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Kim JT, Qiu S, Zhou Y, Moon JH, Lee SB, Park HJ, Lee HJ. Freeze-Dried Powder of Rubus coreanus Miquel Ameliorates Isoproterenol-Induced Oxidative Stress and Tissue Damage in Rats. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:1256-1261. [PMID: 34226405 PMCID: PMC9706019 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2106.06047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rubus coreanus Miquel (bokbunja), Korean black raspberry, is known to possess various phytochemicals that exert antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. However, most studies on Rubus coreanus Miquel have been performed with the solvent extracts and/or a single component to demonstrate the efficacy, while studies evaluating the effect of the whole fructus of Rubus coreanus Miquel are limited. In this study, therefore, we employed the isoproterenol (IPN)-induced myocardial infarction model and investigated the effect of freeze-dried powder of Rubus coreanus Miquel (RCP) on oxidative stress and prevention of organ damage. Oral administration of RCP reduced the level of toxicity markers, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) without affecting body weight and diet intake. The oxidative stress marker glutathione (GSH) increased about 45% and malonaldehyde (MDA) decreased about 27% compared to the IPN group with RCP-H (3%) administration. By histological analysis, IPN induced significant myocardial damage in the heart and vascular injury in the liver, and RCP administration ameliorated the damages in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, RCP activated the antioxidant system leading to prevention of damage to organs by IPN in rats, making it possible to expect beneficial efficacies by consuming the whole fructus of Rubus coreanus Miquel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Tae Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Shuai Qiu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Yimeng Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Moon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Beom Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jin Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-31-670-3030 Fax: +82-31-675-3108 E-mail:
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Kim KJ, Jeong ES, Lee KH, Na JR, Park S, Kim JS, Na CS, Kim YR, Kim S. Unripe Rubus coreanus Miquel Extract Containing Ellagic Acid Promotes Lipolysis and Thermogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245954. [PMID: 33339214 PMCID: PMC7766442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that a 5% ethanol extract of unripe Rubus coreanus (5-uRCK) and ellagic acid has hypocholesterolemic and antiobesity activity, at least partially mediated by the downregulation of adipogenic and lipogenic gene expression in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed animals. The present study investigated the thermogenic and lipolytic antiobesity effects of 5-uRCK and ellagic acid in HFD-induced obese C57BL/6 mice and explored its mechanism of action. Mice fed an HFD received 5-uRCK or ellagic acid as a post-treatment or pretreatment. Both post-treated and pretreated mice showed significant reductions in body weight and adipose tissue mass compared to the HFD-fed mice. The protein levels of lipolysis-associated proteins, such as adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase (p-HSL), and perilipin1 (PLIN1), were significantly increased in both the 5-uRCK- and ellagic acid-treated mouse epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). Additionally, thermogenesis-associated proteins, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT1), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC1α), in inguinal white adipose tissue (ingWAT) were clearly increased in both the 5-uRCK- and ellagic acid-treated mice compared to HFD-fed mice. These results suggest that 5-uRCK and ellagic acid are effective for suppressing body weight gain and enhancing the lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Jo Kim
- Central R&D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&Tech) Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61239, Korea; (K.J.K.); (E.-S.J.); (K.H.L.); (J.-R.N.); (S.P.); (J.S.K.)
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Eui-Seon Jeong
- Central R&D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&Tech) Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61239, Korea; (K.J.K.); (E.-S.J.); (K.H.L.); (J.-R.N.); (S.P.); (J.S.K.)
| | - Ki Hoon Lee
- Central R&D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&Tech) Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61239, Korea; (K.J.K.); (E.-S.J.); (K.H.L.); (J.-R.N.); (S.P.); (J.S.K.)
| | - Ju-Ryun Na
- Central R&D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&Tech) Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61239, Korea; (K.J.K.); (E.-S.J.); (K.H.L.); (J.-R.N.); (S.P.); (J.S.K.)
| | - Soyi Park
- Central R&D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&Tech) Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61239, Korea; (K.J.K.); (E.-S.J.); (K.H.L.); (J.-R.N.); (S.P.); (J.S.K.)
| | - Jin Seok Kim
- Central R&D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&Tech) Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61239, Korea; (K.J.K.); (E.-S.J.); (K.H.L.); (J.-R.N.); (S.P.); (J.S.K.)
| | - Chang-Su Na
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do 58245, Korea;
| | - Young Ran Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.R.K.); (S.K.); Tel.: +82-(62)-528-2201 (S.K.); Fax: +82-(62)-528-2202 (S.K.)
| | - Sunoh Kim
- Central R&D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&Tech) Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61239, Korea; (K.J.K.); (E.-S.J.); (K.H.L.); (J.-R.N.); (S.P.); (J.S.K.)
- Correspondence: (Y.R.K.); (S.K.); Tel.: +82-(62)-528-2201 (S.K.); Fax: +82-(62)-528-2202 (S.K.)
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Lee KH, Jeong ES, Jang G, Na JR, Park S, Kang WS, Kim E, Choi H, Kim JS, Kim S. Unripe Rubus coreanus Miquel Extract Containing Ellagic Acid Regulates AMPK, SREBP-2, HMGCR, and INSIG-1 Signaling and Cholesterol Metabolism In Vitro and In Vivo. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030610. [PMID: 32110925 PMCID: PMC7146129 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that a 5% ethanol extract of unripe Rubus coreanus (5-uRCK) has hypo-cholesterolemic and anti-obesity activity. However, the molecular mechanisms of its effects are poorly characterized. We hypothesized that 5-uRCK and one of its major bioactive compounds, ellagic acid, decrease cellular and plasma cholesterol levels. Thus, we investigated the hypocholesterolemic activity and mechanism of 5-uRCK in both hepatocytes and a high-cholesterol diet (HCD)-induced rat model. Cholesterol in the liver and serum was significantly reduced by 5-uRCK and ellagic acid. The hepatic activities of HMG-CoA and CETP were reduced, and the hepatic activity of LCAT was increased by both 5-uRCK extract and ellagic acid, which also caused histological improvements. The MDA content in the aorta and serum was significantly decreased after oral administration of 5-uRCK or ellagic acid. Further immunoblotting analysis showed that AMPK phosphorylation in the liver was induced by 5-uRCK and ellagic acid, which activated AMPK, inhibiting the activity of HMGCR by inhibitory phosphorylation. In contrast, 5-uRCK and ellagic acid suppressed the nuclear translocation and activation of SREBP-2, which is a key transcription factor in cholesterol biosynthesis. In conclusion, our results suggest that 5-uRCK and its bioactive compound, ellagic acid, are useful alternative therapeutic agents to regulate blood cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sunoh Kim
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-62-528-2201; Fax: +82-62-528-2202
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Multifaceted Effect of Rubus Occidentalis on Hyperglycemia and Hypercholesterolemia in Mice with Diet-Induced Metabolic Diseases. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121846. [PMID: 30513715 PMCID: PMC6315456 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a combination of several metabolic disorders, including obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. A simultaneous occurrence is one of the most crucial features of metabolic syndrome; therefore, we selected an animal model in which this would be reflected. We fed C57BL/6N mice a high-fat diet for 23 weeks to develop metabolic syndrome and examined the efficacy of Rubus occidentalis (RO) for hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia. Oral administration of RO for 16 weeks improved hyperglycemia as indicated by significantly decreased fasting glucose levels and a glucose tolerance test. Improvements were also observed in hypercholesterolemia, in which significant decreases in serum total cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-1, and apolipoprotein B levels were observed. The time comparison of major biomarkers, observed at the initiation and termination of the experimental period, consistently supported the beneficial effects of RO on each metabolic phenotype. In addition, RO treatment attenuated the excessive fat accumulation in hepatic and adipose tissue by decreasing the size and number of lipid droplets. These results suggested that RO simultaneously exerted antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects in mice with diet-induced metabolic syndrome.
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Lee Y, Kim J, An J, Lee S, Lee H, Kong H, Song Y, Choi HR, Kwon JW, Shin D, Lee CK, Kim K. Restoration of Declined Immune Responses and Hyperlipidemia by Rubus occidenalis in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:140-148. [PMID: 27737523 PMCID: PMC5340538 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia, which is closely associated with a fatty diet and aging, is commonly observed in the western and aged society. Therefore, a novel therapeutic approach for this disease is critical, and an immunological view has been suggested as a novel strategy, because hyperlipidemia is closely associated with inflammation and immune dysfunction. In this study, the effects of an aqueous extract of Rubus occidentalis (RO) in obese mice were investigated using immunological indexes. The mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce hyperlipidemia, which was confirmed by biochemical analysis and examination of the mouse physiology. Two different doses of RO and rosuvastatin, a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor used as a control, were orally administered. Disturbances in immune cellularity as well as lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production were significantly normalized by oral administration of RO, which also decreased the elevated serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α level and total cholesterol. The specific immune-related actions of RO comprised considerable improvement in cytotoxic T cell killing functions and regulation of antibody production to within the normal range. The immunological evidence confirms the significant cholesterol-lowering effect of RO, suggesting its potential as a novel therapeutic agent for hyperlipidemia and associated immune decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjoo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho An
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Heetae Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseok Kong
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngcheon Song
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ran Choi
- Berry and Biofood Research Institute, Jeonbuk 56417, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Wung Kwon
- Berry and Biofood Research Institute, Jeonbuk 56417, Republic of Korea
| | - Daekeun Shin
- Berry and Biofood Research Institute, Jeonbuk 56417, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Kil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
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Li J, Du LF, He Y, Yang L, Li YY, Wang YF, Chai X, Zhu Y, Gao XM. Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Plants from the Genus Rubus. Chem Biodivers 2016; 12:1809-47. [PMID: 26663837 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China, (phone: +86-22-59596163; fax: +86-22-27493265).,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Long-Fei Du
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China, (phone: +86-22-59596163; fax: +86-22-27493265).,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Ying He
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China, (phone: +86-22-59596163; fax: +86-22-27493265).,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Long Yang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China, (phone: +86-22-59596163; fax: +86-22-27493265).,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China, (phone: +86-22-59596163; fax: +86-22-27493265).,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Fei Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China, (phone: +86-22-59596163; fax: +86-22-27493265).,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Xin Chai
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China, (phone: +86-22-59596163; fax: +86-22-27493265). .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Zhu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China, (phone: +86-22-59596163; fax: +86-22-27493265).,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Mei Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China, (phone: +86-22-59596163; fax: +86-22-27493265).,Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
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El-Seweidy MM, Asker MES, Eldahmy SI, Atteia HH, Abdallah MA. Haemostatic risk factors in dyslipidemic rabbits: role of 10-dehydrogingerdione as a new hypolipemic agent. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2014; 39:196-202. [PMID: 25388083 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-014-1150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mahmoud El-Seweidy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Sharkia Gov, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt,
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Saxena A, Kaur K, Hegde S, Kalekhan FM, Baliga MS, Fayad R. Dietary agents and phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of experimental ulcerative colitis. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 4:203-17. [PMID: 25379461 PMCID: PMC4220497 DOI: 10.4103/2225-4110.139111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), consisting mainly of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), are important immune-mediated diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The etiology of the disease includes environmental and genetic factors. Its management presents a constant challenge for gastroenterologists and conventional surgeon. 5-Amninosalicylates, antibiotics, steroids, and immune modulators have been used to reduce the symptoms and for maintenance of remission. Unfortunately, long-term usage of these agents has been found to lead to severe toxicities, which are deterrent to the users. Pre-clinical studies carried out in the recent past have shown that certain dietary agents, spices, oils, and dietary phytochemicals that are consumed regularly possess beneficial effects in preventing/ameliorating UC. For the first time, this review addresses the use of these dietary agents and spices in the treatment and prevention of IBD and also emphasizes on the mechanisms responsible for their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Saxena
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kamaljeet Kaur
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Shweta Hegde
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Faizan M Kalekhan
- Research and Development, Father Muller Medical College, Kankanady, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Raja Fayad
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Kim S, Kim CK, Lee KS, Kim JH, Hwang H, Jeoung D, Choe J, Won MH, Lee H, Ha KS, Kwon YG, Kim YM. Aqueous extract of unripe Rubus coreanus fruit attenuates atherosclerosis by improving blood lipid profile and inhibiting NF-κB activation via phase II gene expression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 146:515-524. [PMID: 23353895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The fruit of Rubus coreanus has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for alleviation of inflammatory and vascular diseases in Asian countries. AIM OF THE STUDY The anti-atherogenic effect of unripe Rubus coreanus fruit extract (URFE) and its underlying mechanism were analyzed in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and in cell culture system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mouse was freely given HFD alone or supplemented with URFE for 14 weeks, followed by analysis of atherosclerotic lesions and serum lipid levels. For in vitro assay, macrophages were pretreated with URFE, followed by stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Expression levels of inflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS) and phase II genes (heme oxygenase-1, glutamate cysteine lygase, and peroxiredoxine-1) as well as intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and NF-κB activation pathway were analyzed in cultured macrophages as well as mouse sera and aortic tissues. RESULTS URFE supplementation reduced HFD-induced atherosclerotic lesion formation which was correlated with decreased levels of lipids, lipid peroxides, and inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, and nitric oxide) in sera as well as suppression of inflammatory gene in aortic tissues. In addition, pre-treatment of macrophages with URFE also suppressed LPS-induced NF-κB activation, ROS production, and inflammatory and phase II gene expressions. Inhibition of phase II enzyme and protein activities attenuated the suppressive effects URFE on ROS production, NF-κB activation, and inflammatory gene expression. CONCLUSION These results suggest that URFE attenuates atherosclerosis by improving blood lipid profile and inhibiting NF-κB activation via phase II antioxidant gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sookon Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
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