. In the CaSO(4) group, an increase in the AQP3 protein expression levels and Ca(2+) content were observed; the extent of these increases were similar to those in the Gypsum fibrosum extract group. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that Gypsum fibrosum plays an important role in the increased levels of cutaneous AQP3 expression enhanced by Byakkokaninjinto. The results also indicate that the increase in AQP3 caused by Gypsum fibrosum is attributable to an increase in the cutaneous Ca(2+) content from its main component, CaSO(4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutomo Ikarashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Mozaffari MS, Abdelsayed R, Liu JY, Zakhary I, Baban B. Renal distal tubule proliferation and increased aquaporin 2 level but decreased urine osmolality in db/db mouse: treatment with chromium picolinate. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 92:54-8. [PMID: 21983138 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Hallmark features of type 2 diabetes mellitus include glucosuria and polyuria. Further, renal aquaporin 2 is pivotal to regulation of fluid excretion and urine osmolality. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that the db/db mouse displays increased glucosuria and fluid excretion but reduced urine osmolality in association with decreased renal aquaporin 2 level. In addition, we examined the effect of chromium picolinate (Cr(pic)3) which is purported to improve glycemic control. The db/db mice excreted more urine in association with marked glucose excretion but lower urine osmolality than db/m control group. Light microscopic examination of renal tissue revealed proliferation of tubular structures in db/db compared to the db/m mice, a feature validated with Ki67 immunostaining. Further, these tubules showed generally similar immunostaining intensity and pattern for aquaporin 2 indicating that proliferated tubules are of distal origin. On the other hand, renal aquaporin 2 protein level was significantly higher in the db/db than db/m group. Treatment of db/db mice with Cr(pic)3 reduced plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c (~15-17%, p<0.05) and Ki67 positive cells but other parameters were similar to their untreated counterparts. Collectively, these findings suggest that proliferation of renal distal tubules and increased aquaporin 2 level likely represent an adaptive mechanism to regulate fluid excretion to prevent dehydration in the setting of marked glucosuria in the db/db mouse, features not affected by Cr(pic)3 treatment. These observations are of relevance to increasing interest in developing therapeutic agents that facilitate renal glucose elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood S Mozaffari
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Bianchi L, Lari R, Anichini R, De Bellis A, Berti A, Napoli Z, Seghieri G, Franconi F. Taurine transporter gene expression in peripheral mononuclear blood cells of type 2 diabetic patients. Amino Acids 2011; 42:2267-74. [PMID: 21739148 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0968-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Taurine acts as antioxidant, cell osmolyte, modulator of glucose metabolism, and plays a role in the retinal function. It is 10(3)-fold more concentrated in the intracellular than in the extracellular milieu due to a specific taurine-Na-dependent transporter (TauT), which is upregulated by hypertonicity, low extracellular taurine, or oxidative stress and acutely downregulated 'in vitro' by high glucose concentrations. Aim of this study was to investigate whether TauT expression was modified in mononuclear peripheral blood cells (MPC) of type 2 diabetic patients with or without micro/macrovascular complications. Plasma taurine, as well as other sulphur-containing aminoacids (assayed by HPLC) and TauT gene expression (assayed by real-time PCR analysis) were measured in MPC of 45 controls and of 81 age-and-sex matched type 2 diabetic patients with or without micro/macrovascular complications. Median value (interquartile range) of plasma taurine was significantly lower in diabetic patients than in controls [28.7 (13.7) μmol/l vs. 46.5 (20.3) μmol/l; P<0.05], while median TauT expression, in arbitrary units, was significantly higher in diabetics than in controls [3.8 (3.9) vs. 1 (1.3); P<0.05) and was related to HbA1c only in controls (r=0.34; P<0.05). Patients with retinopathy (n=25) had lower TauT expression than those who were unaffected [3.1 (2.8) vs. 4.1 (3.4); P<0.05], while persistent micro/macroalbuminuria was associated with unchanged TauT expression. A trend toward reduction in TauT expression was observed in patients with macroangiopathy [n=27; 3.3 (2.5) vs. 4 [3.7]; P=NS]. In conclusion, TauT gene is overexpressed in MPC of type 2 diabetic patients, while presence of retinopathy is specifically associated with a drop in TauT overexpression, suggesting its possible involvement in this microangiopathic lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loria Bianchi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Spedali Riuniti, Pistoia, Italy
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Ikarashi N, Kagami M, Kobayashi Y, Ishii M, Toda T, Ochiai W, Sugiyama K. Changes in the pharmacokinetics of digoxin in polyuria in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and lithium carbonate-treated mice. Xenobiotica 2011; 41:486-93. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.551848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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