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Zhang Q, Li X, Li Y, Chen S, Shen X, Dong X, Song Y, Zhang X, Huang K. Expression of the PTEN/FOXO3a/PLZF signalling pathway in pancreatic cancer and its significance in tumourigenesis and progression. Invest New Drugs 2019; 38:321-328. [PMID: 31087222 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00791-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal gastrointestinal malignancies. The PTEN/AKT signalling pathway is closely related to the tumourigenesis and progression of PC. The downstream effectors, FOXO3a, PLZF and VEGF, are reported to be involved in angiogenesis, lymph node metastasis and poor survival in PC. By using tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry, we found, that PTEN, FOXO3a and PLZF expression was significantly decreased in PC specimens compared with that in chronic pancreatitis (CP) specimens, while VEGF expression was significantly increased. Furthermore, the expression of PTEN was positively correlated with that of FOXO3a and PLZF but negatively correlated with that of VEGF. Our results suggest that the PTEN/FOXO3a/PLZF signalling pathway may negatively regulate VEGF expression in PC. Through clinical analysis of 69 PC patients, PTEN, FOXO3a and PLZF expression was found to be significantly decreased in specimens from PC patients with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis, while VEGF expression was significantly increased. Taken together, these reaults suggest that the PTEN/FOXO3a/PLZF signalling pathway may be capable of inhibiting growth and metastasis in PC by regulating VEGF-mediated angiogenesis, which requires further in vivo and in vitro studies and can potentially be a therapeutic target for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiubo Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, No. 57 Xingning Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Xuanna Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 107, Yanjiang West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yaqing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 107, Yanjiang West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Shaojie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 107, Yanjiang West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiaoling Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, No. 57 Xingning Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Xianwen Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, No. 57 Xingning Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Yufei Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, No. 57 Xingning Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Xuesong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, No. 57 Xingning Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Kaihong Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 107, Yanjiang West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Ye Y, Liu P, Wang Y, Li H, Wei F, Cheng Y, Han L, Yu J. Neurotensin, a Novel Messenger to Cross-Link Inflammation and Tumor Invasion via Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Pathway. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 35:340-350. [PMID: 25215420 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.952412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple cytokines and growth factors are critical for the prognosis of cancer which has been regarded as a worldwide health problem. Recently, neuropeptides, soluble factors regulating a series of functions in the central nervous system, have also been demonstrated to stimulate the proliferation and migration of tumor cells. Among these signaling peptides, the role of neurotensin (NTS) on malignancy procession has become a hot topic. The effects of NTS on tumor growth and its antiapoptosis role have already been identified. Subsequently, studies demonstrated the impact of NTS on the migration and invasion, but the molecular mechanisms involved are still unclear at present. Recently, some reports indicated that NTS could induce expression and secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) to promote local imflammatory response which might participate in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related tumor migration. In present review, we highlight the process of tumor EMT induced by NTS through stimulating IL-8 and the significance of NTS/IL-8 pathway in clinical application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Ye
- a Department of Immunology , Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Caner, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy , Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Pengpeng Liu
- b Cancer Molecular Diagnostic Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Caner, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy , Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- a Department of Immunology , Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Caner, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy , Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- a Department of Immunology , Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Caner, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy , Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Feng Wei
- a Department of Immunology , Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Caner, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy , Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Yanan Cheng
- b Cancer Molecular Diagnostic Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Caner, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy , Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Lei Han
- b Cancer Molecular Diagnostic Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Caner, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy , Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Jinpu Yu
- a Department of Immunology , Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Caner, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy , Tianjin , P. R. China.,b Cancer Molecular Diagnostic Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Caner, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy , Tianjin , P. R. China.,c Biotherapy Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Caner, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy , Tianjin , P. R. China
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Rai R, Chandra V, Tewari M, Kumar M, Shukla HS. Cholecystokinin and gastrin receptors targeting in gastrointestinal cancer. Surg Oncol 2012; 21:281-92. [PMID: 22801592 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin and Gastrin are amongst the first gastrointestinal hormone discovered. In addition to classical actions (contraction of gallbladder, growth and secretion in the stomach and pancreas), these also act as growth stimulants for gastrointestinal malignancies and cell lines. Growth of these tumours is inhibited by antagonists of the cholecystokinin and gastrin receptors. These receptors provides most promising approach in clinical oncology and several specific radiolabelled ligands have been synthesized for specific tumour targeting and therapy of tumours overexpressing these receptors. Therefore, definition of the molecular structure of the receptor involved in the autocrine/paracrine loop may contribute to novel therapies for gastrointestinal cancer. Hence, this review tries to focus on the role and distribution of these hormones and their receptors in gastrointestinal cancer with a brief talk about the clinical trial using available agonist and antagonist in gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Rai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Banaras Hindu University, 7 SKG Colony, Lanka, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Willard MD, Lajiness ME, Wulur IH, Feng B, Swearingen ML, Uhlik MT, Kinzler KW, Velculescu VE, Sjöblom T, Markowitz SD, Powell SM, Vogelstein B, Barber TD. Somatic mutations in CCK2R alter receptor activity that promote oncogenic phenotypes. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:739-49. [PMID: 22516348 PMCID: PMC3904773 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The roles of cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R) in numerous physiologic processes in the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system are well documented. There has been some evidence that CCK2R alterations play a role in cancers, but the functional significance of these alterations for tumorigenesis is unknown. We have identified six mutations in CCK2R among a panel of 140 colorectal cancers and 44 gastric cancers. We show that these mutations increase receptor activity, activate multiple downstream signaling pathways, increase cell migration, and promote angiogenesis. Our findings suggest that somatic mutations in CCK2R may promote tumorigenesis through deregulated receptor activity and highlight the importance of evaluating CCK2R inhibitors to block both the normal and mutant forms of the receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Shape/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/physiology
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Mice
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Mutation
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Phenotype
- RNA Interference
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/genetics
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/metabolism
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/physiology
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- Transfection
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda D. Willard
- Department of Translational Science, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mary E. Lajiness
- Department of Translational Science, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Isabella H. Wulur
- Department of Translational Science, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Bo Feng
- Department of Translational Science, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Mark T. Uhlik
- Department of Cancer Angiogenesis, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kenneth W. Kinzler
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Victor E. Velculescu
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tobias Sjöblom
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sanford D. Markowitz
- Department of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Steven M. Powell
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas D. Barber
- Department of Translational Science, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Foroni E, Serafini F, Amidani D, Turroni F, He F, Bottacini F, O'Connell Motherway M, Viappiani A, Zhang Z, Rivetti C, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Genetic analysis and morphological identification of pilus-like structures in members of the genus Bifidobacterium. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10 Suppl 1:S16. [PMID: 21995649 PMCID: PMC3231923 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-s1-s16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell surface pili in Gram positive bacteria have been reported to orchestrate the colonization of host tissues, evasion of immunity and the development of biofilms. So far, little if any information is available on the presence of pilus-like structures in human gut commensals like bifidobacteria. Results and discussion In this report, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) of various bifidobacterial strains belonging to Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum, Bifidobacterium dentium, Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis revealed the existence of appendages resembling pilus-like structures. Interestingly, these microorganisms harbour two to six predicted pilus gene clusters in their genome, with each organized in an operon encompassing the major pilin subunit-encoding gene (designated fimA or fimP) together with one or two minor pilin subunit-encoding genes (designated as fimB and/or fimQ), and a gene encoding a sortase enzyme (strA). Quantitative Real Time (qRT)-PCR analysis and RT-PCR experiments revealed a polycistronic mRNA, encompassing the fimA/P and fimB/Q genes, which are differentially expressed upon cultivation of bifidobacteria on various glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Foroni
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Genetics, Biology of Microorganisms, Anthropology and Evolution, University of Parma, Italy
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Kato H, Seto K, Kobayashi N, Yoshinaga K, Meyer T, Takei M. CCK-2/gastrin receptor signaling pathway is significant for gemcitabine-induced gene expression of VEGF in pancreatic carcinoma cells. Life Sci 2011; 89:603-8. [PMID: 21839751 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS As activation and overexpression of the cholecystokinin-2 (CCK-2)/gastrin receptor can lead to carcinogenesis, it has been explored as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer. We demonstrated that Z-360, a CCK-2/gastrin receptor antagonist, combined with gemcitabine prolonged survival and reduced gemcitabine-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in a pancreatic carcinoma orthotopic xenograft mouse. In this study, we investigated the role of the CCK-2/gastrin signaling pathway on gemcitabine-induced VEGF expression in PANC-1 human pancreatic carcinoma cells. MAIN METHODS In PANC-1 cells treated with Z-360, anti-gastrin IgG or kinase inhibitors, the gene expression levels were analyzed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, and the protein levels of Akt and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) in cellular extracts were measured by ELISA. KEY FINDINGS Gemcitabine-induced expression of VEGF and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) were suppressed by the treatment with an anti-gastrin antibody. In addition, VEGF and HIF-1 alpha gene expression was inhibited by treatment with an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), which is involved in the downstream signaling pathway of the CCK-2/gastrin receptor, and was also suppressed by treatment with Z-360. Moreover, although Akt phosphorylation was increased by treatment with gemcitabine, this elevation was partially, but significantly, inhibited by an exposure of Z-360. SIGNIFICANCE Gemcitabine might induce gene expression of VEGF via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the downstream of the CCK-2/gastrin receptor. The suppression of the CCK-2/gastrin signaling pathway by treatment with Z-360 could be a useful approach for potentiating prolonged survival of pancreatic cancer patients receiving gemcitabine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kato
- Department of Clinical Research, Zeria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2011; 18:83-98. [PMID: 21178692 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283432fa7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Orikawa Y, Kato H, Seto K, Kobayashi N, Yoshinaga K, Hamano H, Hori Y, Meyer T, Takei M. Z-360, a novel therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer, prevents up-regulation of ephrin B1 gene expression and phosphorylation of NR2B via suppression of interleukin-1 β production in a cancer-induced pain model in mice. Mol Pain 2010; 6:72. [PMID: 20979661 PMCID: PMC2987997 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-6-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Z-360 is an orally active cholecystokinin-2 (CCK2)/gastrin receptor antagonist currently under development as a therapeutic drug for pancreatic cancer. It was previously reported that Z-360 treatment in combination with gemcitabine prolonged the survival period in a lethal pancreatic cancer xenograft model in mice. In a phase Ib/IIa clinical study, Z-360 treatment displayed a trend of reduced pain in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer in combination with gemcitabine including analgesics such as opioids. Here, we investigated the mechanism of analgesic action of Z-360 in a severe cancer-induced pain model in mice, which is considered to be opioid-resistant, by examining ephrin B1 gene expression, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR2B subunit phosphorylation, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production. RESULTS In a mouse model of cancer-induced pain, ephrin B1 gene expression in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and the phosphorylation of NR2B in the spinal cord were induced. Z-360 treatment inhibited both ephrin B1 gene expression and the phosphorylation of NR2B. In addition, IL-1β production increased in the cancer-inoculated hind paw of mice, but could be suppressed by treatment with Z-360. Moreover, we observed that the CCK1 receptor antagonist devazepide similarly suppressed up-regulation of ephrin B1 gene expression and IL-1β production, and that the intraperitoneal injection of sulfated CCK-8 induced the production of IL-1β in the cancer-inoculated region. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a novel pain cascade, in which IL-1β production in cancer-inoculated regions induces ephrin B1 gene expression in DRGs and then ephrin B1 enhances the tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2B via Eph B receptor in the spinal cord. Notably, Z-360 relieves cancer-induced pain by preventing this pain cascade through the suppression of IL-1β production, likely via the blockade of CCK1 receptor. The pre-clinical results presented here support the analgesic action of Z-360 in pancreatic cancer patients with severe, opioid-resistant pain. Pre-clinical and clinical results have demonstrated that Z-360 combined with gemcitabine represents a promising pancreatic cancer therapy approach with characteristic analgesic effects in addition to the prolongation of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Orikawa
- Central Research Laboratories, Zeria Pharmaceutical Co,, Ltd,, 2512-1 Numagami, Oshikiri, Kumagaya-shi, Saitama, Japan.
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Zhou J, Zhang ZX, Li DC. Effects of lorglumide on growth and invasion of human pancreatic cancer cell line Mia PaCa-2 in vitro through the cholecystokinin-cholecystokinin-1 receptor pathway. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2010; 71:239-51. [PMID: 24688146 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been found to be a growth stimulant through its special receptor pathway, especially for gastrointestinal malignancies. Although the CCK-1 receptor has been shown to be highly expressed in resected human pancreatic cancer samples, its role is less clear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the CCK-1 receptor expression and the function of the CCK-CCK-1 receptor pathway in the human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line, Mia PaCa-2. METHODS The expression of the CCK-1 receptor in Mia PaCa-2 cells was detected by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. CCK-1 receptor agonist CCK-8S (the major transmitter form of CCK) and antagonist lorglumide were cultured respectively with Mia PaCa-2. Three groups were created for this study: CCK-8S group (Mia PaCa-2 cells treated with CCK-8S), lorglumide group (Mia PaCa-2 cells treated with lorglumide), and the control group (Mia PaCa-2 cells alone). Investigators were blinded to group designation. 3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry were used to detect the cell growth, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Apoptosis index rate was measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling. Cell invasion ability was observed by invasion assay. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) was measured by Western blotting. RESULTS Mia PaCa-2 cells were found to express the CCK-1 receptor. Compared with the control group (70.2% [1.5%]), CCK-8S was associated with significant mean (SD) cell proliferation (85.1% [1.7%]; P = 0.039), and the ratio in the S stage of the cell cycle increased significantly (50.5% [1.7%] vs 42.2% [1.4%]; P = 0.021). CCK-8S was also associated with increased Mia PaCa-2 cell invasion ability (123.8 [1.7] vs 102.1 [5.8]; P = 0.005 vs control). Compared with the control group, lorglumide was associated with significantly inhibited cell growth (52.1% [1.8%]; P = 0.002) and cell invasion (77.6% [1.2%]; P = 0.003). Lorglumide also induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (27.1% [3-5%] vs 3-7% [0.6%]; P = 0.003 vs control). The change of invasion ability appeared to be mediated by MMP-2 expression, which was upregulated by CCK-8S and downregulated by lorglumide. CONCLUSION The findings of this in vitro study suggest that CCK may exert a trophic action on the Mia PaCa-2 cell line, while lorglumide inhibited the cell growth and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zi-Xiang Zhang
- General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - De-Chun Li
- General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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