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Repurposing Lansoprazole and Posaconazole to treat leishmaniasis: Integration of in vitro testing, pharmacological corroboration, and mechanisms of action. J Food Drug Anal 2022; 30:128-149. [PMID: 35647721 PMCID: PMC9931003 DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.3394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis remains a serious public health problem in many tropical regions of the world. Among neglected tropical diseases, the mortality rate of leishmaniasis is second only to malaria. All currently approved therapeutics have toxic side effects and face rapidly increasing resistance. To identify existing drugs with antileishmanial activity and predict the mechanism of action, we designed a drug-discovery pipeline utilizing both in-silico and in-vitro methods. First, we screened compounds from the Selleckchem Bio-Active Compound Library containing ~1622 FDA-approved drugs and narrowed these down to 96 candidates based on data mining for possible anti-parasitic properties. Next, we completed preliminary in-vitro testing of compounds against Leishmania amastigotes and selected the most promising active compounds, Lansoprazole and Posaconazole. We identified possible Leishmania drug targets of Lansoprazole and Posaconazole using several available servers. Our in-silico screen identified likely Lansoprazole targets as the closely related calcium-transporting ATPases (LdBPK_352080.1, LdBPK_040010.1, and LdBPK_170660.1), and the Posaconazole target as lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase (LdBPK_111100.1). Further validation showed LdBPK_352080.1 to be the most plausible target based on induced-fit docking followed by long (100ns) MD simulations to confirm the stability of the docked complexes. We present a likely ion channel-based mechanism of action of Lansoprazole against Leishmania calcium-transporting ATPases, which are essential for parasite metabolism and infectivity. The LdBPK_111100.1 interaction with Posaconazole is very similar to the known fungal orthologue. Herein, we present two novel anti-leishmanial agents, Posaconazole and Lansoprazole, already approved by the FDA for different indications and propose plausible mechanisms of action for their antileishmanial activity.
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2
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In vitro leishmanicidal activity of two cholesterol derivatives. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:66. [PMID: 35246768 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the leishmanicidal activity of commercially available 5α-cholest-7-en-3β-ol [5α-chol], (+)-4-cholesten-3-one [(+)-4-chol] and the equimolar mixture of the two of them in promastigotes and amastigotes of two different strains of Leishmania mexicana (LCL) and (DCL). The leishmanicidal effectiveness of these sterols was determined by promastigote growth-kinetic experiments and promastigote viability using the propidium iodide staining procedure. The proliferation test was performed using the CFSE (5-Carboxyfluorescein N-succinimidyl ester) staining of parasites at different time points. To determine the leishmanicidal effectiveness of these sterols in amastigotes, we evaluated parasite killing inside of macrophages at different time points. The trypan blue exclusion test was used to determine cytotoxicity of sterols in uninfected macrophages. We included in all experiments a control group of parasites treated with 2% DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) and another one treated with the reference drug sodium stibogluconate (Sb). Our results showed that the equimolar mixture at 2000 times lower concentration presented similar leishmanicidal activity as Sb. This mixture was similarly effective at 100 times lower concentration than individual sterols tested separately indicating the existence of a synergistic effect against LCL and DCL parasites. The therapeutic index of the equimolar mixture was 10,000-16,000 times higher than the one recorded by Sb and was not cytotoxic to macrophages. Therefore, the equimolar mixture of 5α-Chol and (+)-4-chol may represent a potential alternative for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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3
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Ribeiro RCB, Ferreira PG, Borges ADA, Forezi LDSM, da Silva FDC, Ferreira VF. 1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid salts in organic synthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:53-69. [PMID: 35047082 PMCID: PMC8744465 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Several low molecular weight naphthoquinones are very useful in organic synthesis. These compounds have given rise to thousands of other naphthoquinones that have been tested against various microorganisms and pharmacological targets, including being used in the preparation of several drugs that are on the pharmaceutical market. Among these naphthoquinones, the series of compounds prepared from 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid salts (β-NQS) stands out. In addition to being used in organic synthesis, they are excellent analytical derivatization reagents to spectrophotometrically determine drugs containing primary and secondary amino groups. This review summarizes the literature involving β-NQS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Carlos B Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-150, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia G Ferreira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, 24241-000, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Amanda de A Borges
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-150, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Luana da S M Forezi
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-150, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Carvalho da Silva
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-150, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Vitor F Ferreira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, 24241-000, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
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Olyaei A, Rahmani N, Sadeghpour M, Mohamadi A. One-Pot Solvent-and Catalyst-Free Synthesis of Some New Heteroarylaminonaphthoquinones from Lawsone. LETT ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178618666211015121834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
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A clean and efficient one-pot protocol for the synthesis of a series of new 2-hydroxy-3-((3-aryl)(heteroarylamino)methyl)naphthalene-1,4-dione derivatives has been developed by the three-component reaction of 2-hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione, aromatic aldehydes and heterocyclic amines at 90 oC under solvent and catalyst-free conditions. The procedure avoids the use of toxic solvents, tedious work-up, catalyst and purification of the products by chromatographic methods. Simple operation, short reaction times, generating the desired compounds in high to excellent yields and an environmentally benign method are advantages of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Olyaei
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), PO BOX 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nilufar Rahmani
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), PO BOX 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Sadeghpour
- Department of Chemistry, Takestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Takestan, Iran
| | - Amir Mohamadi
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), PO BOX 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Dantas-Pereira L, Cunha-Junior EF, Andrade-Neto VV, Bower JF, Jardim GAM, da Silva Júnior EN, Torres-Santos EC, Menna-Barreto RFS. Naphthoquinones and Derivatives for Chemotherapy: Perspectives and Limitations of their Anti-trypanosomatids Activities. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1807-1824. [PMID: 33167829 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201109111802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, Sleeping sickness and Leishmaniasis, caused by trypanosomatids Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania spp., respectively, are considered neglected tropical diseases, and they especially affect impoverished populations in the developing world. The available chemotherapies are very limited, and a search for alternatives is still necessary. In folk medicine, natural naphthoquinones have been employed for the treatment of a great variety of illnesses, including parasitic infections. This review is focused on the anti-trypanosomatid activity and mechanistic analysis of naphthoquinones and derivatives. Among all the series of derivatives tested in vitro, naphthoquinone-derived 1,2,3-triazoles were very active on T. cruzi infective forms in blood bank conditions, as well as in amastigotes of Leishmania spp. naphthoquinones containing a CF3 on a phenyl amine ring inhibited T. brucei proliferation in the nanomolar range, and naphthopterocarpanquinones stood out for their activity on a range of Leishmania species. Some of these compounds showed a promising selectivity index (SI) (30 to 1900), supporting further analysis in animal models. Indeed, high toxicity to the host and inactivation by blood components are crucial obstacles to be overcome to use naphthoquinones and/or their derivatives for chemotherapy. Multidisciplinary initiatives embracing medicinal chemistry, bioinformatics, biochemistry, and molecular and cellular biology need to be encouraged to allow the optimization of these compounds. Large scale automated tests are pivotal for the efficiency of the screening step, and subsequent evaluation of both the mechanism of action in vitro and pharmacokinetics in vivo is essential for the development of a novel, specific and safe derivative, minimizing adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luíza Dantas-Pereira
- Laboratorio de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edézio F Cunha-Junior
- Laboratorio de Bioquimica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valter V Andrade-Neto
- Laboratorio de Bioquimica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - John F Bower
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Guilherme A M Jardim
- Departamento de Quimica, Instituto de Ciencias Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eufrânio N da Silva Júnior
- Departamento de Quimica, Instituto de Ciencias Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C Torres-Santos
- Laboratorio de Bioquimica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rubem F S Menna-Barreto
- Laboratorio de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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6
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Synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of a set of new alkylthio substituted plastoquinones containing ester group. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial activity and DFT studies of 2-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)naphthalene-1,4-dione and its Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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8
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Isaac-Márquez AP, Talamás-Rohana P, Galindo-Sevilla N, Gaitan-Puch SE, Díaz-Díaz NA, Hernández-Ballina GA, Lezama-Dávila CM. Decanethiol functionalized silver nanoparticles are new powerful leishmanicidals in vitro. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:38. [PMID: 29460068 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated, for the first time, the leishmanicidal potential of decanethiol functionalized silver nanoparticles (AgNps-SCH) on promastigotes and amastigotes of different strains and species of Leishmania: L. mexicana and L. major isolated from different patients suffering from localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and L. mexicana isolated from a patient suffering from diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL). We recorded the kinetics of promastigote growth by daily parasite counting for 5 days, promastigote mobility, parasite reproduction by CFSE staining's protocol and promastigote killing using the propidium iodide assay. We also recorded IC50's of promastigotes and amastigotes, therapeutic index, and cytotoxicity by co-culturing macrophages with AgNps-SCH or sodium stibogluconate (Sb) used as reference drug. We used Sb as a reference drug since it is used as the first line treatment for all different types of leishmaniasis. At concentrations 10,000 times lower than those used with Sb, AgNps-SCH had a remarkable leishmanicidal effect in all tested strains of parasites and there was no toxicity to J774A.1 macrophages since > 85% were viable at the concentrations used. Therapeutic index was about 20,000 fold greater than the corresponding one for Sb treated cells. AgNps-SCH inhibited > 80% promastigote proliferation in all tested parasites. These results demonstrate there is a high leishmanicidal potential of AgNps-SCH at concentrations of 0.04 µM. Although more studies are needed, including in vivo testing of AgNps-SCH against different types of leishmaniasis, they can be considered a potential new treatment alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Isaac-Márquez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Av. Patricio Trueba de Regil s/n, Col. Lindavista, C.P. 24090, San Francisco de Campeche, Camp, Mexico.
| | - P Talamás-Rohana
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - N Galindo-Sevilla
- Departamento de Infectología e Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Montes Urales 800, Colonia Lomas de Virreyes, C.P. 11000, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - S E Gaitan-Puch
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Av. Patricio Trueba de Regil s/n, Col. Lindavista, C.P. 24090, San Francisco de Campeche, Camp, Mexico
| | - N A Díaz-Díaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Av. Patricio Trueba de Regil s/n, Col. Lindavista, C.P. 24090, San Francisco de Campeche, Camp, Mexico
| | - G A Hernández-Ballina
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Av. Patricio Trueba de Regil s/n, Col. Lindavista, C.P. 24090, San Francisco de Campeche, Camp, Mexico
| | - C M Lezama-Dávila
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Av. Patricio Trueba de Regil s/n, Col. Lindavista, C.P. 24090, San Francisco de Campeche, Camp, Mexico.
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Antileishmanial activity of a naphthoquinone derivate against promastigote and amastigote stages of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania amazonensis and its mechanism of action against L. amazonensis species. Parasitol Res 2017; 117:391-403. [PMID: 29248978 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5713-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis has become a significant public health issue in several countries in the world. New products have been identified to treat against the disease; however, toxicity and/or high cost is a limitation. The present work evaluated the antileishmanial activity of a new naphthoquinone derivate, Flau-A [2-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-deoxy-β-L-galactopyranosyloxy)-1,4-naphthoquinone], against promastigote and amastigote-like stages of Leishmania amazonensis and L. infantum. In addition, the cytotoxicity in murine macrophages and human red cells was also investigated. The mechanism of action of Flau-A was assessed in L. amazonensis as well as its efficacy in treating infected macrophages and inhibiting infection of pretreated parasites. Results showed that Flau-A was effective against promastigotes and amastigote-like forms of both parasite species, as well as showed low toxicity in mammalian cells. Results also highlighted the morphological and biochemical alterations induced by Flau-A in L. amazonensis, including loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as increased reactive oxygen species production, cell shrinkage, and alteration of the plasma membrane integrity. The present study demonstrates for the first time the antileishmanial activity of Flau-A against two Leishmania species and suggests that the mitochondria of the parasites may be the main target organelle. Data shown here encourages the use of this molecule in new studies concerning treatment against Leishmania infection in mammalian hosts.
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10
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Ly6C hi inflammatory monocytes promote susceptibility to Leishmania donovani infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14693. [PMID: 29089636 PMCID: PMC5665970 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14935-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes (iMO) are critical for host defense against toxoplasmosis and malaria but their role in leishmaniasis is unclear. In this study, we report a detrimental role of Ly6Chi iMOs in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania donovani. We demonstrate that Ly6Chi iMOs are continuously recruited into the spleen and liver during L. donovani infection and they are preferential targets for the parasite. Using microarray-based gene expression profiling, we show that Ly6Chi iMOs isolated from the infected liver and spleen have distinct phenotypic and activation profiles. Furthermore, we demonstrate that blocking the recruitment of Ly6Chi iMOs into the liver and spleen during L. donovani infection using a CCR2 antagonist reduces the frequency of the pathogenic IFN-γ/IL10 dual producer CD4+ T cells in the spleen and leads to a significant reduction in parasite loads in the liver and spleen. Using STAT1−/− mice we show that STAT1 is critical for mediating the recruitment of Ly6Chi iMOs into organs during L. donovani infection, and adaptive transfer of wild type Ly6Chi iMOs into STAT1−/− recipients renders them susceptible to disease. Our findings reveal an unexpected pathogenic role for Ly6Chi iMOs in promoting parasite survival in VL and open the possibility of targeting this population for host-directed therapy during VL.
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11
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Kapadia GJ, Soares IAO, Rao GS, Badoco FR, Furtado RA, Correa MB, Tavares DC, Cunha WR, Magalhães LG. Antiparasitic activity of menadione (vitamin K 3) against Schistosoma mansoni in BABL/c mice. Acta Trop 2017; 167:163-173. [PMID: 28017859 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is one of the neglected tropical diseases affecting nearly quarter of a billion people in economically challenged tropical and subtropical countries of the world. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the only drug currently available to treat this parasitic disease in spite being ineffective against juvenile worms and concerns about developing resistance to treat reinfections. Our earlier in vitro viability studies demonstrated significant antiparasitic activity of menadione (MEN) (vitamin K3) against Schistosoma mansoni adult worms. To gain insight into plausible mechanism of antischistosomal activity of MEN, its effect on superoxide anion levels in adult worms were studied in vitro which showed significant increases in both female and male worms. Further confirmation of the deleterious morphological changes in their teguments and organelles were obtained by ultrastructural analysis. Genotoxic and cytotoxic studies in male Swiss mice indicated that MEN was well tolerated at the oral dose of 500mg/kg using the criteria of MNPCE frequency and PCE/RBC ratio in the bone marrow of infected animals. The in vivo antiparasitic activity of MEN was conducted in female BALB/c mice infected with S. mansoni and significant reductions (P<0.001) in total worm burden were observed at single oral doses of 40 and 400mg/kg (48.57 and 61.90%, respectively). Additionally, MEN significantly reduced (P<0.001) the number of eggs in the liver of infected mice by 53.57 and 58.76%, respectively. Similarly, histological analysis of the livers showed a significant reduction (P<0.001) in the diameter of the granulomas. Since MEN is already in use globally as an over-the-counter drug for a variety of common ailments and a dietary supplement with a safety record in par with similar products when used in recommended doses, the above antiparasitic results which compare reasonably well with PZQ, make a compelling case for considering MEN to treat S. mansoni infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govind J Kapadia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Ingrid A O Soares
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - G Subba Rao
- Global Biotechnology Resource Center, 145 Rosewood Drive, Streamwood, IL 60107, USA
| | - Fernanda R Badoco
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Furtado
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Mariana B Correa
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Denise C Tavares
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Wilson R Cunha
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Lizandra G Magalhães
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca, Brazil.
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A New Antileishmanial Preparation of Combined Solamargine and Solasonine Heals Cutaneous Leishmaniasis through Different Immunochemical Pathways. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:2732-8. [PMID: 26883711 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02804-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Little has been done during the past 100 years to develop new antileishmanial drugs. Most infected individuals live in poor countries and have a low cash income to be attractive targets to pharmaceutical corporations. Two heterosidic steroids, solamargine and solasonine, initially identified as major components of the Brazilian plant Solanum lycocarpum, were tested for leishmanicidal activity. Both alkaloids killed intracellular and extracellular Leishmania mexicana parasites more efficiently than the reference drug sodium stibogluconate. A total of 10 μM each individual alkaloid significantly reduced parasite counts in infected macrophages and dendritic cells. In vivo treatment of C57BL/6 mice with a standardized topical preparation containing solamargine (45.1%) and solasonine (44.4%) gave significant reductions in lesion sizes and parasite counts recovered from lesions. Alkaloids present different immunochemical pathways in macrophages and dendritic cells. We conclude that this topical preparation is effective and a potential new and inexpensive treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Naman CB, Gromovsky AD, Vela CM, Fletcher JN, Gupta G, Varikuti S, Zhu X, Zywot EM, Chai H, Werbovetz KA, Satoskar AR, Kinghorn AD. Antileishmanial and Cytotoxic Activity of Some Highly Oxidized Abietane Diterpenoids from the Bald Cypress, Taxodium distichum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:598-606. [PMID: 26905523 PMCID: PMC4831050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Two new compounds, namely, a para-benzoquinone ring-containing abietane (1) and a para-benzoquinone ring-containing 7,8-seco-abietane (2), and 14 other known highly oxidized abietane diterpenoids (3-16) were isolated from an extract prepared from the cones of Taxodium distichum, collected in central Ohio. The active subfraction from which all compounds isolated in this study were purified was tested in vivo using Leishmania donovani-infected mice and was found to dose-dependently reduce the parasite burden in the murine livers after iv administration of this crude mixture at 5.6 and 11.1 mg/kg. The structures of 1 and 2 were established by detailed 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments, HRESIMS data, and electronic circular dichroism studies. Compounds 3 and 4 were each fully characterized spectroscopically and also isolated from a natural source for the first time. Compounds 2-16 were tested in vitro against L. donovani promastigotes and L. amazonensis intracellular amastigotes. Compound 2 was the most active against L. amazonensis amastigotes (IC50 = 1.4 μM), and 10 was the most potent against L. donovani promastigotes (IC50 = 1.6 μM). These compounds may be suggested for further studies such as in vivo experimentation either alone or in combination with other Taxodium isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Benjamin Naman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Anthony D. Gromovsky
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Cory M. Vela
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Joshua N. Fletcher
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sanjay Varikuti
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Xiaohua Zhu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Emilia M. Zywot
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Heebyung Chai
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Karl A. Werbovetz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Abhay R. Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - A. Douglas Kinghorn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Corresponding Author. Tel: 1-614-247-8094. Fax: 1-614-247-8119.
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14
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Asadi B, Mohammadpoor-Baltork I, Tangestaninejad S, Moghadam M, Mirkhani V, Landarani-Isfahani A. Synthesis and characterization of Bi(iii) immobilized on triazine dendrimer-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles: a reusable catalyst for the synthesis of aminonaphthoquinones and bis-aminonaphthoquinones. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj03050a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for synthesis of aminonaphthoquinone derivatives using Fe3O4@TDSN–Bi(iii) is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beheshteh Asadi
- Department of Chemistry
- Catalysis Division
- University of Isfahan
- Isfahan 81746-73441
- Iran
| | | | | | - Majid Moghadam
- Department of Chemistry
- Catalysis Division
- University of Isfahan
- Isfahan 81746-73441
- Iran
| | - Valiollah Mirkhani
- Department of Chemistry
- Catalysis Division
- University of Isfahan
- Isfahan 81746-73441
- Iran
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15
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Terrazas C, Oghumu S, Varikuti S, Martinez-Saucedo D, Beverley SM, Satoskar AR. Uncovering Leishmania-macrophage interplay using imaging flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2015; 423:93-8. [PMID: 25967951 PMCID: PMC4620550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Host-pathogen interaction is an area of considerable interest. Intracellular parasites such as Leishmania reside inside phagocytes such as macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils. Macrophages can be activated by cytokines such as IFN-γ and Toll like receptor (TLR) agonists resulting in enhanced microbicidal activity. Leishmania parasites hijack the microbicidal function of macrophages, mainly by interfering with intracellular signaling initiated by IFN-γ and TLR ligands. Here we used transgenic Leishmania donovani parasites expressing the red fluorescent protein DsRed2 and imaging-flow cytometry technology to evaluate parasitic loads inside the macrophage in vitro. Further, this methodology enables us to visualize impairment in NFκB translocation to the nucleus in L. donovani infected macrophages. Additionally we show that uninfected bystander macrophages have a similar impairment in NFκB translocation as in L. donovani infected macrophages in response to the TLR4 agonist LPS. This evidence suggests a possible immunosuppressive role for infected macrophages in regulating the activation of uninfected bystander macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Terrazas
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Steve Oghumu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sanjay Varikuti
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Diana Martinez-Saucedo
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; UBIMED, FES-Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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16
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da Costa-Silva TA, Grecco SS, de Sousa FS, Lago JHG, Martins EGA, Terrazas CA, Varikuti S, Owens KL, Beverley SM, Satoskar AR, Tempone AG. Immunomodulatory and Antileishmanial Activity of Phenylpropanoid Dimers Isolated from Nectandra leucantha. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:653-7. [PMID: 25835647 PMCID: PMC4730870 DOI: 10.1021/np500809a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Three phenylpropanoid dimers (1-3) including two new metabolites were isolated from the extract of the twigs of Nectandra leucantha using antileishmanial bioassay-guided fractionation. The in vitro antiparasitic activity of the isolated compounds against Leishmania donovani parasites and mammalian cytotoxicity and immunomodulatory effects were evaluated. Compounds 1-3 were effective against the intracellular amastigotes within macrophages, with IC50 values of 26.7, 17.8, and 101.9 μM, respectively. The mammalian cytotoxicity, given by the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50), was evaluated against peritoneal macrophages. Compounds 1 and 3 were not toxic up to 290 μM, whereas compound 2 demonstrated a CC50 value of 111.2 μM. Compounds 1-3 also suppressed production of disease exacerbatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 but had minimal effect on nitric oxide production in L. donovani-infected macrophages, indicating that antileishmanial activity of these compounds is mediated via an NO-independent mechanism. Therefore, these new natural products could represent promising scaffolds for drug design studies for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone S. Grecco
- Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S. de Sousa
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Henrique G. Lago
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Euder G. A. Martins
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - César A. Terrazas
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Sanjay Varikuti
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Katherine L. Owens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Abhay R. Satoskar
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Andre G. Tempone
- Center for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
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Naman CB, Gupta G, Varikuti S, Chai H, Doskotch RW, Satoskar AR, Kinghorn AD. Northalrugosidine is a bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid from Thalictrum alpinum with in vivo antileishmanial activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:552-6. [PMID: 25629555 PMCID: PMC4394985 DOI: 10.1021/np501028u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Screening of a plant-derived natural product library led to the observation of in vitro antileishmanial activity by three bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids (1-3) that were purified previously from Thalictrum alpinum. A spectroscopic study of the active compounds was conducted to confirm their identities. Of the compounds tested, northalrugosidine (1) showed the most potent in vitro activity against Leishmania donovani promastigotes (0.28 μM) and the highest selectivity (29.3-fold) versus its general cytotoxicity against HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Northalrugosidine was tested in vivo using a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis, resulting in the observation of a dose-dependent reduction of the parasitic burden in the liver and spleen without overt toxicity effects at 2.8, 5.6, and 11.1 mg/kg per animal when administered intravenously. This represents the first report of a bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid with in vivo efficacy against visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Benjamin Naman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sanjay Varikuti
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Heebyung Chai
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Raymond W. Doskotch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Abhay R. Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - A. Douglas Kinghorn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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18
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Pan L, Terrazas C, Muñoz Acuña U, Ninh TN, Chai H, Carcache de Blanco EJ, Soejarto DD, Satoskar AR, Kinghorn AD. Bioactive indole alkaloids isolated from Alstonia angustifolia. PHYTOCHEMISTRY LETTERS 2014; 10:54-59. [PMID: 25584095 PMCID: PMC4287998 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytol.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation was conducted on a CHCl3-soluble extract of the stem bark of Alstonia angustifolia (Apocynaceae) collected in Vietnam using the HT-29 human colon cancer cell line, and led to the isolation of a new sarpagine-type indole alkaloid (1), together with nine known alkaloids, including four macroline-derived alkaloids (2-5), a sarpagine-type alkaloid (6), and four macroline-pleiocarpamine bisindole alkaloids (7-10). The structure of the new compound (1) was determined on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation. Compounds 1-10 were evaluated in vitro for their NF-κB (p65) inhibitory activity against the Hela cells in an ELISA assay. The new sarpagine alkaloid, N(4)-methyltalpinine (1), was found to show significant NF-κB inhibitory activity (ED50 = 1.2 µM). Furthermore, all the isolates (1-10) were evaluated in vitro for their antileishmanial activity, and compounds (1-4, 6 and 8-10) exhibited leishmaniacidal activity against promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Pan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, OH 43210, United States
| | - César Terrazas
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Ulyana Muñoz Acuña
- Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Tran Ngoc Ninh
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Heebyung Chai
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, OH 43210, United States
| | - Esperanza J Carcache de Blanco
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, OH 43210, United States ; Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Djaja D Soejarto
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States ; Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - A Douglas Kinghorn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, OH 43210, United States
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Abstract
Introduction: The armamentarium of antileishmanial drugs is small. It is further being threatened by the development of resistance and decreasing sensitivity to the available drugs. The development of newer drugs is sorely needed. Areas covered: The authors have based their review on a literature search performed using PubMed. The article specifically looks at investigational drugs, which have demonstrated, at the very least, in vitro and in vivo activities against the leishmania species that cause visceral leishmaniasis. Specifically, the authors review the nitroimidazole compound fexinidazole, which is one of the few drugs which have reached Phase II trials. The article also discusses the R enantiomer of (S)-PA-824, which has shown good antileishmanial activity. Finally, the article also highlights the many novel delivery systems and oral formulations of amphotericin B, which are both cheap and less toxic and are currently under investigation. Expert opinion: Very few new drugs have reached the clinic for this neglected tropical disease and there is an urgent need for new efficacious therapeutics. The authors believe that support from public-private partnerships would help in enabling the prompt development of drug candidates that could potentially make the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundar
- Banaras Hindu University, Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine , Varanasi 221 005, UP , India + 91 542 2369632 ; + 91 542 2367568 ;
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Souza-Silva F, do Nascimento SB, Bourguignon SC, Pereira BAS, Carneiro PF, da Silva WS, Alves CR, de Pinho RT. Evidences for leishmanicidal activity of the naphthoquinone derivative epoxy-α-lapachone. Exp Parasitol 2014; 147:81-4. [PMID: 25307687 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we analyze the leishmanicidal effects of epoxy-α-lapachone on Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Promasigotes and amastigotes (inhabiting human macrophages) from both species were assayed to verify the compound's activity over the distinct morphological stages. The incubation with epoxy-α-lapachone led to a significant decrease in the numbers of promastigotes from both species in the cultures, in a dose-and time-dependent fashion. The survival of amastigotes inhabiting human macrophages was also drastically affected by the compound, as shown by the variations in the endocytic index. Our results indicate that the epoxy-α-lapachone has an antiparasitic effect over Leishmania in both morphological stages and may potentially affect a range of species in two distinct subgenera of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Souza-Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Av. Brasil, 4365, Maguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Samara Braga do Nascimento
- Instituto de Biologia, Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Baptista s/n - Centro, Niterói, CEP 24020-150 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Saulo Cabral Bourguignon
- Instituto de Biologia, Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Baptista s/n - Centro, Niterói, CEP 24020-150 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Acácio Santini Pereira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Av. Brasil, 4365, Maguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Fernandes Carneiro
- Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária CEP 21944-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wellington Seguis da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Av. Brasil, 4365, Maguinhos, CEP 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Alves
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Av. Brasil, 4365, Maguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosa Teixeira de Pinho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Av. Brasil, 4365, Maguinhos, CEP 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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21
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Pinto EG, Santos IO, Schmidt TJ, Borborema SET, Ferreira VF, Rocha DR, Tempone AG. Potential of 2-hydroxy-3-phenylsulfanylmethyl-[1,4]-naphthoquinones against Leishmania (L.) infantum: biological activity and structure-activity relationships. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105127. [PMID: 25171058 PMCID: PMC4149375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Naphtoquinones have been used as promising scaffolds for drug design studies against protozoan parasites. Considering the highly toxic and limited therapeutic arsenal, the global negligence with tropical diseases and the elevated prevalence of co-morbidities especially in developing countries, the parasitic diseases caused by various Leishmania species (leishmaniasis) became a significant public health threat in 98 countries. The aim of this work was the evaluation of antileishmanial in vitro potential of thirty-six 2-hydroxy-3-phenylsulfanylmethyl-[1,4]-naphthoquinones obtained by a three component reaction of lawsone, the appropriate aldehyde and thiols adequately substituted, exploiting the in situ generation of o-quinonemethides (o-QM) via the Knoevenagel condensation. The antileishmanial activity of the naphthoquinone derivatives was evaluated against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and their cytotoxicity was verified in mammalian cells. Among the thirty-six compounds, twenty-seven were effective against promastigotes, with IC50 values ranging from 8 to 189 µM; fourteen compounds eliminated the intracellular amastigotes, with IC50 values ranging from 12 to 65 µM. The compounds containing the phenyl groups at R1 and R2 and with the fluorine substituent at the phenyl ring at R2, rendered the most promising activity, demonstrating a selectivity index higher than 15 against amastigotes. A QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationship) analysis yielded insights into general structural requirements for activity of most compounds in the series. Considering the in vitro antileishmanial potential of 2-hydroxy-3-phenylsulfanylmethyl-[1,4]-naphthoquinones and their structure-activity relationships, novel lead candidates could be exploited in future drug design studies for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika G. Pinto
- Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabela O. Santos
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thomas J. Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), University of Münster, PharmaCampus, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Vitor F. Ferreira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - David R. Rocha
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andre G. Tempone
- Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Leishmanicidal activities of novel synthetic furoxan and benzofuroxan derivatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:4837-47. [PMID: 24913171 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00052-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of furoxan (1,2,5-oxadiazole 2-oxide) (compounds 3, 4a and -b, 13a and -b, and 14a to -f) and benzofuroxan (benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole 1-oxide) (compounds 7 and 8a to -c) derivatives were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for in vitro activity against promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. The furoxan derivatives exhibited the ability to generate nitric oxide at different levels (7.8% to 27.4%). The benzofuroxan derivative 8a was able to increase nitrite production in medium supernatant from murine macrophages infected with L. amazonensis at 0.75 mM after 48 h. Furoxan and benzofuroxan derivatives showed remarkable leishmanicidal activity against both promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms. Compounds 8a, 14a and -b, and 14d exerted selective leishmanicidal activities superior to those of amphotericin B and pentamidine. In vitro studies at pH 5.4 reveal that compound 8a is stable until 8 h and that compound 14a behaves as a prodrug, releasing the active aldehyde 13a. These compounds have emerged as promising novel drug candidates for the treatment of leishmaniasis.
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Nisar M, Ali I, Raza Shah M, Badshah A, Qayum M, Khan H, Khan I, Ali S. Amberlite IR-120H as a recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthene analogs and their evaluation as potential leishmanicidal agents. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43506g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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