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Zubiaur P, Soria-Chacartegui P, Boone EC, Prasad B, Dinh J, Wang WY, Zugbi S, Rodríguez-Lopez A, González-Iglesias E, Leeder JS, Abad-Santos F, Gaedigk A. Impact of CYP2C:TG Haplotype on CYP2C19 Substrates Clearance In Vivo, Protein Content, and In Vitro Activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 114:1033-1042. [PMID: 37528442 PMCID: PMC10592245 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel haplotype composed of two non-coding variants, CYP2C18 NM_000772.3:c.*31T (rs2860840) and NM_000772.2:c.819+2182G (rs11188059), referred to as "CYP2C:TG," was recently associated with ultrarapid metabolism of various CYP2C19 substrates. As the underlying mechanism and clinical relevance of this effect remain uncertain, we analyzed existing in vivo and in vitro data to determine the magnitude of the CYP2C:TG haplotype effect. We assessed variability in pharmacokinetics of CYP2C19 substrates, including citalopram, sertraline, voriconazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole in 222 healthy volunteers receiving one of these six drugs. We also determined its impact on CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, and CYP2C19 protein abundance in 135 human liver tissue samples, and on CYP2C18/CYP2C19 activity in vitro using N-desmethyl atomoxetine formation. No effects were observed according to CYP2C:TG haplotype or to CYP2C19*1+TG alleles (i.e., CYP2C19 alleles containing the CYP2C:TG haplotype). In contrast, CYP2C19 intermediate (e.g., CYP2C19*1/*2) and poor metabolizers (e.g., CYP2C19*2/*2) showed significantly higher exposure in vivo, lower CYP2C19 protein abundance in human liver microsomes, and lower activity in vitro compared with normal, rapid (i.e., CYP2C19*1/*17), and ultrarapid metabolizers (i.e., CYP2C19*17/*17). Moreover, a tendency toward lower exposure was observed in ultrarapid metabolizers compared with rapid metabolizers and normal metabolizers. Furthermore, when the CYP2C19*17 allele was present, CYP2C18 protein abundance was increased suggesting that genetic variation in CYP2C19 may be relevant to the overall metabolism of certain drugs by regulating not only its expression levels, but also those of CYP2C18. Considering all available data, we conclude that there is insufficient evidence supporting clinical CYP2C:TG testing to inform drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Zubiaur
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Children’s Mercy Research Institute (CMRI), Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Paula Soria-Chacartegui
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Erin C Boone
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Children’s Mercy Research Institute (CMRI), Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Jean Dinh
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Children’s Mercy Research Institute (CMRI), Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Wendy Y Wang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Children’s Mercy Research Institute (CMRI), Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Santiago Zugbi
- Unit of Innovative Treatments, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Rodríguez-Lopez
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva González-Iglesias
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Steven Leeder
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Children’s Mercy Research Institute (CMRI), Kansas City, MO, United States
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Francisco Abad-Santos
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Gaedigk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Children’s Mercy Research Institute (CMRI), Kansas City, MO, United States
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
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Huang L, Zhang X, Luo L, Mu H, Li W, Wang R. Effects of high-altitude environment on pharmacokinetic parameters of gliquidone in rats. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2022; 51:389-396. [PMID: 37202102 PMCID: PMC10264973 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2022-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of high-altitude hypoxia on the pharmacokinetics parameters of gliquidone. METHODS Twelve healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into plain group and high-altitude group with 6 rats in each group. Blood samples were collected after intragastric administration of gliquidone (6.3 mg/kg). Ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) was used to determine the concentration of gliquidone in rat plasma samples. And the expression of CYP2C9 in rat liver tissues was determined by Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with the plain group, the peak concentration of gliquidone in the high-altitude rats was significantly increased, the absorption rate constant was decreased, the elimination rate constant and the absorption half-life were increased, the elimination half-life was shortened, the mean residence time and apparent volume of distribution were decreased (all P<0.05). Western blotting showed that the expression of CYP2C9 was significantly up-regulated in the liver tissues of high altitude group rats, compared with the plain group (4.18 ±0.06 vs. 2.13±0.06, t=11.57, P<0.01). CONCLUSION Under the high-altitude hypoxia environment, the absorption of gliquidone in rats was reduced and the metabolism was accelerated in rats, which may be related to the up-regulation of CYP2C9 expression in liver tissues.
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Stajnko A, Runkel AA, Kosjek T, Snoj Tratnik J, Mazej D, Falnoga I, Horvat M. Assessment of susceptibility to phthalate and DINCH exposure through CYP and UGT single nucleotide polymorphisms. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 159:107046. [PMID: 34920277 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of cytochrome P450 (CYPs) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGTs) genes have been proposed to influence phthalates and 1,2-cyclo-hexanedicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) biotransformation but have not been investigated on a populational level. We investigated the role of SNPs in CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, UGT2B15, and UGT1A7 genes in the biotransformation of phthalates (DEHP, DEP, DiBP, DnBP, BBzP, DiNP, DidP) and DINCH by determining their urine metabolites. From the Slovenian study population of 274 men and 289 lactating primiparous women we obtained data on phthalate and DINCH urine metabolite levels (MEHP, 5OH-MEHP, 5oxo-MEHP, 5cx-MEPP, MEP, MiBP, MnBP, MBzP, cx-MINP, OH-MiDP, MCHP, MnPeP, MnOP, 5OH-MINCH, 5oxo-MINCH), SNP genotypes (rs1057910 = CYP2C9*3, rs1799853 = CYP2C9*2, rs4244285 = CYP2C19*2, rs12248560 = CYP2C19*17, rs3892097 = CYP2D6*4, rs1902023 = UGT2B15*2, and rs11692021 = UGT1A7*3) and questionnaires. Associations of SNPs with levels of metabolites and their ratios were assessed by multiple linear regression and ordinary logistic regression analyses. Significant associations were observed for CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, CYP2C19*17, and UGT1A7*3 SNPs. The most pronounced was the influence of CYP2C9*2 and *3 on the reduced DEHP biotransformation, with lower levels of metabolites and their ratios in men and women. In contrast, carriers of CYP2C19*17 showed higher urine levels of DEHP metabolites in both genders, and in women also in higher DiNP, DiDP, and DINCH metabolite levels. The presence of UGT1A7*3 was associated with increased metabolite levels of DINCH in men and of DiBP and DBzP in women. Statistical models explained up to 27% of variability in metabolite levels or their ratios. Our observations confirm the effect of CYP2C9*2 and *3 SNPs towards reduced DEHP biotransformation. We show that CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, CYP2C19*17, and UGT1A7*3 SNPs might represent biomarkers of susceptibility or resilience in phthalates and DINCH exposure that have been so far unrecognised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Stajnko
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Agneta Annika Runkel
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Kosjek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darja Mazej
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ingrid Falnoga
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milena Horvat
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Türk D, Fuhr LM, Marok FZ, Rüdesheim S, Kühn A, Selzer D, Schwab M, Lehr T. Novel models for the prediction of drug-gene interactions. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:1293-1310. [PMID: 34727800 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1998455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are among the leading causes of death, and frequently associated with drug-gene interactions (DGIs). In addition to pharmacogenomic programs for implementation of genetic preemptive testing into clinical practice, mathematical modeling can help to understand, quantify and predict the effects of DGIs in vivo. Moreover, modeling can contribute to optimize prospective clinical drug trial activities and to reduce DGI-related ADRs. AREAS COVERED Approaches and challenges of mechanistical DGI implementation and model parameterization are discussed for population pharmacokinetic and physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. The broad spectrum of published DGI models and their applications is presented, focusing on the investigation of DGI effects on pharmacology and model-based dose adaptations. EXPERT OPINION Mathematical modeling provides an opportunity to investigate complex DGI scenarios and can facilitate the development process of safe and efficient personalized dosing regimens. However, reliable DGI model input data from in vivo and in vitro measurements are crucial. For this, collaboration among pharmacometricians, laboratory scientists and clinicians is important to provide homogeneous datasets and unambiguous model parameters. For a broad adaptation of validated DGI models in clinical practice, interdisciplinary cooperation should be promoted and qualification toolchains must be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Türk
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | - Simeon Rüdesheim
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna Kühn
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dominik Selzer
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies," University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lehr
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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van der Lee M, Guchelaar HJ, Swen JJ. Substrate specificity of CYP2D6 genetic variants. Pharmacogenomics 2021; 22:1081-1089. [PMID: 34569808 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2021-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in the gene encoding CYP2D6 is used to guide drug prescribing in clinical practice. However, genetic variants in CYP2D6 show substrate-specific effects that are currently not accounted for. With a systematic literature, we retrieved 22 original studies describing in vitro experiments focusing on CYP2D6 alleles (CYP2D6*1, *2, *10 and *17) and substrates. Allele activity (clearance of the allele of interest divided by the clearance of the wildtype) was extracted. The results support the hypothesis of the existence of substrate specificity of the CYP2D6*17-allele (higher debrisoquine clearance), a subtle effect of the CYP2D6*10-allele (lower dextromethorphan clearance) but no substrate-specific effect of the CYP2D6*2-allele. Although our results support substrate specificity, for most substrates data are too sparse and require further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike van der Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333, ZA, The Netherlands.,Leiden Network for Personalized Therapeutics, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Henk-Jan Guchelaar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333, ZA, The Netherlands.,Leiden Network for Personalized Therapeutics, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Jesse J Swen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333, ZA, The Netherlands.,Leiden Network for Personalized Therapeutics, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms to predict taxanes toxicities and effectiveness in cancer patients. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2021; 21:491-497. [PMID: 33649523 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-021-00227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Taxanes are used in the treatment of several solid tumours. Adverse events (AEs) might be influenced by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding proteins responsible for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic. In this prospective, monocentric, observational study we explored the effect of SNPs in the main genes involved in taxanes metabolism and transport, on toxicity and efficacy in 125 patients (pts) treated with paclitaxel, nab-paclitaxel, or docetaxel for neoplasms. There was no statistically significant association between the investigated SNPs and AEs. The heterozygous genotype of CYP3A4*22 showed a trend of association with skin reactions in pts treated with paclitaxel and nab-paclitaxel (RR = 6.92; 95% CI 0.47, 99.8; p = 0.0766). CYP2C8*3/*4 variant carriers showed a trend of association with overall AEs in pts treated with paclitaxel and nab-paclitaxel (RR = 1.28; 95% CI 0.96, 1.67; p = 0.0898). No statistically significant relationship with treatment efficacy was found. ABCB1 3435TT showed a trend of association with a higher treatment response (RR = 0.22; 95% CI 0.03, 1.51; p = 0.0876). Despite the population was heterogeneous, CYP3A4*22 and CYP2C8 SNPs may influence paclitaxel and nab-paclitaxel toxicity and ABCB1 c.3435 may affect taxanes effectiveness, even if any statistically significant was found.
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Díaz-Ordóñez L, Ramírez-Montaño D, Candelo E, González-Restrepo C, Silva-Peña S, Rojas CA, Sepulveda Copete M, Echavarria HR, Pachajoa H. Evaluation of CYP2C19 Gene Polymorphisms in Patients with Acid Peptic Disorders Treated with Esomeprazole. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2021; 14:509-520. [PMID: 33953602 PMCID: PMC8092628 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s285144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background CYP2C19 is a highly polymorphic gene that encodes an enzyme with the same name and whose function is associated with the metabolism of many important drugs, such as proton pump inhibitors (such as esomeprazole, which is used for the treatment of acid peptic disease). Genetic variants in CYP2C19 alter protein function and affect drug metabolism. This study aims to genotypically and phenotypically characterize the genetic variants in the CYP2C19 gene in 12 patients with acid peptic disorders and different therapeutic profiles to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) drugs. The patients were randomly selected from a controlled, randomized and blinded clinical pilot trial of 33 patients. We determined the presence and frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within exons 1–5 and 9, the intron-exon junctions, and a fragment in the 3ʹ UTR region of the CYP2C19 gene using Sanger sequencing. Undescribed polymorphisms were analyzed by free online bioinformatics tools to evaluate the potential molecular effects of these genetic variants. Results We identified nine polymorphisms, six of which had no reported functions. One of these genetic variants, with a functional impact, not yet reported (p.Arg132Trp) was predicted by bioinformatic tools as potentially pathogenic. This finding suggests that p.Arg132Trp could be related to poor metabolizers of drugs metabolized by CYP2C19. Conclusion We identified the genotype spectrum of variants in CYP2C19. The genotype spectrum of variants in CYP2C19 could predict the treatment response and could support to evaluate clinical efficacy in patients treated with esomeprazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Díaz-Ordóñez
- Basic Medical Science Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.,Clinical Genetic Department, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia.,Research Centre in Rare Diseases and Congenital Abnormalities (CIACER), Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Diana Ramírez-Montaño
- Basic Medical Science Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.,Clinical Genetic Department, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia.,Research Centre in Rare Diseases and Congenital Abnormalities (CIACER), Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Estephania Candelo
- Clinical Genetic Department, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia.,Research Centre in Rare Diseases and Congenital Abnormalities (CIACER), Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.,Research Centre, Fundación Valle de Lili, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Sebastián Silva-Peña
- Basic Medical Science Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Harry Pachajoa
- Basic Medical Science Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.,Clinical Genetic Department, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia.,Research Centre in Rare Diseases and Congenital Abnormalities (CIACER), Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
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Pernaute-Lau L, Morris U, Msellem M, Mårtensson A, Björkman A, Gil JP. Influence of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8 polymorphisms on the efficacy and tolerability of artesunate-amodiaquine treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Zanzibar. Malar J 2021; 20:90. [PMID: 33588856 PMCID: PMC7885591 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03620-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anti-malarial drug, amodiaquine, a commonly used, long-acting partner drug in artemisinin-based combination therapy, is metabolized to active desethyl-amodiaquine (DEAQ) by cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8). The CYP2C8 gene carries several polymorphisms including the more frequent minor alleles, CYP2C8*2 and CYP2C8*3. These minor alleles have been associated with decreased enzymatic activity, slowing the amodiaquine biotransformation towards DEAQ. This study aimed to assess the influence of these CYP2C8 polymorphisms on the efficacy and tolerability of artesunate-amodiaquine (AS-AQ) treatment for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Zanzibar. METHODS Dried blood spots on filter paper were collected from 618 children enrolled in two randomized clinical trials comparing AS-AQ and artemether-lumefantrine in 2002-2005 in Zanzibar. Study participant were under five years of age with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Human CYP2C8*2 and CYP2C8*3 genotype frequencies were determined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Statistical associations between CYP2C8*2 and/or CYP2C8*3 allele carriers and treatment outcome or occurrence of adverse events were assessed by Fisher's exact test. RESULTS The allele frequencies of CYP2C8*2 and CYP2C8*3 were 17.5 % (95 % CI 15.4-19.7) and 2.7 % (95 % CI 1.8-3.7), respectively. There was no significant difference in the proportion of subjects carrying either CYP2C8*2 or CYP2C8*3 alleles amongst those with re-infections (44.1 %; 95 % CI 33.8-54.8) or those with recrudescent infections (48.3 %; 95 % CI 29.4-67.5), compared to those with an adequate clinical and parasitological response (36.7 %; 95 % CI 30.0-43.9) (P = 0.25 and P = 0.31, respectively). However, patients carrying either CYP2C8*2 or CYP2C8*3 alleles were significantly associated with an increased occurrence of non-serious adverse events, when compared with CYP2C8 *1/*1 wild type homozygotes (44.9 %; 95 % CI 36.1-54.0 vs. 28.1 %; 95 % CI 21.9-35.0, respectively; P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS CYP2C8 genotypes did not influence treatment efficacy directly, but the tolerability to AS-AQ may be reduced in subjects carrying the CYP2C8*2 and CYP2C8*3 alleles. The importance of this non-negligible association with regard to amodiaquine-based malaria chemotherapy warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Pernaute-Lau
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ulrika Morris
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mwinyi Msellem
- Training and Research, Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Andreas Mårtensson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, International Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Björkman
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jose Pedro Gil
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal
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Functional Assessment of 12 Rare Allelic CYP2C9 Variants Identified in a Population of 4773 Japanese Individuals. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11020094. [PMID: 33540768 PMCID: PMC7912942 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) is an important drug-metabolizing enzyme that contributes to the metabolism of approximately 15% of clinically used drugs, including warfarin, which is known for its narrow therapeutic window. Interindividual differences in CYP2C9 enzymatic activity caused by CYP2C9 genetic polymorphisms lead to inconsistent treatment responses in patients. Thus, in this study, we characterized the functional differences in CYP2C9 wild-type (CYP2C9.1), CYP2C9.2, CYP2C9.3, and 12 rare novel variants identified in 4773 Japanese individuals. These CYP2C9 variants were heterologously expressed in 293FT cells, and the kinetic parameters (Km, kcat, Vmax, catalytic efficiency, and CLint) of (S)-warfarin 7-hydroxylation and tolbutamide 4-hydroxylation were estimated. From this analysis, almost all novel CYP2C9 variants showed significantly reduced or null enzymatic activity compared with that of the CYP2C9 wild-type. A strong correlation was found in catalytic efficiencies between (S)-warfarin 7-hydroxylation and tolbutamide 4-hydroxylation among all studied CYP2C9 variants. The causes of the observed perturbation in enzyme activity were evaluated by three-dimensional structural modeling. Our findings could clarify a part of discrepancies among genotype–phenotype associations based on the novel CYP2C9 rare allelic variants and could, therefore, improve personalized medicine, including the selection of the appropriate warfarin dose.
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Kumondai M, Gutiérrez Rico EM, Hishinuma E, Ueda A, Saito S, Saigusa D, Tadaka S, Kinoshita K, Nakayoshi T, Oda A, Abe A, Maekawa M, Mano N, Hirasawa N, Hiratsuka M. Functional Characterization of 40 CYP3A4 Variants by Assessing Midazolam 1'-Hydroxylation and Testosterone 6 β-Hydroxylation. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 49:212-220. [PMID: 33384383 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP3A4 is among the most abundant liver and intestinal drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes, contributing to the metabolism of more than 30% of clinically used drugs. Therefore, interindividual variability in CYP3A4 activity is a frequent cause of reduced drug efficacy and adverse effects. In this study, we characterized wild-type CYP3A4 and 40 CYP3A4 variants, including 11 new variants, detected among 4773 Japanese individuals by assessing CYP3A4 enzymatic activities for two representative substrates (midazolam and testosterone). The reduced carbon monoxide-difference spectra of wild-type CYP3A4 and 31 CYP3A4 variants produced with our established mammalian cell expression system were determined by measuring the increase in maximum absorption at 450 nm after carbon monoxide treatment. The kinetic parameters of midazolam and testosterone hydroxylation by wild-type CYP3A4 and 29 CYP3A4 variants (K m , k cat , and catalytic efficiency) were determined, and the causes of their kinetic differences were evaluated by three-dimensional structural modeling. Our findings offer insight into the mechanism underlying interindividual differences in CYP3A4-dependent drug metabolism. Moreover, our results provide guidance for improving drug administration protocols by considering the information on CYP3A4 genetic polymorphisms. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: CYP3A4 metabolizes more than 30% of clinically used drugs. Interindividual differences in drug efficacy and adverse-effect rates have been linked to ethnicity-specific differences in CYP3A4 gene variants in Asian populations, including Japanese individuals, indicating the presence of CYP3A4 polymorphisms resulting in the increased expression of loss-of-function variants. This study detected alterations in CYP3A4 activity due to amino acid substitutions by assessing the enzymatic activities of coding variants for two representative CYP3A4 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kumondai
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K., E.M.G.R., N.H., M.H.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (E.H., S.S., D.S., S.T., K.K., M.H.), Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (E.H., A.U., N.H., M.H.), and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.A., M.M., N.M.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan (T.N., A.O.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan (M.M., N.M., N.H., M.H.)
| | - Evelyn Marie Gutiérrez Rico
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K., E.M.G.R., N.H., M.H.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (E.H., S.S., D.S., S.T., K.K., M.H.), Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (E.H., A.U., N.H., M.H.), and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.A., M.M., N.M.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan (T.N., A.O.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan (M.M., N.M., N.H., M.H.)
| | - Eiji Hishinuma
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K., E.M.G.R., N.H., M.H.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (E.H., S.S., D.S., S.T., K.K., M.H.), Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (E.H., A.U., N.H., M.H.), and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.A., M.M., N.M.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan (T.N., A.O.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan (M.M., N.M., N.H., M.H.)
| | - Akiko Ueda
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K., E.M.G.R., N.H., M.H.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (E.H., S.S., D.S., S.T., K.K., M.H.), Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (E.H., A.U., N.H., M.H.), and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.A., M.M., N.M.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan (T.N., A.O.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan (M.M., N.M., N.H., M.H.)
| | - Sakae Saito
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K., E.M.G.R., N.H., M.H.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (E.H., S.S., D.S., S.T., K.K., M.H.), Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (E.H., A.U., N.H., M.H.), and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.A., M.M., N.M.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan (T.N., A.O.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan (M.M., N.M., N.H., M.H.)
| | - Daisuke Saigusa
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K., E.M.G.R., N.H., M.H.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (E.H., S.S., D.S., S.T., K.K., M.H.), Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (E.H., A.U., N.H., M.H.), and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.A., M.M., N.M.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan (T.N., A.O.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan (M.M., N.M., N.H., M.H.)
| | - Shu Tadaka
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K., E.M.G.R., N.H., M.H.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (E.H., S.S., D.S., S.T., K.K., M.H.), Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (E.H., A.U., N.H., M.H.), and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.A., M.M., N.M.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan (T.N., A.O.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan (M.M., N.M., N.H., M.H.)
| | - Kengo Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K., E.M.G.R., N.H., M.H.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (E.H., S.S., D.S., S.T., K.K., M.H.), Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (E.H., A.U., N.H., M.H.), and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.A., M.M., N.M.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan (T.N., A.O.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan (M.M., N.M., N.H., M.H.)
| | - Tomoki Nakayoshi
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K., E.M.G.R., N.H., M.H.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (E.H., S.S., D.S., S.T., K.K., M.H.), Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (E.H., A.U., N.H., M.H.), and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.A., M.M., N.M.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan (T.N., A.O.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan (M.M., N.M., N.H., M.H.)
| | - Akifumi Oda
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K., E.M.G.R., N.H., M.H.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (E.H., S.S., D.S., S.T., K.K., M.H.), Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (E.H., A.U., N.H., M.H.), and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.A., M.M., N.M.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan (T.N., A.O.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan (M.M., N.M., N.H., M.H.)
| | - Ai Abe
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K., E.M.G.R., N.H., M.H.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (E.H., S.S., D.S., S.T., K.K., M.H.), Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (E.H., A.U., N.H., M.H.), and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.A., M.M., N.M.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan (T.N., A.O.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan (M.M., N.M., N.H., M.H.)
| | - Masamitsu Maekawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K., E.M.G.R., N.H., M.H.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (E.H., S.S., D.S., S.T., K.K., M.H.), Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (E.H., A.U., N.H., M.H.), and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.A., M.M., N.M.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan (T.N., A.O.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan (M.M., N.M., N.H., M.H.)
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K., E.M.G.R., N.H., M.H.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (E.H., S.S., D.S., S.T., K.K., M.H.), Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (E.H., A.U., N.H., M.H.), and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.A., M.M., N.M.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan (T.N., A.O.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan (M.M., N.M., N.H., M.H.)
| | - Noriyasu Hirasawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K., E.M.G.R., N.H., M.H.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (E.H., S.S., D.S., S.T., K.K., M.H.), Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (E.H., A.U., N.H., M.H.), and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.A., M.M., N.M.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan (T.N., A.O.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan (M.M., N.M., N.H., M.H.)
| | - Masahiro Hiratsuka
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K., E.M.G.R., N.H., M.H.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (E.H., S.S., D.S., S.T., K.K., M.H.), Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (E.H., A.U., N.H., M.H.), and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.A., M.M., N.M.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan (T.N., A.O.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan (M.M., N.M., N.H., M.H.)
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11
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Saigusa D, Matsukawa N, Hishinuma E, Koshiba S. Identification of biomarkers to diagnose diseases and find adverse drug reactions by metabolomics. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 37:100373. [PMID: 33631535 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics has been widely used for investigating the biological functions of disease expression and has the potential to discover biomarkers in circulating biofluids or tissue extracts that reflect in phenotypic changes. Metabolic profiling has advantages because of the use of unbiased techniques, including multivariate analysis, and has been applied in pharmacological studies to predict therapeutic and adverse reactions of drugs, which is called pharmacometabolomics (PMx). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)- and mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics has contributed to the discovery of recent disease biomarkers; however, the optimal strategy for the study purpose must be selected from many established protocols, methodologies and analytical platforms. Additionally, information on molecular localization in tissue is essential for further functional analyses related to therapeutic and adverse effects of drugs in the process of drug development. MS imaging (MSI) is a promising technology that can visualize molecules on tissue surfaces without labeling and thus provide localized information. This review summarizes recent uses of MS-based global and wide-targeted metabolomics technologies and the advantages of the MSI approach for PMx and highlights the PMx technique for the biomarker discovery of adverse drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Saigusa
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku University Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan; Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Naomi Matsukawa
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku University Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan; Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Eiji Hishinuma
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku University Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan; Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan.
| | - Seizo Koshiba
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku University Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan; Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan; Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan.
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12
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Quignot N, Więcek W, Lautz L, Dorne JL, Amzal B. Inter-phenotypic differences in CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 metabolism: Bayesian meta-regression of human population variability in kinetics and application in chemical risk assessment. Toxicol Lett 2020; 337:111-120. [PMID: 33232775 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying variability in pharmacokinetics (PK) and toxicokinetics (TK) provides a science-based approach to refine uncertainty factors (UFs) for chemical risk assessment. In this context, genetic polymorphisms in cytochromes P450 (CYPs) drive inter-phenotypic differences and may result in reduction or increase in metabolism of drugs or other xenobiotics. Here, an extensive literature search was performed to identify PK data for probe substrates of the human polymorphic isoforms CYP2C9 and CYP2C19. Relevant data from 158 publications were extracted for markers of chronic exposure (clearance and area under the plasma concentration-time curve) and analysed using a Bayesian meta-regression model. Enzyme function (EF), driven by inter-phenotypic differences across a range of allozymes present in extensive and poor metabolisers (EMs and PMs), and fraction metabolised (Fm), were identified as exhibiting the highest impact on the metabolism. The Bayesian meta-regression model provided good predictions for such inter-phenotypic differences. Integration of population distributions for inter-phenotypic differences and estimates for EF and Fm allowed the derivation of CYP2C9- and CYP2C19-related UFs which ranged from 2.7 to 12.7, and were above the default factor for human variability in TK (3.16) for PMs and major substrates (Fm >60%). These results provide population distributions and pathway-related UFs as conservative in silico options to integrate variability in CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 metabolism using in vitro kinetic evidence and in the absence of human data. The future development of quantitative extrapolation models is discussed with particular attention to integrating human in vitro and in vivo PK or TK data with pathway-related variability for chemical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonie Lautz
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean-Lou Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126, Parma, Italy
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13
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McDonald MG, Henderson LM, Ray S, Yeung CK, Johnson AL, Kowalski JP, Hanenberg H, Wiek C, Thummel KE, Rettie AE. Heterologous Expression and Functional Characterization of Novel CYP2C9 Variants Identified in the Alaska Native People. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 374:233-240. [PMID: 32423989 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.265850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP2C9 is a major form of human liver cytochrome P450 that is responsible for the oxidative metabolism of several widely used low-therapeutic index drugs, including (S)-warfarin and phenytoin. In a cohort of Alaska Native people, ultrarare or novel CYP2C9 protein variants, M1L (rs114071557), N218I (rs780801862), and P279T (rs182132442, CYP2C9*29), are expressed with higher frequencies than the well characterized CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 alleles. We report here on their relative expression in lentivirus-infected HepG2 cells and the functional characterization of purified reconstituted enzyme variants expressed in Escherichia coli toward (S)-warfarin, phenytoin, flurbiprofen, and (S)-naproxen. In the infected HepG2 cells, robust mRNA and protein expression were obtained for wild-type, N218I, and P279T variants, but as expected, the M1L variant protein was not translated in this liver-derived cell line. His-tagged wild-type protein and the N218I and P279T variants, but not M1L, expressed well in E. coli and were highly purified after affinity chromatography. Upon reconstitution with cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase and cytochrome b5, the N218I and P279T protein variants metabolized (S)-warfarin, phenytoin, flurbiprofen, and (S)-naproxen to the expected monohydroxylated or O-demethylated metabolites. Steady-state kinetic analyses revealed that the relative catalytic efficiency ratios of (S)-warfarin metabolism by the P279T and N218I variants were 87% and 24%, respectively, of wild-type CYP2C9 protein. A similar rank ordering was observed for metabolism of phenytoin, flurbiprofen, and (S)-naproxen. We conclude that carriers of the variant N218I and, especially, the M1L alleles would be at risk of exacerbated therapeutic effects from drugs that rely on CYP2C9 for their metabolic clearance. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Novel gene variants of CYP2C9-M1L, and N218I, along with P279T (CYP2C9*29)-are expressed in Alaska Native people at relatively high frequencies. In vitro characterization of their functional effects revealed that each variant confers reduced catalytic efficiency toward several substrates, including the low-therapeutic index drugs (S)-warfarin and phenytoin. These data provide the first functional information for new, common CYP2C9 variants in this understudied population. The data may help guide dose adjustments in allele carriers, thus mitigating potential healthcare disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G McDonald
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (M.G.M., S.R., A.L.J., J.P.K., A.E.R.), Pharmaceutics (L.M.H., K.E.T.), and Pharmacy (C.K.Y.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (H.H., C.W.); and Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Lindsay M Henderson
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (M.G.M., S.R., A.L.J., J.P.K., A.E.R.), Pharmaceutics (L.M.H., K.E.T.), and Pharmacy (C.K.Y.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (H.H., C.W.); and Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Sutapa Ray
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (M.G.M., S.R., A.L.J., J.P.K., A.E.R.), Pharmaceutics (L.M.H., K.E.T.), and Pharmacy (C.K.Y.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (H.H., C.W.); and Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Catherine K Yeung
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (M.G.M., S.R., A.L.J., J.P.K., A.E.R.), Pharmaceutics (L.M.H., K.E.T.), and Pharmacy (C.K.Y.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (H.H., C.W.); and Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Amanda L Johnson
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (M.G.M., S.R., A.L.J., J.P.K., A.E.R.), Pharmaceutics (L.M.H., K.E.T.), and Pharmacy (C.K.Y.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (H.H., C.W.); and Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.H.)
| | - John P Kowalski
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (M.G.M., S.R., A.L.J., J.P.K., A.E.R.), Pharmaceutics (L.M.H., K.E.T.), and Pharmacy (C.K.Y.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (H.H., C.W.); and Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (M.G.M., S.R., A.L.J., J.P.K., A.E.R.), Pharmaceutics (L.M.H., K.E.T.), and Pharmacy (C.K.Y.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (H.H., C.W.); and Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (M.G.M., S.R., A.L.J., J.P.K., A.E.R.), Pharmaceutics (L.M.H., K.E.T.), and Pharmacy (C.K.Y.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (H.H., C.W.); and Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (M.G.M., S.R., A.L.J., J.P.K., A.E.R.), Pharmaceutics (L.M.H., K.E.T.), and Pharmacy (C.K.Y.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (H.H., C.W.); and Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.H.)
| | - Allan E Rettie
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (M.G.M., S.R., A.L.J., J.P.K., A.E.R.), Pharmaceutics (L.M.H., K.E.T.), and Pharmacy (C.K.Y.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany (H.H., C.W.); and Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.H.)
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14
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Ivashchenko DV, Tereshchenko OV, Temirbulatov II, Akmalova KA, Grishina EA, Zastrozhin MS, Savchenko LM, Bryun EA, Sychev DA. Pharmacogenetics of the safety of phenazepam in alcohol withdrawal syndrome: haplotype and combinatorial analyses of polymorphic variants in the pharmacokinetic factor genes. NEUROLOGY, NEUROPSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOSOMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2020-2-17-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. V. Ivashchenko
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | | | - I. I. Temirbulatov
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - K. A. Akmalova
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - E. A. Grishina
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - M. S. Zastrozhin
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia;
Moscow Research and Practical Center of Addictions, Moscow Healthcare Department
| | - L. M. Savchenko
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - E. A. Bryun
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia;
Moscow Research and Practical Center of Addictions, Moscow Healthcare Department
| | - D. A. Sychev
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia
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15
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He H, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Jiang J, Xie B, Ma L, Liu X, Yu C. Osthole inhibited the activity of CYP2C9 in human liver microsomes and influenced indomethacin pharmacokinetics in rats. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:939-946. [PMID: 32238050 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1734882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Osthol, a pharmacologically active ingredient in various traditional Chinese medicines, is predominantly metabolized by CYP2C9. It may be co-administered with other drugs which are metabolized by CYP2C9 in clinical medicine. However, CYP2C9*1/*2/*3 genotype on the pharmacokinetics of osthole and its metabolic diversity between rat and human are unclear.In this study, we investigated the effects of osthole on enzyme activity of CYP2C11/CYP2C9 in rat liver microsomes (RLMs) and human liver microsomes (HLMs), to distinguish metabolic manner of osthole in different species. Interestingly, we found that osthole inhibits the activity of CYP2C11 in a non-competitive manner in RLMs, while inhibits CYP2C9 activity in a competitive manner in pooled HLMs. Then, the effects of CYP2C9*1/*2/*3 allele on the pharmacokinetics of osthole were identified. In human CYP2C9 isoform, the Ki value of 21.93 μM (CYP2C9*1), 18.10 μM (CYP2C9*2), 13.12 μM (CYP2C9*3) indicate that there are individual differences in the inhibition of osthole on CYP2C9 activity.We investigated how the indomethacin pharmacokinetics was affected by osthole in SD rat. To estimate the area under the curve (AUC), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and apparent clearance (CL/F), indomethacin (10 mg/kg) was given orally combined with osthole (20 mg/kg) in adult SD rat. We found the value of PK on indomethacin, such as the AUC0-∞, was from 176.40 ± 17.29 to 173.74 ± 27.69 μg/ml h-1, Cmax from 9.02 ± 1.24 to 9.89 ± 0.82 μg/ml and CL/F from 0.11 ± 0.01 to 0.12 ± 0.04 mg/kg/h which were unsignificantly changed compared with the control groups. However, the Tmax was prolonged from 2.00 ± 0.00 h to 7.33 ± 1.15 h, and T1/2 increased from 8.38 ± 2.30 h to 11.37 ± 2.11 h. These results indicate that osthole could potentially affect the metabolism of indomethacin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui He
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing, PR China.,Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yuandong Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing, PR China.,Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Dezhang Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing, PR China.,Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Junhao Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing, PR China.,Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Baogang Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing, PR China.,Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Limei Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing, PR China.,Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xueqing Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing, PR China.,Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chao Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing, PR China.,Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing, PR China
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16
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Wolowich WR, Greif R, Kleine-Brueggeney M, Bernhard W, Theiler L. Minimal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Intravenously and Orally Administered Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Healthy Volunteers. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 44:691-711. [PMID: 31114948 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-019-00559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Lack of information on the pharmacokinetics of the active moiety of Cannabis or the metabolites of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) does not seem to be discouraging medical or recreational use. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9, the primary enzyme responsible for THC metabolism, has two single nucleotide polymorphisms-Arg144Cys (*2) and Ile359Leu (*3). In the Caucasian population, allelic frequency is between 0.08 and 0.14 for CYP2C9*2 and between 0.04 and 0.16 for CYP2C9*3. In vitro data suggest that metabolic capacity for the variants CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 is about one-third compared to wild-type CYP2C9. Previous work has suggested exposure to the terminal metabolite is genetically determined. We therefore sought to characterize the pharmacokinetics of THC and its major metabolites 11-hydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-OH) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) in healthy volunteers with known CYP2C9 status by non-compartmental analysis (NCA), compartmental modeling (CM) and minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) modeling. METHODS Blood samples drawn for THC, THC-OH and THC-COOH after a single intravenous (IV) bolus of 0.1 mg/kg (0.32 μM/kg) THC were analyzed using a validated LC-MS/MS method. NCA generated initial estimates and CM and the mPBPK model were then fit to plasma concentration data using non-linear mixed-effects modeling. Blood samples from orally dosed (10, 25 and 50 mg) THC brownies were added to validate the model. RESULTS THC can be described as a high hepatic extraction ratio drug with blood flow-dependent metabolism not restricted by protein binding. THC hepatic clearance is dependent on the CYP2C9 genetic variant in the population. High extraction drugs display route-dependent metabolism. When administered via the IV or inhalation routes, induction or inhibition of CYP2C9 should be non-contributory as the elimination of THC is dependent only on liver blood flow. THC-OH is also a high extraction ratio drug, but its hepatic clearance is significantly impacted by the hepatic diffusional barrier that impedes its access to hepatic CYP2C9. THC-COOH is glucuronidated and renally cleared; subjects homozygous for CYP2C9*3 have reduced exposure to this metabolite as a result of the polymorphism reducing THC production, the hepatic diffusional barrier impeding egress from the hepatocyte, and increased renal clearance. CONCLUSION It has recently been reported that the terminal metabolite THC-COOH is active, implying the exposure difference in individuals homozygous for CYP2C9*3 may become therapeutically relevant. Defining the metabolism of THC in humans is important, as it is increasingly being used as a drug to treat various diseases and its recreational use is also rising. We have used NCA, CM, and mPBPK modeling of THC and its metabolites to partially disentangle the complexity of cannabis disposition in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Wolowich
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 University Dr., Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
| | - Robert Greif
- University Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maren Kleine-Brueggeney
- University Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Anesthesia, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St. Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Werner Bernhard
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Theiler
- University Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Pratt VM, Cavallari LH, Del Tredici AL, Hachad H, Ji Y, Moyer AM, Scott SA, Whirl-Carrillo M, Weck KE. Recommendations for Clinical CYP2C9 Genotyping Allele Selection: A Joint Recommendation of the Association for Molecular Pathology and College of American Pathologists. J Mol Diagn 2019; 21:746-755. [PMID: 31075510 PMCID: PMC7057225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The goals of the Association for Molecular Pathology Pharmacogenomics (PGx) Working Group of the Association for Molecular Pathology Clinical Practice Committee are to define the key attributes of PGx alleles recommended for clinical testing and a minimum set of variants that should be included in clinical PGx genotyping assays. This document provides recommendations for a minimum panel of variant alleles (Tier 1) and an extended panel of variant alleles (Tier 2) that will aid clinical laboratories when designing assays for CYP2C9 testing. The Working Group considered the functional impact of the variants, allele frequencies in different populations and ethnicities, the availability of reference materials, and other technical considerations for PGx testing when developing these recommendations. Our goal is to promote standardization of testing PGx genes and alleles across clinical laboratories. These recommendations are not to be interpreted as restrictive but to provide a reference guide. The current document will focus on CYP2C9 testing that can be applied to all CYP2C9-related medications. A separate recommendation on warfarin PGx testing is being developed to include recommendations on CYP2C9 alleles and additional warfarin sensitivity-associated genes and alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Pratt
- The Pharmacogenomics (PGx) Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
| | - Larisa H Cavallari
- The Pharmacogenomics (PGx) Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Andria L Del Tredici
- The Pharmacogenomics (PGx) Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland; Millennium Health, LLC, San Diego, California
| | - Houda Hachad
- The Pharmacogenomics (PGx) Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland; Translational Software, Bellevue, Washington
| | - Yuan Ji
- The Pharmacogenomics (PGx) Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology and ARUP Laboratories, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ann M Moyer
- The Pharmacogenomics (PGx) Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Stuart A Scott
- The Pharmacogenomics (PGx) Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Sema4, Stamford, Connecticut
| | - Michelle Whirl-Carrillo
- The Pharmacogenomics (PGx) Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Karen E Weck
- The Pharmacogenomics (PGx) Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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18
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Chen B, Hu X, Zhen X, Hu GX. Effects of dibutyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate with their metabolites on CYP2C9*1 and CYP2C19*1 activities in vitro. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:195-201. [PMID: 30099291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to assess the effect of phthalates on the activities of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in vitro. In this study, recombinant CYP2C9*1 and CYP2C19*1 microsomes were used to investigate the effects of phthalates and their metabolites on corresponding enzyme activities in vitro. 2-100 μM substrate of enzyme was incubated with series concentration of phthalates for 30 min at 37 °C. The metabolic products were detected using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) methods. The results showed dibutyl phthalate (DBP) significantly inhibited CYP2C9*1 with an activity inhibition rate of 67.3% and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 29.63 μmol L-1, but its metabolite monobutyl phthalate (MBP) had no significant effect. On the other hand, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) had no effect on CYP2C9*1, but its metabolite monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) significantly inhibited the enzyme activity with an activity inhibition rate of 90.6% and IC50 of 6.37 μmol L-1. With regards to CYP2C19*1, DBP completely inhibited the enzyme activity with an activity inhibition rate of 100% and IC50 of 2.63 μmol L-1, but its metabolite MBP had no effect on it. DEHP and MEHP also inhibited the activity of CYP2C19*1. Further investigation showed MEHP was a competitive inhibitor of CYP2C9*1 (Ki = 7.063 μmol L-1), and DBP was a competitive inhibitor of CYP2C19*1 (Ki = 7.013 μmol L-1) against their substrates, both phthalates were non-competitive inhibitors of the cofactor NADPH. Our results suggested that DBP, DEHP, and their metabolites exhibited significant inhibitory effects toward either CYP2C9*1 or CYP2C19*1. These findings provided valuable information for a potentially toxic mechanism of DEHP and DBP on endocrine disruption and a useful guidance for safe and effective usage of drugs in patients with long-term DEHP and DBP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinhua Central Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Zhen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guo-Xin Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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19
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Uno T, Nakano R, Kitagawa R, Okada M, Kanamaru K, Takenaka S, Uno Y, Imaishi H. Metabolism of steroids by cytochrome P450 2C9 variants. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2018; 39:371-377. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohide Uno
- Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University; Nada-ku, Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nakano
- Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University; Nada-ku, Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Risa Kitagawa
- Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University; Nada-ku, Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Mai Okada
- Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University; Nada-ku, Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Kengo Kanamaru
- Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University; Nada-ku, Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Shinji Takenaka
- Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture; Kobe University; Nada-ku, Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Yuichi Uno
- Department of Plant Resource Science, Faculty of Agriculture; Kobe University; Nada-ku, Hyogo Japan
| | - Hiromasa Imaishi
- Laboratory of Response to Environmental Materials; Division of Signal Responses, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University; Nada-ku, Kobe Hyogo Japan
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20
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Different inhibitory effects of azole-containing drugs and pesticides on CYP2C9 polymorphic forms: An in vitro study. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 50:249-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Hiratsuka M, Hirasawa N, Oshima Y, Kodama S, Miyata T, Dan T, Takatoku H, Kuribayashi H, Nakamura R, Saito Y. Points-to-consider documents: Scientific information on the evaluation of genetic polymorphisms during non-clinical studies and phase I clinical trials in the Japanese population. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 33:141-149. [PMID: 29703433 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy shows striking individual differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, involving drug efficacy and adverse reactions. Recent genetic research has revealed that genetic polymorphisms are important intrinsic factors for these inter-individual differences. This pharmacogenomic information could help develop safer and more effective precision pharmacotherapies and thus, regulatory guidance/guidelines were developed in this area, especially in the EU and US. The Project for the Promotion of Progressive Medicine, Medical Devices, and Regenerative Medicine by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, performed by Tohoku University, reported scientific information on the evaluation of genetic polymorphisms, mainly on drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters, during non-clinical studies and phase I clinical trials in Japanese subjects/patients. We anticipate that this paper will be helpful in drug development for the regulatory usage of pharmacogenomic information, most notably pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hiratsuka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Noriyasu Hirasawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Oshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Susumu Kodama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshio Miyata
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Dan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | - Ryosuke Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Choi YJ, Lee JY, Ryu CS, Chi YH, Paik SH, Kim SK. Role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in fimasartan metabolism in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115:375-384. [PMID: 29596975 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fimasartan (FMS), an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, is metabolized to FMS S-oxide, FMS N-glucuronide, oxidative desulfurized FMS (BR-A-557), and hydroxy-n-butyl FMSs. The purpose of this study was to characterize enzymes involved in NADPH-dependent FMS metabolism using recombinant enzymes such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) and flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), as well as selective chemical inhibitors. The results showed that CYP, but not FMO, plays a major role in FMS metabolism. CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 were involved in the formation of FMS S-oxide, which was further metabolized to BR-A-557 by CYP3A4/5. CYP2C9 played an exclusive role in n-butyl hydroxylation. The specificity constant (kcat/Km) values for S-oxidation by CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 were 0.21, 0.34, and 0.19 μM-1∙min-1, respectively. The kcat/Km values of hydroxylation at the 1-, 2-/3-, and 4-n-butyl group in CYP2C9 were 0.0076, 0.041, and 0.035 μM-1∙min-1, respectively. The kcat and Km values provide information for the prediction of FMS metabolism in vivo. In addition, simultaneous determination of the FMS metabolites may be used to evaluate CYP2C9 and CYP3A4/5 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jae Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Seon Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ha Chi
- Central Research Institute, Boryung Pharm. co., Ltd. Ansan, Gyeonggi 425-839, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Heui Paik
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Daly AK, Rettie AE, Fowler DM, Miners JO. Pharmacogenomics of CYP2C9: Functional and Clinical Considerations. J Pers Med 2017; 8:E1. [PMID: 29283396 PMCID: PMC5872075 DOI: 10.3390/jpm8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP2C9 is the most abundant CYP2C subfamily enzyme in human liver and the most important contributor from this subfamily to drug metabolism. Polymorphisms resulting in decreased enzyme activity are common in the CYP2C9 gene and this, combined with narrow therapeutic indices for several key drug substrates, results in some important issues relating to drug safety and efficacy. CYP2C9 substrate selectivity is detailed and, based on crystal structures for the enzyme, we describe how CYP2C9 catalyzes these reactions. Factors relevant to clinical response to CYP2C9 substrates including inhibition, induction and genetic polymorphism are discussed in detail. In particular, we consider the issue of ethnic variation in pattern and frequency of genetic polymorphisms and clinical implications. Warfarin is the most well studied CYP2C9 substrate; recent work on use of dosing algorithms that include CYP2C9 genotype to improve patient safety during initiation of warfarin dosing are reviewed and prospects for their clinical implementation considered. Finally, we discuss a novel approach to cataloging the functional capabilities of rare 'variants of uncertain significance', which are increasingly detected as more exome and genome sequencing of diverse populations is conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann K Daly
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Allan E Rettie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Douglas M Fowler
- Department of Genome Sciences and Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - John O Miners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University School of Medicine, Adelaide 5042, Australia.
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24
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Zeng M, Yang L, He D, Li Y, Shi M, Zhang J. Metabolic pathways and pharmacokinetics of natural medicines with low permeability. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:464-476. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1377222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zeng
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan He
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Li
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingxin Shi
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingqing Zhang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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25
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Uno T, Nakano R, Kanamaru K, Takenaka S, Uno Y, Imaishi H. Metabolism of 7-ethoxycoumarin, flavanone and steroids by cytochrome P450 2C9 variants. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 38:486-493. [PMID: 28758225 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CYP2C9 is a human microsomal cytochrome P450c (CYP). Much of the variation in CYP2C9 levels and activity can be attributed to polymorphisms of this gene. Wild-type CYP2C9 and mutants were coexpressed with NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase in Escherichia coli. The hydroxylase activities toward 7-ethoxycoumarin, flavanone and steroids were examined. Six CYP2C9 variants showed Soret peaks (450 nm) typical of P450 in reduced CO-difference spectra. CYP2C9.38 had the highest 7-ethoxycoumarin de-ethylase activity. All the CYP2C9 variants showed lower flavanone 6-hydroxylation activities than CYP2C9.1 (the wild-type). CYP2C9.38 showed higher activities in testosterone 6β-hydroxylation, progesterone 6β-/16α-hydroxylation, estrone 11α-hydroxylation and estradiol 6α-hydroxylation than CYP2C9.1. CYP2C9.40 showed higher testosterone 17-oxidase activity than CYP2C9.1; CYP2C9.8 showed higher estrone 16α-hydroxylase activity and CYP2C9.12 showed higher estrone 11α-hydroxylase activity. CYP2C9.9 and CYP2C9.10 showed similar activities to CYP2C9.1. These results indicate that the substrate specificity of CYP2C9.9 and CYP2C9.10 was not changed, but CYP2C9.8, CYP2C9.12 and CYP2C9.40 showed different substrate specificity toward steroids compared with CYP2C9.1; and especially CYP2C9.38 displayed diverse substrate specificities towards 7-ethoxycoumarin and steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohide Uno
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nakano
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kengo Kanamaru
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shinji Takenaka
- Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuichi Uno
- Department of Plant Resource Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Imaishi
- Division of Signal Responses, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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