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Analysis of the Compositional Features and Codon Usage Pattern of Genes Involved in Human Autophagy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203203. [PMID: 36291071 PMCID: PMC9601114 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays an intricate role in paradigmatic human pathologies such as cancer, and neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and autoimmune disorders. Autophagy regulation is performed by a set of autophagy-related (ATG) genes, first recognized in yeast genome and subsequently identified in other species, including humans. Several other genes have been identified to be involved in the process of autophagy either directly or indirectly. Studying the codon usage bias (CUB) of genes is crucial for understanding their genome biology and molecular evolution. Here, we examined the usage pattern of nucleotide and synonymous codons and the influence of evolutionary forces in genes involved in human autophagy. The coding sequences (CDS) of the protein coding human autophagy genes were retrieved from the NCBI nucleotide database and analyzed using various web tools and software to understand their nucleotide composition and codon usage pattern. The effective number of codons (ENC) in all genes involved in human autophagy ranges between 33.26 and 54.6 with a mean value of 45.05, indicating an overall low CUB. The nucleotide composition analysis of the autophagy genes revealed that the genes were marginally rich in GC content that significantly influenced the codon usage pattern. The relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) revealed 3 over-represented and 10 under-represented codons. Both natural selection and mutational pressure were the key forces influencing the codon usage pattern of the genes involved in human autophagy.
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Ali H, Unar A, Dil S, Ali I, Khan K, Khan I, Shi Q. Testis-specific fascin component FSCN3 is dispensable for mouse spermatogenesis and fertility. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:6261-6268. [PMID: 35449315 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07429-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fascins belong to a family of actin-bundling proteins that are involved in a wide range of biological functions. FSCN3, a newly identified testis-specific actin-bundling protein, is specifically expressed in elongated spermatids. However, its in vivo function in mouse spermiogenesis remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated Fscn3 knockout mice through CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology. Fscn3-/- mice displayed normal testis morphology and testis to bodyweight ratio, and sperm concentrations did not differ significantly between Fscn3+/+ and Fscn3-/- mice. Fertility assays consistently revealed that Fscn3-/- mice are completely fertile and their reproductive status does not differ from that of wild-type. Moreover, hematoxylin and eosin staining of the testis sections of Fscn3-/- mice detected various germ cells, ranging from spermatogonia to mature spermatozoa. Furthermore, the swimming velocity of the sperm of Fscn3-/- mice was comparable to that of their wild-type littermates. Both Fscn3+/+ and Fscn3-/-mice had normal sperm morphology, indicating that the disruption of Fscn3 does not affect sperm morphology. The analysis of meiotic prophase I progression demonstrated normal prophase-I phases (leptonema to diplonema) in both Fscn3+/+ and Fscn3-/- mice, suggesting that Fscn3 is not essential for meiosis I. CONCLUSION Our study provides the first evidence that FSCN3 is a testis-specific actin-bundling protein that is not required for mouse spermatogenesis. Our results will help reproductive biologists focus their efforts on genes that are crucial for fertility and avoid research duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider Ali
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Ahsanullah Unar
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Sobia Dil
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Imtiaz Ali
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Khalid Khan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Ihsan Khan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Qinghua Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
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Deb B, Uddin A, Chakraborty S. Analysis of codon usage of Horseshoe Bat Hepatitis B virus and its host. Virology 2021; 561:69-79. [PMID: 34171764 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present analysis, codon usage strategies and base distribution of Horseshoe bat hepatitis B virus (HBHBV) were analyzed and compared with its host Rhinolophus sinicus, as no work was yet reported. The magnitude of synonymous codon usage bias (CUB) in the virus and its host was low with higher proportion of the base C. Notably, 21 more frequently used codons, 19 less frequently used codons and 3 underrepresented codons (TCG, ACG and GCG) were found to be similar in both virus and its host coding sequences. Neutrality plot analysis reported greater role of natural selection in HBHBV (67.84%) and R. sinicus (76.90%) over mutation pressure. Base skewness and protein properties also influenced the CUB of genes. Further, codon usage analysis depicted, HBHBV and R. sinicus had many similarities in codon usage patterns that might reflect viral adaptation to its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bornali Deb
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, 788150, Assam, India
| | - Arif Uddin
- Department of Zoology, Moinul Hoque Choudhury Memorial Science College, Algapur, Hailakandi, 788150, Assam, India
| | - Supriyo Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, 788150, Assam, India.
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Yousaf A, Wu Y, Khan R, Shah W, Khan I, Shi Q, Jiang X. Normal spermatogenesis and fertility in Ddi1 (DNA damage inducible 1) mutant mice. Reprod Biol 2020; 20:520-524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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5
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Robertson MJ, Kent K, Tharp N, Nozawa K, Dean L, Mathew M, Grimm SL, Yu Z, Légaré C, Fujihara Y, Ikawa M, Sullivan R, Coarfa C, Matzuk MM, Garcia TX. Large-scale discovery of male reproductive tract-specific genes through analysis of RNA-seq datasets. BMC Biol 2020; 18:103. [PMID: 32814578 PMCID: PMC7436996 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of a safe, effective, reversible, non-hormonal contraceptive method for men has been an ongoing effort for the past few decades. However, despite significant progress on elucidating the function of key proteins involved in reproduction, understanding male reproductive physiology is limited by incomplete information on the genes expressed in reproductive tissues, and no contraceptive targets have so far reached clinical trials. To advance product development, further identification of novel reproductive tract-specific genes leading to potentially druggable protein targets is imperative. Results In this study, we expand on previous single tissue, single species studies by integrating analysis of publicly available human and mouse RNA-seq datasets whose initial published purpose was not focused on identifying male reproductive tract-specific targets. We also incorporate analysis of additional newly acquired human and mouse testis and epididymis samples to increase the number of targets identified. We detected a combined total of 1178 genes for which no previous evidence of male reproductive tract-specific expression was annotated, many of which are potentially druggable targets. Through RT-PCR, we confirmed the reproductive tract-specific expression of 51 novel orthologous human and mouse genes without a reported mouse model. Of these, we ablated four epididymis-specific genes (Spint3, Spint4, Spint5, and Ces5a) and two testis-specific genes (Pp2d1 and Saxo1) in individual or double knockout mice generated through the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Our results validate a functional requirement for Spint4/5 and Ces5a in male mouse fertility, while demonstrating that Spint3, Pp2d1, and Saxo1 are each individually dispensable for male mouse fertility. Conclusions Our work provides a plethora of novel testis- and epididymis-specific genes and elucidates the functional requirement of several of these genes, which is essential towards understanding the etiology of male infertility and the development of male contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Robertson
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Katarzyna Kent
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, 2700 Bay Area Blvd., Houston, TX, 77058, USA.,Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nathan Tharp
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, 2700 Bay Area Blvd., Houston, TX, 77058, USA.,Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kaori Nozawa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Laura Dean
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, 2700 Bay Area Blvd., Houston, TX, 77058, USA.,Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michelle Mathew
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, 2700 Bay Area Blvd., Houston, TX, 77058, USA.,Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sandra L Grimm
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhifeng Yu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Christine Légaré
- Department Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Faculty Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health Division, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Yoshitaka Fujihara
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibeshinmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Robert Sullivan
- Department Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Faculty Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health Division, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Martin M Matzuk
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Thomas X Garcia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, 2700 Bay Area Blvd., Houston, TX, 77058, USA. .,Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Lee CY, Chattopadhyay A, Chiang LM, Juang JMJ, Lai LC, Tsai MH, Lu TP, Chuang EY. VariED: the first integrated database of gene annotation and expression profiles for variants related to human diseases. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2020; 2019:5533239. [PMID: 31317185 PMCID: PMC6637258 DOI: 10.1093/database/baz075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Integrated analysis of DNA variants and gene expression profiles may facilitate precise identification of gene regulatory networks involved in disease mechanisms. Despite the widespread availability of public resources, we lack databases that are capable of simultaneously providing gene expression profiles, variant annotations, functional prediction scores and pathogenic analyses. VariED is the first web-based querying system that integrates an annotation database and expression profiles for genetic variants. The database offers a user-friendly platform and locates gene/variant names in the literature by connecting to established online querying tools, biological annotation tools and records from free-text literature. VariED acts as a central hub for organized genome information consisting of gene annotation, variant allele frequency, functional prediction, clinical interpretation and gene expression profiles in three species: human, mouse and zebrafish. VariED also provides a novel scoring scheme to predict the functional impact of a DNA variant. With one single entry, all results regarding queried DNA variants can be downloaded. VariED can potentially serve as an efficient way to obtain comprehensive variant knowledge for clinicians and scientists around the world working on important drug discoveries and precision treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yueh Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Amrita Chattopadhyay
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Mei Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Ming Jimmy Juang
- Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chuan Lai
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Hsun Tsai
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Pin Lu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eric Y Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
Background As a result of decades of effort by many investigators we now have an advanced level of understanding about several molecular systems involved in the control of gene expression. Examples include CpG islands, promoters, mRNA splicing and epigenetic signals. It is less clear, however, how such systems work together to integrate the functions of a living organism. Here I describe the results of a study to test the idea that a contribution might be made by focusing on genes specifically expressed in a particular tissue, the human testis. Experimental design A database of 239 testis-specific genes was accumulated and each was examined for the presence of features relevant to control of gene expression. These include: (1) the presence of a promoter, (2) the presence of a CpG island (CGI) within the promoter, (3) the presence in the promoter of a transcription factor binding site near the transcription start site, (4) the level of gene expression, and (5) the above features in genes of testis-specific cell types such as spermatocyte and spermatid that differ in their extent of differentiation. Results Of the 107 database genes with an annotated promoter, 56 were found to have one or more transcription factor binding sites near the transcription start site. Three of the binding sites observed, Pax-5, AP-2αA and GRα, stand out in abundance suggesting they may be involved in testis-specific gene expression. Compared to less differentiated testis-specific cells, genes of more differentiated cells were found to be (1) more likely to lack a CGI, (2) more likely to lack introns and (3) higher in expression level. The results suggest genes of more differentiated cells have a reduced need for CGI-based regulatory repression, reduced usage of gene splicing and a smaller set of expressed proteins.
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The testis-specifically expressed Dpep3 is not essential for male fertility in mice. Gene 2019; 711:143925. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Liu F, Liu X, Liu X, Li T, Zhu P, Liu Z, Xue H, Wang W, Yang X, Liu J, Han W. Integrated Analyses of Phenotype and Quantitative Proteome of CMTM4 Deficient Mice Reveal Its Association with Male Fertility. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:1070-1084. [PMID: 30867229 PMCID: PMC6553932 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine-like factor (CKLF)-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family (CMTM) is a gene family that has been implicated in male reproduction. CMTM4 is an evolutionarily conserved member that is highly expressed in the testis. However, its function in male fertility remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that CMTM4 is associated with spermatogenesis and sperm quality. Using Western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses, we found CMTM4 expression to be decreased in poor-quality human spermatozoa, old human testes, and testicular biopsies with nonobstructive azoospermia. Using CRISPR-Cas9 technology, we knocked out the Cmtm4 gene in mice. These Cmtm4 knockout (KO) mice showed reduced testicular daily sperm production, lower epididymal sperm motility and increased proportion of abnormally backward-curved sperm heads and bent sperm midpieces. These mice also had an evident sub-fertile phenotype, characterized by low pregnancy rates on prolonged breeding with wild type female mice, reduced in vitro fertilization efficiency and a reduced percentage of acrosome reactions. We then performed quantitative proteomic analysis of the testes, where we identified 139 proteins to be downregulated in Cmtm4-KO mice, 100 (71.9%) of which were related to sperm motility and acrosome reaction. The same proteomic analysis was performed on sperm, where we identified 3588 proteins with 409 being differentially regulated in Cmtm4-KO mice. Our enrichment analysis showed that upregulated proteins were enriched with nucleosomal DNA binding functions and the downregulated proteins were enriched with actin binding functions. These findings elucidate the roles of CMTM4 in male fertility and demonstrates its potential as a promising molecular candidate for sperm quality assessment and the diagnosis or treatment of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- FuJun Liu
- From the ‡Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Ministry of Health), Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - XueXia Liu
- §Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong Province, 264000, China
- ¶Shandong Research Centre for Stem Cell Engineering, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong Province, 264000, China
| | - Xin Liu
- §Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong Province, 264000, China
- ¶Shandong Research Centre for Stem Cell Engineering, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong Province, 264000, China
| | - Ting Li
- From the ‡Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Ministry of Health), Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- §Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong Province, 264000, China
- ¶Shandong Research Centre for Stem Cell Engineering, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong Province, 264000, China
| | - ZhengYang Liu
- From the ‡Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Ministry of Health), Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hui Xue
- From the ‡Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Ministry of Health), Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - WenJuan Wang
- ‖Reproduction Medical Center, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - XiuLan Yang
- From the ‡Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Ministry of Health), Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Juan Liu
- §Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong Province, 264000, China
- ¶Shandong Research Centre for Stem Cell Engineering, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong Province, 264000, China
| | - WenLing Han
- From the ‡Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Ministry of Health), Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, 100191, China;
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Co-expression network analysis identifies gonad- and embryo-associated protein modules in the sentinel species Gammarus fossarum. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7862. [PMID: 31133674 PMCID: PMC6536538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Next generation sequencing and mass spectrometry technologies have recently expanded the availability of whole transcriptomes and proteomes beyond classical model organisms in molecular biology, even in absence of an annotated genome. However, the fragmented nature of transcriptomic and proteomic data reduces the ability to interpret the data, notably in non-model organisms. Network-based approaches may help extracting important biological information from -omics datasets. The reproductive cycle of the freshwater crustacean Gammarus fossarum.provides an excellent case study to test the relevance of a network analysis in non-model organisms. Here, we illustrated how the use of a co-expression network analysis (based on Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis algorithm, WGCNA) allowed identifying protein modules whose expression profiles described germ cell maturation and embryonic development in the freshwater crustacean Gammarus fossarum. Proteome datasets included testes, ovaries or embryos samples at different maturation or developmental stages, respectively. We identified an embryonic module correlated with mid-developmental stages corresponding to the organogenesis and it was characterized by enrichment in proteins involved in RNA editing and splicing. An ovarian module was enriched in vitellogenin-like proteins and clottable proteins, confirming the diversity of proteins belonging to the large lipid transfer family involved in oocytes maturations in this freshwater amphipod. Moreover, our results found evidence of a fine-tuned regulation between energy production by glycolysis and actin-myosin-dependent events in G. fossarum spermatogenesis. This study illustrates the importance of applying systems biology approaches to emergent animal models to improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating important physiological events with ecological relevance.
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Uddin A, Paul N, Chakraborty S. The codon usage pattern of genes involved in ovarian cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1440:67-78. [PMID: 30843242 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the compositional dynamics and codon usage pattern of genes involved in ovarian cancer (OC) using a computational method. Mutations in specific genes are associated with OC, and some genes are risk factors for progression of OC, but no work has been reported yet on the codon usage pattern of genes involved in OC. Nucleotide composition analysis of OC-related genes suggested that the overall GC content was higher than AT content; that is, the genes were GC rich. The improved effective number of codons indicated that the overall extent of codon usage bias of genes involved in OC was low. The codons AGC, CTG, ATC, ACC, GTG, and GCC were overrepresented, while the codons TCG, TTA, CTA, CCG, CAA, CGT, ATA, ACG, GTA, GTT, GCG, and GGT were underrepresented in the genes. Correspondence analysis suggested that the codon usage pattern was different in different genes. A highly significant correlation was observed between GC12 and GC3 (r = 0.587, P < 0.01) of genes, suggesting that directional mutation affected the three codon positions. Our report on the codon usage pattern of genes involved in OC includes a new perspective for elucidating the mechanisms of biased usage of synonymous codons, as well as providing useful clues for molecular genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Uddin
- Department of Zoology, Moinul Hoque Choudhury Memorial Science College, Assam, India
| | - Nirmal Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Assam, India
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Liu XX, Cai L, Liu FJ. An in silico analysis of human sperm genes associated with asthenozoospermia and its implication in male infertility. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e13338. [PMID: 30544396 PMCID: PMC6310515 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthenozoospermia is the most common clinical symptom of male infertility. Molecular markers associated with asthenozoospermia spermatozoa are scarcely identified. The objective of this study was to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in asthenozoospermia spermatozoa and assess the underlying bioinformatics roles in regulation of sperm quality.Based on gene expression omnibus (GEO) database, the GSE22331, GSE1133, and GSE4193 expression profile data were downloaded. The DEGs of asthenozoospermia spermatozoa were identified. Germ cell specific genes in DEGs were further screened. Then, gene ontology (GO) and over-representation analysis of DEGs were performed, followed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Expressions of selected genes of TEX11, ADAMTS5, ASRGL1, GMCL1, PGK2, KLHL10 in normozoospermia and asthenozoospermia spermatozoa were identified using real time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR).A total of 1323 DEGs were identified, including 1140 down-regulated genes. Twenty one and 96 down-regulated genes were especially expressed in spermatogonia and round spermatids, suggesting their testicular origins and influences on sperm quality. Bioinformatics analysis showed enriched functions of ubiquitin-like protein transferase or protein binding activities in down-regulated genes. Expressions of selected genes were validated by RT-PCR, which was consistent with bioinformatical results.The present study provided a novel insight into the understanding of sperm quality, and a potential method and dataset for the diagnosis and assessment of sperm quality in the event of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Cai
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated YantaiYuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Khan M, Jabeen N, Khan T, Hussain HMJ, Ali A, Khan R, Jiang L, Li T, Tao Q, Zhang X, Yin H, Yu C, Jiang X, Shi Q. The evolutionarily conserved genes: Tex37, Ccdc73, Prss55 and Nxt2 are dispensable for fertility in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4975. [PMID: 29563520 PMCID: PMC5862965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are more than 2300 genes that are predominantly expressed in mouse testes. The role of hundreds of these genes has been studied in mouse spermatogenesis but still there are many genes whose function is unknown. Gene knockout (KO) strategy in mice is widely used for in vivo study of gene function. The present study was designed to explore the function of the four genes: Tex37, Ccdc73, Prss55 and Nxt2, which were evolutionarily conserved in eutherians. We found that these genes had a testis-enriched expression pattern in mice except Nxt2. We knocked out these genes by CRISPR/Cas9 individually and found that all the KO mice had normal fertility with no detectable difference in testis/body weight ratios, epididymal sperm counts, as well as testicular and epididymal histology from wild type mice. Although these genes are evolutionarily conserved in eutherians including human and mouse, they are not individually essential for spermatogenesis, testis development and male fertility in mice in laboratory conditions. Our report of these fertile KO data could avoid the repetition and duplication of efforts which will help in prioritizing efforts to focus on genes that are indispensable for male reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manan Khan
- USTC-SDJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Nazish Jabeen
- USTC-SDJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Teka Khan
- USTC-SDJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Jafar Hussain
- USTC-SDJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Asim Ali
- USTC-SDJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Ranjha Khan
- USTC-SDJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Long Jiang
- USTC-SDJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Li
- USTC-SDJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Qizhao Tao
- USTC-SDJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Xingxia Zhang
- USTC-SDJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Yin
- USTC-SDJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Changping Yu
- USTC-SDJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- USTC-SDJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China.
| | - Qinghua Shi
- USTC-SDJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China.
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Identification of Tissue-Specific Protein-Coding and Noncoding Transcripts across 14 Human Tissues Using RNA-seq. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28400. [PMID: 27329541 PMCID: PMC4916594 DOI: 10.1038/srep28400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many diseases and adverse drug reactions exhibit tissue specificity. To better understand the tissue-specific expression characteristics of transcripts in different human tissues, we deeply sequenced RNA samples from 14 different human tissues. After filtering many lowly expressed transcripts, 24,729 protein-coding transcripts and 1,653 noncoding transcripts were identified. By analyzing highly expressed tissue-specific protein-coding transcripts (TSCTs) and noncoding transcripts (TSNTs), we found that testis expressed the highest numbers of TSCTs and TSNTs. Brain, monocytes, ovary, and heart expressed more TSCTs than the rest tissues, whereas brain, placenta, heart, and monocytes expressed more TSNTs than other tissues. Co-expression network constructed based on the TSCTs and TSNTs showed that each hub TSNT was co-expressed with several TSCTs, allowing functional annotation of TSNTs. Important biological processes and KEGG pathways highly related to the specific functions or diseases of each tissue were enriched with the corresponding TSCTs. These TSCTs and TSNTs may participate in the tissue-specific physiological or pathological processes. Our study provided a unique data set and systematic analysis of expression characteristics and functions of both TSCTs and TSNTs based on 14 distinct human tissues, and could facilitate future investigation of the mechanisms behind tissue-specific diseases and adverse drug reactions.
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15
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Geng Q, Ni L, Ouyang B, Hu Y, Zhao Y, Guo J. A Novel Testis-Specific Gene, Ccdc136, Is Required for Acrosome Formation and Fertilization in Mice. Reprod Sci 2016; 23:1387-96. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719116641762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Geng
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Liwei Ni
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Ouyang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanhua Hu
- Union Stem Cell & Gene Engineering Co, Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Andrology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
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16
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Xu K, Wen M, Duan W, Ren L, Hu F, Xiao J, Wang J, Tao M, Zhang C, Wang J, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Liu S. Comparative Analysis of Testis Transcriptomes from Triploid and Fertile Diploid Cyprinid Fish1. Biol Reprod 2015; 92:95. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.125609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Minis A, Dahary D, Manor O, Leshkowitz D, Pilpel Y, Yaron A. Subcellular transcriptomics-Dissection of the mRNA composition in the axonal compartment of sensory neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 74:365-81. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adi Minis
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Dvir Dahary
- Department of Molecular Genetics; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Ohad Manor
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Dena Leshkowitz
- Biological Services Department; Bioinformatics Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Yitzhak Pilpel
- Department of Molecular Genetics; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Avraham Yaron
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
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18
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Su Y, Karamitros CS, Nomme J, McSorley T, Konrad M, Lavie A. Free glycine accelerates the autoproteolytic activation of human asparaginase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:533-40. [PMID: 23601642 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human asparaginase 3 (hASNase3), which belongs to the N-terminal nucleophile hydrolase superfamily, is synthesized as a single polypeptide that is devoid of asparaginase activity. Intramolecular autoproteolytic processing releases the amino group of Thr168, a moiety required for catalyzing asparagine hydrolysis. Recombinant hASNase3 purifies as the uncleaved, asparaginase-inactive form and undergoes self-cleavage to the active form at a very slow rate. Here, we show that the free amino acid glycine selectively acts to accelerate hASNase3 cleavage both in vitro and in human cells. Other small amino acids such as alanine, serine, or the substrate asparagine are not capable of promoting autoproteolysis. Crystal structures of hASNase3 in complex with glycine in the uncleaved and cleaved enzyme states reveal the mechanism of glycine-accelerated posttranslational processing and explain why no other amino acid can substitute for glycine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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19
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Hua XF, Wang XB, Liu FJ. Functional analysis of human cancer-associated genes and their association with the testes and epididymis. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:811-816. [PMID: 24137416 PMCID: PMC3789015 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cancer-associated UniGene sets (NCBI GeneBank) provide a platform for identifying differentially-expressed genes in human cancers. The present study identified and characterized a set of human cancer-associated genes using the Digital Differential Display (DDD) and functional analysis tools. A total of 1,904 genes were differentially expressed in 15 cancer types, including genes that had been previously shown to be specific in certain human cancers. A total of 274 genes were uniquely expressed in certain cancer types, including 37 genes that were highly expressed in the human testes and epididymis. These genes mainly functioned as ribosomal proteins, enzymes, receptors, secretory proteins and cell adhesion molecules. The most common domains that were encoded by the cancer-associated genes were those of cytochrome P450 CYP2D6, serpin and apolipoprotein A-I. A further gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed seven major functional clusters, which corresponded to the enriched pathways involved in cancer. The present study provides a source of cancer-associated genes and their functions. The results provide new insights into cancer biology and the involvement of highly-expressed epididymal genes in cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Feng Hua
- Department of Endocrinology, Yu-Huang-Ding Hospital/Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
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Chapin RE, Boekelheide K, Cortvrindt R, van Duursen MBM, Gant T, Jegou B, Marczylo E, van Pelt AMM, Post JN, Roelofs MJE, Schlatt S, Teerds KJ, Toppari J, Piersma AH. Assuring safety without animal testing: the case for the human testis in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 39:63-8. [PMID: 23612449 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
From 15 to 17 June 2011, a dedicated workshop was held on the subject of in vitro models for mammalian spermatogenesis and their applications in toxicological hazard and risk assessment. The workshop was sponsored by the Dutch ASAT initiative (Assuring Safety without Animal Testing), which aims at promoting innovative approaches toward toxicological hazard and risk assessment on the basis of human and in vitro data, and replacement of animal studies. Participants addressed the state of the art regarding human and animal evidence for compound mediated testicular toxicity, reviewed existing alternative assay models, and brainstormed about future approaches, specifically considering tissue engineering. The workshop recognized the specific complexity of testicular function exemplified by dedicated cell types with distinct functionalities, as well as different cell compartments in terms of microenvironment and extracellular matrix components. This complexity hampers quick results in the realm of alternative models. Nevertheless, progress has been achieved in recent years, and innovative approaches in tissue engineering may open new avenues for mimicking testicular function in vitro. Although feasible, significant investment is deemed essential to be able to bring new ideas into practice in the laboratory. For the advancement of in vitro testicular toxicity testing, one of the most sensitive end points in regulatory reproductive toxicity testing, such an investment is highly desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Chapin
- Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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Yang X, Xu H, Li W, Li L, Sun J, Li Y, Yan Y, Hu Y. Screening and identification of seed-specific genes using digital differential display tools combined with microarray data from common wheat. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:513. [PMID: 22003838 PMCID: PMC3206523 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops for human beings, with seeds being the tissue of highly economic value. Various morphogenetic and metabolic processes are exclusively associated with seed maturation. The goal of this study was to screen and identify genes specifically expressed in the developing seed of wheat with an integrative utilization of digital differential display (DDD) and available online microarray databases. Results A total of 201 unigenes were identified as the results of DDD screening and microarray database searching. The expressions of 6 of these were shown to be seed-specific by qRT-PCR analysis. Further GO enrichment analysis indicated that seed-specific genes were mainly associated with defense response, response to stress, multi-organism process, pathogenesis, extracellular region, nutrient reservoir activity, enzyme inhibitor activity, antioxidant activity and oxidoreductase activity. A comparison of this set of genes with the rice (Oryza sativa) genome was also performed and approximately three-fifths of them have rice counterparts. Between the counterparts, around 63% showed similar expression patterns according to the microarray data. Conclusions In conclusion, the DDD screening combined with microarray data analysis is an effective strategy for the identification of seed-specific expressed genes in wheat. These seed-specific genes screened during this study will provide valuable information for further studies about the functions of these genes in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
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Liu F, Wang H, Li J. An integrated bioinformatics analysis of mouse testis protein profiles with new understanding. BMB Rep 2011; 44:347-51. [PMID: 21615991 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2011.44.5.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The testis is major male gonad responsible for spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. Much knowledge is still remained to be learned about the control of these events. In this study, we performed a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis on 1,196 mouse testis proteins screened from public protein database. Integrated function and pathway analysis were performed through Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) and ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), and significant features were clustered. Protein membrane organization and gene density on chromosomes were analyzed and discussed. The enriched bioinformatics analysis could provide clues and basis to the development of diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for infertility and male contraception.
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Affiliation(s)
- FuJun Liu
- Shandong Research Centre for Stem Cell Engineering, Yu-Huang-Ding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong Province, China.
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