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Faleye OS, Boya BR, Lee JH, Choi I, Lee J. Halogenated Antimicrobial Agents to Combat Drug-Resistant Pathogens. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 76:90-141. [PMID: 37845080 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance presents us with a potential global crisis as it undermines the abilities of conventional antibiotics to combat pathogenic microbes. The history of antimicrobial agents is replete with examples of scaffolds containing halogens. In this review, we discuss the impacts of halogen atoms in various antibiotic types and antimicrobial scaffolds and their modes of action, structure-activity relationships, and the contributions of halogen atoms in antimicrobial activity and drug resistance. Other halogenated molecules, including carbohydrates, peptides, lipids, and polymeric complexes, are also reviewed, and the effects of halogenated scaffolds on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and factors affecting antimicrobial and antivirulence activities are presented. Furthermore, the potential of halogenation to circumvent antimicrobial resistance and rejuvenate impotent antibiotics is addressed. This review provides an overview of the significance of halogenation, the abilities of halogens to interact in biomolecular settings and enhance pharmacological properties, and their potential therapeutic usages in preventing a postantibiotic era. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Antimicrobial resistance and the increasing impotence of antibiotics are critical threats to global health. The roles and importance of halogen atoms in antimicrobial drug scaffolds have been established, but comparatively little is known of their pharmacological impacts on drug resistance and antivirulence activities. This review is the first to extensively evaluate the roles of halogen atoms in various antibiotic classes and pharmacological scaffolds and to provide an overview of their ability to overcome antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olajide Sunday Faleye
- School of Chemical Engineering (O.S.F., B.R.B., J.-H.L., J.L.) and Department of Medical Biotechnology (I.C.), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bharath Reddy Boya
- School of Chemical Engineering (O.S.F., B.R.B., J.-H.L., J.L.) and Department of Medical Biotechnology (I.C.), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering (O.S.F., B.R.B., J.-H.L., J.L.) and Department of Medical Biotechnology (I.C.), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering (O.S.F., B.R.B., J.-H.L., J.L.) and Department of Medical Biotechnology (I.C.), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering (O.S.F., B.R.B., J.-H.L., J.L.) and Department of Medical Biotechnology (I.C.), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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Al-Enezi BF, Al-Hasawi N, Matar KM. Impact of valproic acid on busulfan pharmacokinetics: In vitro assessment of potential drug-drug interaction. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280574. [PMID: 36696427 PMCID: PMC9876357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Busulfan (Bu) is an alkylating agent commonly used at high doses in the preparative regimens of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). It has been shown that such high doses of Bu are associated with generalized seizures which are usually managed by prophylactic antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) such as valproic acid (VPA). Being a strong enzyme inhibitor, VPA may inhibit Bu metabolism and thus increase its potential toxicity. Despite its clinical relevance, the potential interaction between Bu and VPA has not yet been evaluated. The aim of the present study was to assess and evaluate the potential drug-drug interaction (DDI) between Bu and VPA. This study was carried out by incubating Bu in laboratory-prepared rat liver-subcellular fractions including S9, microsomes, and cytosol, alone or in combination with VPA. The liver fractions were prepared by differential centrifugation of the liver homogenate. Analysis of Bu was employed using a fully validated LC-MS/MS method. The validation parameters were within the proposed limits of the international standards guidelines. Bu metabolic stability was assessed by incubating Bu at a concentration of 8 μg/ml in liver fractions at 37°C. There were significant reductions in Bu levels in S9 and cytosolic fractions, whereas these levels were not significantly (P ˃ 0.05) changed in microsomes. However, in presence of VPA, Bu levels in S9 fraction remained unchanged. These results indicated, for the first time, the potential metabolic interaction of Bu and VPA being in S9 only. This could be explained by inhibiting Bu cytosolic metabolism by the interaction with VPA either by sharing the same metabolic enzyme or the required co-factor. In conclusion, the present findings suggest, for the first time, a potential DDI between Bu and VPA in vitro using rat liver fractions. Further investigations are warranted in human-derived liver fractions to confirm such an interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashayer F. Al-Enezi
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Nada Al-Hasawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Kamal M. Matar
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- * E-mail: ,
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Son SH, Kang J, Ahn M, Nam S, Jung YW, Lee KY, Jeon YH, Byun Y, Lee K. Synthesis and Biochemical Evaluation of Baicalein Prodrugs. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091516. [PMID: 34575592 PMCID: PMC8472512 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one), a flavonoid analog from Scutellaria baicalensis, possesses several pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory activities. We previously reported that baicalein inhibits the thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)/TSLP receptor (TSLPR) signaling pathways and can be used as an active ingredient in the treatment of asthma and atopic dermatitis. However, baicalein is rapidly metabolized to baicalin and baicalein-6-O-glucuronide in vivo, which limits its preclinical and clinical use. In this study, we designed, synthesized, and evaluated baicalein prodrugs that protect the OH group at the 7-position of the A ring in baicalein with the amino acid carbamate functional group. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies identified compound 2 as a baicalein prodrug candidate that improved the plasma exposure of baicalein in mouse animal studies. Our results demonstrated that this prodrug approach could be further adopted to discover oral baicalein prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyun Son
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (J.K.); (M.A.); (S.N.); (Y.W.J.); (K.Y.L.); (Y.H.J.)
| | - Jinhong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (J.K.); (M.A.); (S.N.); (Y.W.J.); (K.Y.L.); (Y.H.J.)
| | - Myunghwan Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (J.K.); (M.A.); (S.N.); (Y.W.J.); (K.Y.L.); (Y.H.J.)
| | - Soyeon Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (J.K.); (M.A.); (S.N.); (Y.W.J.); (K.Y.L.); (Y.H.J.)
| | - Yong Woo Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (J.K.); (M.A.); (S.N.); (Y.W.J.); (K.Y.L.); (Y.H.J.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Translational Research, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Ki Yong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (J.K.); (M.A.); (S.N.); (Y.W.J.); (K.Y.L.); (Y.H.J.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Translational Research, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Young Ho Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (J.K.); (M.A.); (S.N.); (Y.W.J.); (K.Y.L.); (Y.H.J.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Translational Research, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Youngjoo Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (J.K.); (M.A.); (S.N.); (Y.W.J.); (K.Y.L.); (Y.H.J.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Translational Research, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.B.); (K.L.); Tel.: +82-44-860-1619 (Y.B.); +82-44-860-1616 (K.L.)
| | - Kiho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (J.K.); (M.A.); (S.N.); (Y.W.J.); (K.Y.L.); (Y.H.J.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Translational Research, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.B.); (K.L.); Tel.: +82-44-860-1619 (Y.B.); +82-44-860-1616 (K.L.)
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Zhou Y, Oh MH, Kim YJ, Kim EY, Kang J, Chung S, Ju C, Kim WK, Lee K. Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of SP-8356, a Novel (1 S)-(-)-Verbenone Derivative, in Rats and Dogs and Its Implications in Humans. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081775. [PMID: 32294954 PMCID: PMC7221793 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(1S,5R)-4-((E)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxystryryl)-6,6-dimethylbicylco[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one (SP-8356) is a novel (1S)-(−)-verbenone derivative that is currently in preclinical development for the treatment of ischemic stroke and atherosclerosis. This report aimed at characterization of the metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties of SP-8356. Following intravenous dose in rats and dogs, plasma concentrations of SP-8356 declined rapidly with high clearance (CL) and short half-life; after oral administration in both species, its plasma levels were below the quantitation limit. Fourteen circulating metabolites, formed by mono-oxygenation, demethylation, glucuronidation, catechol O-methylation, sulfation and oxidation (bioactivation) followed by glutathione (GSH) conjugation, were tentatively identified in both species. Urinary excretion of SP-8356 appeared to be minimal in rats, compared to its metabolites. GSH conjugate of SP-8356 was also formed during incubation with rat liver S9 fraction consistent with oxidative bioactivation; this bioactivation was almost completely inhibited by the cofactors for glucuronidation, sulfation and methylation, indicating that it may be abolished by competing metabolic reactions in the body. The human pharmacokinetics of SP-8356 was predicted to be similar to that of the animals based on the current in vitro metabolic stability results. In summary, rapid phase II metabolism appears to be mainly responsible for its suboptimal pharmacokinetics, such as high CL and low oral absorption. Because of competing metabolic reactions, potential safety risks related to SP-8356 bioactivation may be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhou
- College of pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Mun Hwan Oh
- College of pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Yeon Joon Kim
- College of pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Eun-yeong Kim
- College of pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Jinhong Kang
- College of pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Sung Chung
- Research Headquarters, Shin Poong Pharm. Co., Ltd., Ansan, Gyeonggi 15610, Korea
| | - Chung Ju
- Research Headquarters, Shin Poong Pharm. Co., Ltd., Ansan, Gyeonggi 15610, Korea
| | - Won-Ki Kim
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Institute of Inflammation Control, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Kiho Lee
- College of pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Translational Research, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-44-860-1616
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Kim EY, Lee B, Seo SY, Lee K. Mouse Pharmacokinetics and in Vitro Metabolism of (±)-Cremastranone. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:187-193. [PMID: 30713251 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize pharmacokinetics and metabolism of (±)-cremastranone (CMT) in mouse. Plasma concentrations of CMT following a single oral dose (10 mg/kg) were all below quantitation limit throughout 24-h time course, indicating poor oral bioavailability. Its plasma levels declined rapidly, with a half-life (t1/2) of 1.5 ± 0.3 min following a single intravenous dose (5 mg/kg). They were below the quantitation limit after 15 min post-dosing. CMT showed a high plasma clearance (CLp) of 7.73 ± 3.09 L/h/kg. Consistently, CMT was metabolized rapidly, with a t1/2 < 1 min when it was incubated with liver or intestine S9 fractions of mouse and human in the presence of cofactors for CYP450, uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), and sulfotransferase (ST). Further studies showed that CMT was metabolized by CYP450, UGT, and ST in vitro in liver S9 fractions of mouse and human, with UGT being the major enzyme responsible for its rapid metabolism. CMT was metabolized by UGT and ST in intestine S9 fractions of mouse and human. Mono-demethylated (M1), mono-glucuronide (M2), and mono-sulfate (M3 and M4) metabolites were tentatively identified in vitro. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetics of CMT is suboptimal as a systemic agent, especially as an oral therapy, due to its extensive metabolism. This report provides possible structural modifications to design CMT derivatives with better pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bit Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University
| | | | - Kiho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University.,Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital
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