Recombinant Shiga toxin B subunit can induce neutralizing immunoglobulin Y antibody

Clinical efficacy of oral immunoglobulin Y in infant rotavirus enteritis: Systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Rotavirus (RV) can cause vomiting and diarrhea in infants and children, and could be treated clinically with immunoglobulin Y (IgY), which is an immunoglobulin extracted from chicken yolk. There is no systematic evaluation of immunoglobulin in the treatment of rotavirus enteritis. Therefore, we systematically evaluated rotavirus enteritis with oral immunoglobulin Y therapy using meta-analysis.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic search in CNKI, WANFANG DATA, VIP, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library databases (up to April 30, 2018). Using Revman 5.3 software for meta-analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 2626 subjects with rotavirus diarrhea from 17 randomized clinical trials were included in the meta-analysis. Of these, 1347 subjects received oral immunoglobulin Y and 1279 subjects received conventional treatment. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that the total number of effective cases and effective rates of immunoglobulin Y in treatment of rotavirus enteritis in infants and children was statistically different from that in the control group (odds ratio [OR] = 3.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] (3.17, 4.74), P < .00001) and (OR = 3.63, 95% CI [2.75, 4.80], P < .00001).

CONCLUSIONS

Immunoglobulin Y is effective in the treatment of infantile rotavirus enteritis. Oral immunoglobulin Y can be widely used in the treatment of rotavirus enteritis in clinic.

Egg Yolk Immunoglobulin Supplementation Prevents Rat Liver from Aflatoxin B1-Induced Oxidative Damage and Genotoxicity

Egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgY), as nutraceutical supplement for therapeutic or prophylactic intervention, have been extensively studied. The effects of IgY on small molecular toxin-induced toxicity in animals are unclear. In the present study, the protection of highly purified and specific anti-AFB₁ IgY against AFB₁-induced genotoxicity and oxidative damage on the rat liver model were investigated. Our results revealed that AFB₁ induced significant oxidative damage markers, as well as AFB₁-induced protein expression in antioxidant, pro- and antiapoptosis processes in rat liver. These effects could be significantly inhibited by cogavage with anti-AFB₁ IgY in a dose-dependent manner. However, anti-AFB₁ IgY did not significantly induce hepatic CAT and SOD1. To explore mechanisms, metabolite experiments were established to evaluate the influence of anti-AFB₁ IgY on the absorption of AFB₁ in rats. Middle and high doses of anti-AFB₁ IgY reduced hepatic AFB₁-DNA adducts by 43.3% and 52.9%, AFB₁- N⁷-guanine urinary adducts by 19.6% and 34.4%, and AFB₁-albumin adducts by 10.5% and 21.1%, respectively. The feces of high dose anti-AFB₁ IgY cogavaged rats contained approximately 2-fold higher AFB₁ equivalents at 3-6 h after ingestion than AFB₁ group feces, indicating IgY inhibited AFB₁ uptake. These results had provided insight that anti-AFB₁ IgY could prevent animal organs from damage caused by AFB₁ and will be beneficial for the application of detoxification antibody as a supplement in food.

IgY Reduces AFB1-Induced Cytotoxicity, Cellular Dysfunction, and Genotoxicity in Human L-02 Hepatocytes and Swan 71 Trophoblasts

Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) causes hepatotoxic, genotoxic, and immunotoxic effects in a variety of species. Although various neutralizing agents of AFB₁ toxicity have been studied, the egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) detoxification of small molecular toxins and the mechanisms underlying such effects have not yet been reported. In this investigation, anti-AFB₁ IgY against AFB₁ was successfully raised, and a competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was established with a sensitive half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC_50, 2.4 ng/mL) and dynamic working range (0.13-43.0 ng/mL). The anti-AFB₁ IgY obtained reduced AFB₁-induced cytotoxicity, cellular dysfunction, and genotoxicity by protecting cells against apoptotic body formation and DNA strand breaks, preventing G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, reducing AFB₁-DNA adduct and reactive oxygen species production and maintaining cell migration and invasion and the mitochondrial membrane potential. Anti-AFB₁ IgY significantly inhibited the AFB₁-induced expression of proteins related to antioxidative, pro-apoptotic, and antiapoptotic processes in a strong dose-dependent manner. These experiments demonstrated that the anti-AFB₁ IgY-bound AFB₁ could not enter cells. This is the first time that IgY has been found to reduce the effects of small molecular toxins, which will be beneficial for the development of antibodies as detoxication agents.

Chicken Egg Yolk Antibodies (IgY) for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Rotavirus Diarrhea in Human and Animal Neonates: A Concise Review

The rotavirus-induced diarrhea of human and animal neonates is a major public health concern worldwide. Until recently, no effective therapy is available to specifically inactivate the rotavirion particles within the gut. Passive immunotherapy by oral administration of chicken egg yolk antibody (IgY) has emerged of late as a fresh alternative strategy to control infectious diseases of the alimentary tract and has been applied in the treatment of diarrhea due to rotavirus infection. The purpose of this concise review is to evaluate evidence on the properties and performance of anti-rotavirus immunoglobulin Y (IgY) for prevention and treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in human and animal neonates. A survey of relevant anti-rotavirus IgY basic studies and clinical trials among neonatal animals (since 1994-2015) and humans (since 1982-2015) have been reviewed and briefly summarized. Our analysis of a number of rotavirus investigations involving animal and human clinical trials revealed that anti-rotavirus IgY significantly reduced the severity of clinical manifestation of diarrhea among IgY-treated subjects relative to a corresponding control or placebo group. The accumulated information as a whole depicts oral IgY to be a safe and efficacious option for treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in neonates. There is however a clear need for more randomized, placebo controlled and double-blind trials with bigger sample size to further solidify and confirm claims of efficacy and safety in controlling diarrhea caused by rotavirus infection especially among human infants with health issues such as low birth weights or compromised immunity in whom it is most needed.